MAGNETIC FIELDS

Magnetic field
Meaning field 3D region or space
Source is Permanent magnet
Cii Current in the conductor
Identify A moving charged particle experience
a deflecting force

Representation By means of field lines i e each field

line represent the deflection of unit North pole of compass
needle
i

a
Magnetic effect of Electric current

I
i

current is directed into the plane of page

d
NA
Id g
dis da

current is directed out ofthe plane of page

Field pattern concentric circular pattern in a

plane which is perpendicular to the plane

of current in conductor
dis Gap between adjacent field lines increases
as one move from conductor
away

Magnitude of magnetic field strength B

Mo Permeability offreespace
B
YI No
I
UP X15 Hm
current us conductor

e Distance of B field
line from currentcarrying
conductor
Direction of B field lines
By Right hand Grip rule
point the thumb of Right hand towards
current and all of fingers provide the
direction of B field lines

b Coil Solenoid A metallic wire coiled on a dielectric

medium form a solenoid It becomes a magnet
when current flows through it

NIH air dielectric

 Iif n

Field pattern
I Inside solenoid Uniform field ie equi distant
parallel lines directed from south to North
Cii Outside solenoid Non uniform field ie gap
between adjacent field lines vary and are
directed from North to south
Magnitude of magnetic fieldstrength B
In Inside Solenoid Be Mon I E
Ii Outside Solenoid B Moni in Yumidensify
2

Direction of B field lines Obtained by Right

call hand Rule
caul the fingers of Right
hand towards current and
thumb points towards North
pole
Flat circular coil
I
Ila

Field pattern
Around coil Concentric circles in opposite
directions

and direction is obtained as per Right

hand Grip rule
space between coil Repulsive field as current
in parallel conductors are in opposite
directions Magnetic field line at the
centre is a straight line

Magnitude of B field between coils decreases when

the distance between wires increases ie diameter
of coil increases
 Helmholtzs coils
Two flat coils having
d same no of turns
ii same current due to series combination
Ciii same central axis
civ same radii
in their plane parallel to each other
and ale used to produce uniform magnetic
field in the region between coils if
separation b w coils is equal to radius of a coil

EEE EVEN

A O
Lit
Force on a current carrying conductor placed
in a magnetic field
concept
v
Add

N s N s
cancelout

N AMIA s
Forte

cancel
gut
N s N I s
Addup
A

Result ÉÉÉimm
A current carrying conductor placed in
a magnetic field experience a force whose

mama
F X B Magnetic field strength magnetic fluxdensity
F x I C current in conductor

F X L Length of current carrying conductor

inside B field
F L Sind O Angle b w current and B field
 Combining above factors
F X BIL Sind
F K BIL Sind
Hele K I in S.I
F BIL Sino
Dependance
a

FIN FIN FIN FIN

BIT ITA 4m Dolo

pin 0 30 60 90

Sincolo O 0.5 0.866 I

0.5

solo
0 0 0 1800 FA
N S N Ft S N
IK SN
É s
F O
n oppossiemailenction

Ig no IIIEman
É É ÉÉm
Direction of magnetic force
Obtained from Flemmings Left hand rule
F Force Thumb
B Magnetic flux density finger mutually
pterpenddcular

I current 2nd to each other

finger

F F

B
I
I

Magnetic flux density

F BIL Sin O
F BIL Sin900
B
IL Sin 900

Definition
Magnetic fluse density is equal to the force experience
per unit length of a conductor per unit current
when placed perpendicular to magnetic field lines
PS Vector
Direction Towards the deflection of North pole of
magnetic needle
Units Tesla CT
 10

5 (a) Define the tesla. For

Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Two long straight vertical wires X and Y are separated by a distance of 4.5 cm, as
illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

4.5 cm
wire X wire Y

Q R

P S

6.3 A

Fig. 5.1

The wires pass through a horizontal card PQRS.

The current in wire X is 6.3 A in the upward direction. Initially, there is no current in wire Y.

