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RNA Test Review - With Answers

RNA review

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32 views

RNA Test Review - With Answers

RNA review

Uploaded by

payal_lal8881
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RNA Test Review

1. Be able to define the following words:

Messenger RNA - Type of RNA carries copies


of instructions for the assembly of amino acids
into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Ribosomal RNA - Type of RNA combines with


proteins to form ribosomes

Transfer RNA - Type of RNA carries each


amino acid to a ribosome during protein
synthesis

Transcription - Synthesis of an RNA molecule


from a DNA template

Translation - The process of decoding a mRNA


message into a protein.
Intron – The sequence of DNA that is not
involved in coding for a protein.

Exon -The sequence of DNA that is expressed


and codes for proteins

Codon - Group of three nucleotide bases in


mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be
incorporated into a protein.

Anticodon - Group of three bases on a tRNA


molecule that are complementary to the three
bases of a codon of mRNA.

Mutation - Change in the genetic material of a


cell

Polyploidy - Condition in which an organism


has extra sets of chromosomes
Mutagen - Chemical or physical agents in the
environment that interact with DNA and may
cause a mutation.

2. A nucleotide sequence that can convert


to an RNA or protein product is known as
a(n)? gene
3. How does RNA differ from DNA? RNA
is single stranded, contains the base uracil
instead of thymine and is composed of the
sugar ribose.
4. Where are molecules of mRNA
transcribed? DNA
5. How are DNA and RNA similar? Both
contain phosphate groups; adenine, guanine
and cytosine.
6. What exactly happens in translation?
The cell uses messenger RNA code to make
proteins
7. What is the relationship between DNA
and RNA? They are complementary
8. How is the genetic code read? 3 bases at
a time in the same direction
9. What do ribosomes do?
a.Decode an mRNA message into a
protein
b. Assemble amino acids into
polypeptide chains
c.Attach to mRNA molecules in the
cytoplasm
10. What is the start codon? AUG – codes
for Met
11. What are the stop codons? UGA, UAA,
UAG
12. What is the genetic code?
a.Universal for all organisms
b. Is based upon 64 codons made of
sequences of 3 nucleotides
c.Comes equipped with start and stop
codons
d. Is redundant; because most amino
acids have more than one codon
13. What are the four bases of the genetic
code? Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
14. What is the name of a mutation that only
involves one nucleotide? Point mutation
15. What occurs when a chromosome
undergoes a deletion mutation? Information
is lost
16. Using the original DNA sequence
construct a substitution mutation on the line
following mutated sequence.

Original Sequence: TAC GTA TGC


CCA
Mutated Sequence: TAC GCA TGC
CCA

17. Using the original DNA sequence


construct a deletion mutation on the line
following mutated sequence.
Original Sequence: TAC GTA TGC
CCA
Mutated Sequence: TAC GTT GCC CA

18. Show an example of an Inversion


Mutation in the space below:
ABC DEF
ACB DEF
19. Use Chargaff’s Base Pairing Rules and
the Genetic Code Wheel in your book to
complete the following question. The first
pairings have been done for you. On your
exam, this will not be the same question, but
very similar.

DNA: TAC GCG TAT ACC GAC ATT


mRNA and Codons: AUG – CGC – AUA –
UGG – CUG - UAA

Anticodons: UAC – GCG – UAU – ACC –


GAC - AUU

Amino Acids: Methionine – Arginine –


Isoleucine – Tryptophan – Leucine

20. What is the function of RNA polymerase


in the process of transcription? RNA
polymerase binds to DNA and separates the
DNA strands. It then uses one DNA strand
to assemble a complementary strand of
RNA.

21. Nitrous acid is a mutagen that can react


chemically with cytosine and change it to
uracil. What effect could this mutagen have
on a strand of DNA that undergoes
replication? If uracil replaces cytosine in the
DNA strand, that uracil will pair with
adenine, rather than guanine coded for by
the original cytosine, which could possibly
create a new protein, rather than the protein
that was intended.

22. What is the difference between


transcription and translation? In
transcription a base sequence is copied from
DNA to RNA, a process that is carried out
by the enzyme RNA Polymerase. In
translation, ribosomes in the cell use the
sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble
amino acids into polypeptide chains.
Transcription is the process that creates
RNA and translation is the process that puts
the RNA to work.

23. Explain RNA Interference in Detail.


After they are produced by transcription, the
small interfering RNA molecules fold into
double-stranded hairpin loops.
An enzyme called the “Dicer” enzyme cuts,
or dices, these double-stranded loops into
microRNA (miRNA), each about 20 base pairs
in length. The two strands of the loops then
separate.
One of the miRNA pieces attaches to a cluster
of proteins to form what is known as a silencing
complex.
The silencing complex binds to and destroys
any mRNA containing a sequence that is
complementary to the miRNA.
The miRNA sticks to certain mRNA molecules
and stops them from passing on their protein-
making instructions.
24. Show an example of an Inversion
Mutation in the space below:

ABC DEF

AB DEF

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