Page 1 of 16

Figure 1 shows a cell from the lining of the ileum specialised for absorption of products of
1. digestion.

SGLT1 is a carrier protein found in the cell-surface membrane of this cell, it transports glucose
and sodium ions (Na+) into the cell.

Figure 1

(a) The action of the carrier protein X in Figure 1 is linked to a membrane-bound ATP
hydrolase enzyme.

Explain the function of this ATP hydrolase.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The movement of Na+ out of the cell allows the absorption of glucose into the cell lining
the ileum.

Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

www.accesstuition.com Page 2 of 16
(c) Describe and explain two features you would expect to find in a cell specialised for
absorption.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Figure 2 is a diagram of one SGLT1 carrier protein.

Figure 2

www.accesstuition.com Page 3 of 16
 (d) Draw phospholipids on Figure 2 to show how the carrier protein, SGLT1, would fit into the
cell-surface membrane.

Do not draw more than eight phospholipids.

(2)

(e) Figure 2 shows the SGLT1 polypeptide with NH2 at one end and COOH at the other end.

Describe how amino acids join to form a polypeptide so there is always NH2 at one end and
COOH at the other end.

You may use a diagram in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Space for diagram:

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Anthocyanins are coloured pigments found in the cell vacuole of some plant cells. Anthocyanins
2. cannot move across undamaged cell membranes.

A student investigated how to extract anthocyanins from blueberries.

She mixed 10 g of crushed, fresh blueberries with 100 cm3 of extraction solvent for 1 hour.

She investigated three different extraction solvents:

• E – Ethanol, water and acid

• F – Ethanol and water
• G – Water

www.accesstuition.com Page 4 of 16
(a) When making up extraction solvent E, the student used a volume ratio of 70:30:1
ethanol:water:acid.

✓) one box that shows the most appropriate volumes she would use to make up 100
Tick (✓
3
cm of extraction solvent E.

63.6 cm3 ethanol, 27.3 cm3 water, 9.1 cm3 acid

69.3 cm3 ethanol, 29.7 cm3 water, 1.0 cm3 acid

70.0 cm3 ethanol, 30.0 cm3 water, 1.0 cm3 acid

70.7 cm3 ethanol, 30.3 cm3 water, 1.0 cm3 acid

(1)

(b) The student kept constant:

• the mass of fresh blueberries

• the volume of extraction solvent
• the time for the mixture to stand.

Name two other variables the student should have kept constant during this investigation.

1 _________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________
(2)

www.accesstuition.com Page 5 of 16
(c) After 1 hour, the student filtered the samples.
She placed the filtrate in a colorimeter and measured the light absorbance.

Her results are shown in the graph below.

Use your knowledge of membrane structure to explain the results in the graph above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

www.accesstuition.com Page 6 of 16
 (d) A different student did this investigation. He did not have a colorimeter.

Describe a method this student could use to prepare colour standards and use them to give
data for the total anthocyanin extracted.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

(a) Give two similarities in the movement of substances by diffusion and by osmosis.
3.
1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

www.accesstuition.com Page 7 of 16
A scientist measured the rate of uptake of a monoglyceride and a monosaccharide by epithelial
cells of the small intestine of mice. A monoglyceride is a molecule of glycerol with one fatty acid
attached. She did this for different concentrations of monoglyceride and monosaccharide.

Her results are shown in the graph.

(b) Use your knowledge of transport across membranes to explain the shape of the curve in
the graph for uptake of monosaccharides between concentrations:

A and B ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

C and D ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

www.accesstuition.com Page 8 of 16
(c) The graph is evidence for monoglycerides being lipid-soluble molecules.

Suggest how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 9 of 16
 The diagram outlines the digestion and absorption of lipids.
4.

(a) Tick (✔) the box by the name of the process by which fatty acids and glycerol enter the
intestinal epithelial cell.

Active transport

Diffusion

Endocytosis

Osmosis

(1)

www.accesstuition.com Page 10 of 16
(b) Explain the advantages of lipid droplet and micelle formation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Name structure Q in the diagram above and suggest how it is involved in the absorption of
lipids.

Name _____________________________________________________________

How it is involved ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 11 of 16
 (a) Sodium ions from salt (sodium chloride) are absorbed by cells lining the gut. Some of these
5. cells have membranes with a carrier protein called NHE3.

NHE3 actively transports one sodium ion into the cell in exchange for one proton (hydrogen
ion) out of the cell.

Use your knowledge of transport across cell membranes to suggest how NHE3 does this.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

www.accesstuition.com Page 12 of 16
(b) Scientists investigated the use of a drug called Tenapanor to reduce salt absorption in the
gut. Tenapanor inhibits the carrier protein, NHE3.

The scientists fed a diet containing a high concentration of salt to two groups of rats,
A and B.

• The rats in Group A were not given Tenapanor (0 mg kg−1).

• The rats in Group B were given 3 mg kg−1 Tenapanor.

One hour after treatment, the scientists removed the gut contents of the rats and
immediately weighed them.

Their results are shown in the table.

Concentration of Tenapanor / Mean mass of contents of the

mg kg−1 gut / g

0 2.0

3 4.1

The scientists carried out a statistical test to see whether the difference in the means was
significant. They calculated a P value of less than 0.05.

They concluded that Tenapanor did reduce salt absorption in the gut.

Use all the information provided and your knowledge of water potential to explain how they
reached this conclusion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

www.accesstuition.com Page 13 of 16
(c) High absorption of salt from the diet can result in a higher than normal concentration of salt
in the blood plasma entering capillaries. This can lead to a build-up of tissue fluid.

Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 14 of 16
 (a) Describe how an ATP molecule is formed from its component molecules.
6.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

A scientist investigated the effect of cyanide on the rate of amino acid uptake in two types of
Escherichia coli, G and H.

• G cells produce enzymes involved in ATP production only on their cell-surface membrane.
• H cells produce enzymes involved in ATP production on their cell-surface membrane and
in their cytoplasm.

The graph below shows her results.

www.accesstuition.com Page 15 of 16
(b) Use the graph above to calculate the percentage decrease in the rate of amino acid
absorption by H cells in 30 mmol dm–3 cyanide solution.

Answer __________ %
(1)

(c) Using the graph above and the information provided, what can you conclude about amino
acid uptake by G cells and by H cells?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 16 of 16