(i) On Fig. 5.1, sketch, in the plane PQRS, the magnetic flux pattern due to the current
in wire X. Show at least four flux lines. [3]

© UCLES 2013 9702/42/M/J/13

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(ii) The magnetic flux density B at a distance x from a long straight current-carrying For
wire is given by the expression Examiner’s
Use
μ 0I
B =
2πx

where I is the current in the wire and μ0 is the permeability of free space.

Calculate the magnetic flux density at wire Y due to the current in wire X.

flux density = .............................................. T [2]

(iii) A current of 9.3 A is now switched on in wire Y. Use your answer in (ii) to calculate
the force per unit length on wire Y.

force per unit length = ....................................... N m–1 [2]

(c) The currents in the two wires in (b)(iii) are not equal.
Explain whether the force per unit length on the two wires will be the same, or different.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2013 9702/42/M/J/13 [Turn over

 12

5 (a) Define the tesla. For

Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) A horseshoe magnet is placed on a balance. A stiff metal wire is clamped horizontally
between the poles, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

horseshoe
magnet

stiff metal
wire

balance pan

Fig. 5.1

The magnetic flux density in the space between the poles of the magnet is uniform and
is zero outside this region.
The length of the metal wire normal to the magnetic field is 6.4 cm.

When a current in the wire is switched on, the reading on the balance increases by 2.4 g.
The current in the wire is 5.6 A.

(i) State and explain the direction of the force on the wire due to the current.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2012 9702/42/M/J/12

 13

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic flux density between the poles of the For
magnet. Examiner’s
Use

flux density = ...............................................T [2]

(c) A low frequency alternating current is now passed through the wire in (b).
The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of the current is 5.6 A.

Describe quantitatively the variation of the reading seen on the balance.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2012 9702/42/M/J/12 [Turn over

 12 For
Examiner’s
Use
5 An α-particle and a β-particle are both travelling along the same path at a speed of
1.5 × 106 m s–1.

They then enter a region of uniform magnetic field as shown in Fig. 5.1.

1.0 cm

path of α-particle
and of β-particle
1.0 cm

region of magnetic field

into plane of paper

Fig. 5.1

The magnetic field is normal to the path of the particles and is into the plane of the paper.

(a) Show that, for a particle of mass m and charge q travelling at speed v normal to a
magnetic field of flux density B, the radius r of its path in the field is given by

mv
r = ___ .
Bq

[3]

9702/4/M/J03
 13 For
Examiner’s
Use
(b) Calculate the ratio

radius of path of the α-particle

_________________________ .
radius of path of the β-particle

ratio = …………………………………. [3]

(c) The magnetic field has flux density 1.2 mT. Calculate the radius of the path of
(i) the α-particle,

radius = …………………………….. m

(ii) the β-particle.

radius = ……………………………... m
[3]

(d) The magnetic field extends over a region having a square cross-section of side 1.0 cm
(see Fig. 5.1). Both particles emerge from the region of the field.

On Fig. 5.1,

(i) mark with the letter A the position where the emergent α-particle may be detected,

(ii) mark with the letter B the position where the emergent β-particle may be detected.
[3]
9702/4/M/J03 [Turn over
 10

5 (a) An incomplete diagram for the magnetic flux pattern due to a current-carrying solenoid For
is illustrated in Fig. 5.1. Examiner’s
Use

direction
of current

Fig. 5.1

(i) On Fig. 5.1, draw arrows on the field lines to show the direction of the magnetic
field. [1]

(ii) State the feature of Fig. 5.1 that indicates that the magnetic field strength at each
end of the solenoid is less than that at the centre.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A Hall probe is placed near one end of the solenoid in (a), as shown in Fig. 5.2.

Y
to circuit Hall probe
for Hall probe

Fig. 5.2

The Hall probe is rotated about the axis XY. State and explain why the magnitude of the
Hall voltage varies.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2013 9702/42/O/N/13

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6 A charged particle of mass m and charge –q is travelling through a vacuum at constant For
speed v. Examiner’s
It enters a uniform magnetic field of flux density B. The initial angle between the direction of Use

motion of the particle and the direction of the magnetic field is 90°.

(a) Explain why the path of the particle in the magnetic field is the arc of a circle.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) The radius of the arc in (a) is r.

q
Show that the ratio m for the particle is given by the expression
q v
= .
m Br

[1]

(c) The initial speed v of the particle is 2.0 × 107 m s–1. The magnetic flux density B is
2.5 × 10–3 T.
The radius r of the arc in the magnetic field is 4.5 cm.
q
(i) Use these data to calculate the ratio m .

ratio = ...................................... C kg–1 [2]

© UCLES 2013 9702/42/O/N/13

 13

(ii) The path of the negatively-charged particle before it enters the magnetic field is For
shown in Fig. 6.1. Examiner’s
Use

magnetic field into

plane of paper

path of
particle

Fig. 6.1

The direction of the magnetic field is into the plane of the paper.

On Fig. 6.1, sketch the path of the particle in the magnetic field and as it emerges
from the field. [2]

© UCLES 2013 9702/42/O/N/13 [Turn over

 20

8 An electron is travelling in a vacuum at a speed of 3.4 × 107 m s–1. The electron enters a region of
uniform magnetic field of flux density 3.2 mT, as illustrated in Fig. 8.1.

region of uniform
magnetic flux
density 3.2 mT

30°

electron
speed 3.4 × 107 m s–1

Fig. 8.1

The initial direction of the electron is at an angle of 30° to the direction of the magnetic field.

(a) When the electron enters the magnetic field, the component of its velocity vN normal to the
direction of the magnetic field causes the electron to begin to follow a circular path.

Calculate:

(i) vN

vN = ................................................ m s–1 [1]

(ii) the radius of this circular path.

radius = ..................................................... m [3]

(b) State the magnitude of the force, if any, on the electron in the magnetic field due to the
component of its velocity along the direction of the field.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2019 9702/42/M/J/19

 14

6 A particle has mass m and charge +q and is travelling with speed v through a vacuum. For
The initial direction of travel is parallel to the plane of two charged horizontal metal plates, as Examiner’s
shown in Fig. 6.1. Use

+V
metal plate

path of particle

metal plate
Fig. 6.1

The uniform electric field between the plates has magnitude 2.8 × 104 V m–1 and is zero
outside the plates.
The particle passes between the plates and emerges beyond them, as illustrated in Fig. 6.1.

(a) Explain why the path of the particle in the electric field is not an arc of a circle.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A uniform magnetic field is now formed in the region between the metal plates. The
magnetic field strength is adjusted so that the positively charged particle passes
undeviated between the plates, as shown in Fig. 6.2.

+V
region of uniform
electric and magnetic
fields

path of particle path of particle

Fig. 6.2

© UCLES 2013 9702/43/O/N/13

 15

(i) State and explain the direction of the magnetic field. For
Examiner’s
.................................................................................................................................. Use

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) The particle has speed 4.7 × 105 m s–1.

Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic flux density.
Explain your working.

magnetic flux density = ............................................. T [3]

(c) The particle in (b) has mass m, charge +q and speed v.

Without any further calculation, state the effect, if any, on the path of a particle that has

(i) mass m, charge –q and speed v,

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) mass m, charge +q and speed 2v,

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) mass 2m, charge +q and speed v.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2013 9702/43/O/N/13 [Turn over

 16

8 A slice of a conducting material has its face QRLK normal to a uniform magnetic field of flux
density B, as illustrated in Fig. 8.1.

S R

M L magnetic flux
P density B
Q

J
K

direction of
movement of
electrons

Fig. 8.1

Electrons enter the slice travelling perpendicular to face PQKJ.

(a) For the free electrons moving in the slice:

(i) state the direction of the force on an electron due to movement of the electron in the
magnetic field

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) identify the faces, using the letters on Fig. 8.1, between which a potential difference is
developed.

face ................................. and face ................................. [1]

(b) Explain why the potential difference in (a)(ii) reaches a maximum value.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2020 9702/41/O/N/20

 17

(c) The number of free electrons per unit volume in the slice of material is 1.3 × 1029 m–3.
The thickness PQ of the slice is 0.10 mm.
The magnetic flux density B is 4.6 × 10–3 T.

Calculate the potential difference across the slice for a current of 6.3 × 10–4 A.

potential difference = ...................................................... V [2]

(d) The slice in (c) is a metal.

By reference to your answer in (c), suggest why Hall probes are usually made using
semiconductors rather than metals.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 9702/41/O/N/20 [Turn over

 20

8 (a) Define magnetic flux density.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) A stiff copper wire is balanced horizontally on a pivot, as shown in Fig. 8.1.

7.5 cm

P pivot stiff wire

S
Q

Fig. 8.1

Sections PQ, QR and RS of the wire are situated in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B
produced between the poles of a permanent magnet.
The perpendicular distance of PQRS from the pivot is 7.5 cm.

When a current of 2.7 A is passed through the wire, a small mass of 45 mg is placed a distance
8.8 cm from the pivot in order to restore the balance of the wire, as shown in Fig. 8.2.

small mass
7.5 cm 8.8 cm
2.7 A

2.7 A
P pivot stiff wire

S
Q

R
pole pieces
of magnet

Fig. 8.2

© UCLES 2018 9702/42/O/N/18

 21

(i) Explain why, when the current is switched on, the current in the sections PQ and RS of
the wire does not affect the balance of the wire.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) The length of section QR of the wire is 1.2 cm.

Calculate the magnetic flux density B.

B = ....................................................... T [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2018 9702/42/O/N/18 [Turn over

 22

9 (a) A Hall probe is placed near one end of a solenoid that has been wound on a soft-iron core, as
shown in Fig. 9.1.

+ – soft-iron
core

solenoid Hall probe

Fig. 9.1

The current in the solenoid is switched on.

The Hall probe is rotated until the reading VH on the voltmeter is maximum.

The current in the solenoid is then varied, causing the magnetic flux density to change.
The variation with time t of the magnetic flux density B at the Hall probe is shown in Fig. 9.2.

2
B / mT
1

0
0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t
–1

–2

Fig. 9.2

At time t = 0, the Hall voltage is V0.

On Fig. 9.3, draw a line to show the variation with time t of the Hall voltage VH for time t = 0 to
time t = t4.

VH
V0

0
0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t

Fig. 9.3
[2]

© UCLES 2018 9702/42/O/N/18

 Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
MAGNETISM (A2 CORE) M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]

CIE Past Paper Questions from

1.Magnetic Fields , 2. Electromagnetic Induction

Value given in data booklet (for this topic)

permeability of free space, μ0 = 4 π × 10–7 Hm–1

Q.1 (a) Fig.1.1 shows a long solenoid with the current direction as shown by the arrows. On Fig. 1.1, sketch the
magnetic flux pattern in and around the solenoid. [3]

Fig. 1.1
(b) A coil is placed at X, with its axis parallel to that of the coil, and is then moved along the centre line of the
solenoid to Y. Describe how the magnetic flux linkage through the coil varies as it is moved from X to Y.

.....................................................................................................……………...............................................................

...........................................…….…….…...............................................................................................………………

…………………………...…...….........................................................................................……………………... [3]

(c) It is found that there is an e.m.f. induced in the coil when it is moved steadily from X to Y.
Explain why this e.m.f. occurs and describe how the magnitude and direction of the e.m.f. change during the
movement of the coil.
..................................................................................................………..........................................................................

...............................………....…..................................................................................................………....…...............

.................................................................................……..........................................................................................[3]

{Q.5/Specimen paper/9702 code-June 2002}

Q.2 (a) Two similar coils A and B of insulated wire are wound on to a soft-iron core, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 2.1
 Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]
When the current I in coil A is switched on and then off, the variation with time t of the current is shown in Fig. 2.2.

Fig. 2.2

Fig. 2.3

On Fig. 2.3, draw a graph to show the variation with time t of the e.m.f. E induced in coil B. [3]
{Q.6/June 2002/9702-4}

Q. 3 A metal wire is held taut between the poles of a permanent magnet, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1

A cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.) is connected between the ends of the wire. The Y-plate sensitivity is adjusted to
1.0mVcm–1 and the time base is 0.5 ms cm–1.

The wire is plucked at its centre. Fig. 2.2 shows the trace seen on the c.r.o.
 Akhtar Mahmood 0333-4281759

Fig. 3.2
(a) Making reference to the laws of electromagnetic induction, suggest why
(i) an e.m.f. is induced in the wire,

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) the e.m.f. is alternating.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Use Fig. 3.2 and the c.r.o. settings to determine the equation representing the induced alternating e.m.f.

equation: ........................................................................... [4]

{Q.7/Nov. 2002/9702-4}
Q. 4 An aluminium sheet is suspended from an oscillator by means of a spring, as illustrated in Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1
An electromagnet is placed a short distance from the centre of the aluminium sheet.
The electromagnet is switched off and the frequency f of oscillation of the oscillator is gradually increased from a low
value. The variation with frequency f of the amplitude a of vibration of the sheet is shown in Fig. 4.2.
 Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]

Fig. 4.2
A peak on the graph appears at frequency f0.
(a) Explain why there is a peak at frequency f0.

........................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The electromagnet is now switched on and the frequency of the oscillator is again gradually increased from a low
value. On Fig. 4.2, draw a line to show the variation with frequency f of the amplitude a of vibration of the sheet.
[3]
(c) The frequency of the oscillator is now maintained at a constant value. The amplitude of vibration is found to
decrease when the current in the electromagnet is switched on.
Use the laws of electromagnetic induction to explain this observation.

........................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................. [4]
{Q.3/June 2003/9702-3}
Q. 5 (a) Define the tesla, the magnetic flux density.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(b) The aluminium frame ABCD of a window measures 85 cm x 60 cm, as illustrated in the figure 5.1.

Fig 5.1
 Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]
The window is hinged along the edge AB.
When the window is closed, the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic effect, of flux density 1.8 x 10 -4 T, is the
normal to the window.
(i) Calculate the magnetic flux through the window.

Magnetic flux = ………………………… Wb [2]

(ii) The window is now opened in a time of 0.20 s. When open, the plane of the window is parallel to the
Earth’s magnetic field.
For the opening of the window,
1. state the change in the flux through the window,

change = ……………………………….. Wb.

2. calculate the average e.m.f. induced in the side CD of the frame.

e.m.f. = ……………………………… [3]

(iii) Suggest, with a reason, whether the e.m.f. calculated in (ii)2gives rise to a current in the frame ABCD.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..…[1]

{Q. 5/Nov. 2003/9702-4}

Q. 6 A small coil is positioned so that its axis lies along the axis of a large bar magnet, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

Fig. 6.1

The coil has a cross-sectional area of 0.40 cm2 and contains 150 turns of wire.

The average magnetic flux density B through the coil varies with the distance x between the face of the magnet and the
plane of the coil as shown in Fig. 6.2(next page).
 Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]

B/mT

x/cm
Fig. 6.2
(a) (i) The coil is 5.0 cm from the face of the magnet. Use Fig. 6.2 to determine the magnetic flux density in the coil.

magnetic flux density = ....................................................... T

(ii) Hence show that the magnetic flux linkage of the coil is 3.0 x 10 –4Wb.

[3]
(b) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

........................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) The coil is moved along the axis of the magnet so that the distance x changes from x = 5.0 cm to x = 15.0 cm in a
time of 0.30 s. Calculate
(i) the change in flux linkage of the coil,

change = .............................................. Wb [2]

(ii) the average e.m.f. induced in the coil.

e.m.f. = ................................................. V [2]

 Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]
(d) State and explain the variation, if any, of the speed of the coil so that the induced e.m.f. remains constant during
the movement in (c).
.....................................................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................[3]

{Q.4/June 2004/9702-4}

Q. 7 An ideal iron-cored transformer is illustrated in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.1
(a) from Alternating Current topic [two parts of 4 marks]
(b) Fig. 7.2 shows the variation with time t of the current Ip in the primary coil. There is no current in the secondary
coil.

Fig. 7.2

Fig. 7.3

Fig. 7.4
 Akhtar Mahmood (0333-4281759)
M.Sc.(Physics), MCS, MBA-IT, B.Ed.
MIS, DCE, D AS/400e(IBM), OCP(PITB)
[email protected]
(i) Complete Fig. 7.3 to show the variation with time t of the magnetic flux Φ in the core. [1]
(ii) Complete Fig. 7.4 to show the variation with time t of the e.m.f. E induced in the secondary coil. [2]
(iii) Hence state the phase difference between the current Ip in the primary coil and the e.m.f. E induced in the
secondary coil.

phase difference = ........................................... [1]

{Q.6/June 2005/9702-4}
Q. 8 (a) Define magnetic flux density.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

(b) A flat coil consistes of N turns of wire and has area A. The coil is placed so that its plane is at an angle θ to a
uniform magnetic field of flux density B, as shown in Fig. 8.1

Fig. 8.1

Using the symbols A, B, N and θ and making reference to the magnetic flux in the coil, derive an expression for
the magnetic flux linkage through the coil.

[2]
(c)(i) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
 (ii) The magnetic flux density B in the coil is now made to vary with time t as shown in Fig. 8.2.

On Fig. 8.3, sketch the variation with time t of the e.m.f. E induced in the coil. [3]

{Q. 6/Nov.2005/9702-4}
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Q Fig.1 shows a light aluminium rod resting between the poles of a magnet. A current is passed through the rod from
two brass strips connected to a power supply.

Fig. 1
(a) On Fig. 1, draw the direction of the current in the rod when the switch is closed. [1]
(b) State which way the rod moves when the switch is closed. Give a reason for your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
MAGNETIC FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1
 18

6 A small solenoid of area of cross section 1.6 × 10–3 m2 is placed inside a larger solenoid of area of
cross-section 6.4 × 10–3 m2, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

smaller solenoid
larger solenoid
area of cross-section
area of cross-section
1.6 × 10–3 m2
6.4 × 10–3 m2
3000 turns
600 turns

d.c.

Fig. 6.1 (not to scale)

The larger solenoid has 600 turns and is attached to a d.c. power supply to create a magnetic
field.

The smaller solenoid has 3000 turns.

(a) Compare the magnetic flux in the two solenoids.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Compare the magnetic flux linkage in the two solenoids.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) (i) State Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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 19

(ii) The terminals of the smaller solenoid are connected together. The smaller solenoid is
then removed from inside the larger solenoid.

With reference to magnetic fields, explain why a force is needed to remove the smaller
solenoid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 7]

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 6

2 A sphere of mass 1.6 × 10–10 kg has a charge of +0.27 nC. The sphere is in a uniform electric field
that acts vertically upwards, as shown in the side view in Fig. 2.1.

SIDE VIEW

electric field lines

plane in which
sphere moves
sphere

Fig. 2.1

The force exerted on the sphere by the electric field causes the sphere to remain at a fixed vertical
height in a horizontal plane.

There is a uniform magnetic field in the region of the electric field. The sphere moves at a speed of
0.78 m s–1 in the horizontal plane. The magnetic field causes the sphere to move in a circular path
of radius 3.4 m, as shown in the view from above in Fig. 2.2.

VIEW FROM ABOVE

electric field lines

3.4 m out of the page

path of sphere

sphere

Fig. 2.2

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 14

6 (a) Define magnetic flux.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A square coil of wire of side length 12 cm consists of 8 insulated turns. The coil is stationary
in a uniform magnetic field. The plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field, as
shown in Fig. 6.1.

magnetic field lines

into the page
12 cm
square coil
8 turns

terminals

Fig. 6.1

The flux density B of the magnetic field varies with time t as shown in Fig. 6.2.

400

B / mT

200

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
t/s

Fig. 6.2

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 15

(i) Determine the magnetic flux linkage inside the coil at time t = 0.60 s. Give a unit with
your answer.

magnetic flux linkage = .................................... unit .............. [3]

(ii) State how Fig. 6.2 shows that the electromotive force (e.m.f.) E induced across the
terminals between t = 0 and t = 0.60 s is constant.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the magnitude of E.

E = ...................................................... V [2]

(c) The procedure in (b) is repeated, but this time the terminals of the coil are connected together.

State and explain the effect on the coil of connecting the terminals together during the change
of magnetic flux density shown in Fig. 6.2.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 11]

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 14

6 (a) State the two conditions that must be satisfied for a copper wire, placed in a magnetic field,
to experience a magnetic force.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A long air-cored solenoid is connected to a power supply, so that the solenoid creates a
magnetic field. Fig. 6.1 shows a cross-section through the middle of the solenoid.

Z section through
solenoid wires
Y

W
X

Fig. 6.1

The direction of the magnetic field at point W is indicated by the arrow. Three other points are
labelled X, Y and Z.

(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw arrows to indicate the direction of the magnetic field at each of the
points X, Y and Z. [3]

(ii) Compare the magnitude of the flux density of the magnetic field:

● at X and at W .................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

● at Y and at Z. .................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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 15

(c) Two long parallel current-carrying wires are placed near to each other in a vacuum.

Explain why these wires exert a magnetic force on each other. You may draw a labelled
diagram if you wish.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]

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 16

7 (a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two coils are wound on an iron bar, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

coil 2 V

iron bar

coil 1 V1

Fig. 7.1

Coil 1 is connected to a potential difference (p.d.) V1 that gives rise to a magnetic field in the
iron bar.

Fig. 7.2 shows the variation with time t of the magnetic flux density B in the iron bar.

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 t / s 0.4

Fig. 7.2

A voltmeter measures the electromotive force (e.m.f.) V2 that is induced across coil 2.

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On Fig. 7.3, sketch the variation with t of V2 between t = 0 and t = 0.40 s.

V2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 t / s 0.4

Fig. 7.3
[4]

(c) Coil 2 in (b) is now replaced with a copper ring that rests loosely on top of coil 1. The supply
to coil 1 is replaced with a cell and a switch that is initially open, as shown in Fig. 7.4.

iron bar

copper ring

coil 1

Fig. 7.4

(i) The switch is now closed. As it is closed, the copper ring is observed to jump upwards.

Explain why this happens.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest, with a reason, what would be the effect of repeating the procedure in (c)(i) with
the terminals of the cell reversed.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

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 16

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a thin slice of semiconducting material used in a Hall probe.

Q R

X Y

P S

W Z
I

Fig. 6.1 (not to scale)

Current I passes through the slice in the direction shown.

The slice is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B, so that two of its faces are
perpendicular to the magnetic field.

A steady Hall voltage VH is developed between face PQXW and face SRYZ.

(a) (i) Use the letters in Fig. 6.1 to identify the faces that are perpendicular to the magnetic
field.

....................................................... and ....................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain how the steady Hall voltage VH is developed between faces PQXW and SRYZ.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 17

(b) The magnitude of VH is given by the equation

BI
VH = .
ntq
(i) State the meaning of the symbols n, t and q. You may refer to the letters in Fig. 6.1.

n: .......................................................................................................................................

t: ........................................................................................................................................

q: .......................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Suggest, with reference to the equation, why the slice of the material used in a Hall
probe is thin.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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 16

7 (a) Define magnetic flux density.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) An insulated rectangular coil of wire, consisting of 40 turns, is suspended in a cradle from a
newton meter, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

newton meter

cradle

coil
40 turns

5.00 cm

3.00 cm

Fig. 7.1

The vertical sides of the coil have a length of 5.00 cm and the horizontal sides have a length
of 3.00 cm. The initial reading on the newton meter is 0.563 N.

A U-shaped magnet rests on a top-pan balance that is set to a reading of 0.00 g.

The lower edge of the coil is lowered into the region between the poles of the U-shaped
magnet, as shown in the side view in Fig. 7.2.

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 17

newton meter
initial reading 0.563 N

coil (viewed from the side)

poles of magnet

top-pan balance
initial reading 0.00 g

Fig. 7.2

The magnetic field in the region between the poles is uniform.

The lower edge of the coil is entirely within the uniform magnetic field.

A current of 3.94 A is now passed through the coil. This causes the reading on the top-pan
balance to change to 2.16 g.

(i) Explain why the current causes a vertical force to act on the coil.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Determine, to three significant figures, the flux density B of the uniform magnetic field.

B = ...................................................... T [3]

(iii) Determine what is now the reading on the newton meter. Explain your reasoning.

reading = ..................................................... N [2]

[Total: 10]
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 18

8 (a) State Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two coils of insulated wire are wound on an iron bar, as shown in Fig. 8.1.

coil 1 coil 2
iron bar

I1
V

V2

Fig. 8.1

There is a current I1 in coil 1 that varies with time t as shown in Fig. 8.2.

1.0

I1 / A

0.5

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
t/s

– 0.5

– 1.0

Fig. 8.2

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 19

(i) The variation with t of I1 can be represented by the equation

I1 = X sin Yt

where X and Y are constants.

Use Fig. 8.2 to determine the values of X and Y. Give units with your answers.

X = ........................................... unit ...................

Y = ........................................... unit ...................

[3]

(ii) The current in coil 1 gives rise to a magnetic field in the iron bar.
Assume that the flux density of this magnetic field is proportional to I1.

An alternating electromotive force (e.m.f.) is induced across coil 2. The p.d. across coil 2
is measured using the voltmeter and has a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of 4.6 V.

On Fig. 8.3, sketch a line to show the variation with t of V2 between t = 0 and t = 0.08 s.

10

V2 / V

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
t/s

–5

– 10

Fig. 8.3
[3]

(iii) Use the laws of electromagnetic induction to explain the shape of your line in (b)(ii).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 11]
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 16

7 (a) A Hall probe containing a thin slice of semiconducting material is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of flux density B. The largest faces of the slice are perpendicular to the magnetic field, as
shown in Fig. 7.1.

5.4 A
semiconducting slice
x

magnetic field,
flux density B

Q
5.4 A

Fig. 7.1

The thickness x of the slice is 1.8 mm. The number density of charge carriers in the
semiconducting material is 1.5 × 1016 m–3.
A constant current of 5.4 A is passed through the slice between the shaded faces.
The Hall voltage VH that is developed between the terminals PQ is recorded.

Fig. 7.2 shows the variation with time t of B.

4
B / 10–6 T

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
t/s

Fig. 7.2

(i) Show that, when B is equal to 4.0 × 10–6 T, the magnitude of VH is 5.0 V.

[1]

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 17

(ii) On Fig. 7.3, sketch the variation of VH with t between t = 0 and t = 0.080 s.

6
VH / V
4

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
t/s
–2

–4

–6

Fig. 7.3
[3]

(b) The Hall probe in (a) is replaced with a small flat coil that has 3000 turns. The cross-sectional
area of the coil is 3.4 × 10–4 m2.
The plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field. The electromotive force (e.m.f.) E
induced between the terminals of the coil is recorded as B varies as shown in Fig. 7.2.

(i) Show that the magnitude of E at time t = 0.010 s is 2.0 × 10–4 V.

[3]

(ii) On Fig. 7.4, sketch the variation of E with t between t = 0 and t = 0.080 s.

4
E / 10–4 V
2

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
t/s
–2

–4

Fig. 7.4
[4]

[Total: 11]

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