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Light (Phy) 10

This is my notes for physics

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46 views20 pages

Light (Phy) 10

This is my notes for physics

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kartikiyer028
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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ATS aaa NOTES Chapter - 10 Light Light is the form of energy that enables us to see. Properties of Light Electromagnetic wave, so does not require any medium to travel. Light tends to travel in straight line. Light has dual nature i.e., wave as well as particle. Light casts shadow. Speed of light is maximum in vaccum. Its value is 3 x 108 ms!. When light falls on a surface, following may happen : (a) Reflection (b) Refraction (c) Absorption REFLECTION Bouncing back of light when it strikes on a polished surface like mirror. Laws of Reflection : (1) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. (2) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lic in the same plane. Normal Incident Ray. Reflected ray Angle of Incidence: Angle of Reflection ALAMO BUES, . Image : It is a point where atleast two light rays actually meet or appear to meet. Real Image Virtual Image © Formed when light rays actually ° Formed when light rays appear to meet. meet. © Can be obtained on screen. * Can’t be obtained on screen. * Inverted © Erect ° E.g., image formed on cinema * E.g., image formed by plane mirror screen. or convex mirror. Image Formed by Plane Mirror Plane mirror Object Image Characteristics of Image (i) Virtual and erect. (ii) Size of image is equal to the size of object. (iii) Image is formed as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. (iv) Laterally inverted. Lateral Inversion : The right side of the object appears left side of the image and vice-versa. Application of lateral inversion : The word AMBULANCE is written as NA IUGBAA so that it can be read correctly in rear view mirror of vehicles going in front of it. Spherical Mirrors : Mirrors whose reflecting surface is curved. Convex Mirror Concave Mirror Convex Mirror Concave Mirror S Reflecting Reflecting surface surface ~ 4 ALoaNUOA BUES, . © Reflecting surface is curved outwards. ® Reflecting surface is curved inwards. © Diverging mirror © Converging mirror Principal axis ° Principal axis : The line joining the pole and center of curvature. * Pole (P) : The centre of the spherical mirror. © Aperture (MN) : It is the effective diameter of the spherical mirror. © Center of Curvature (C) : The centre of the hollow glass sphere of which the mirror was a part. * Radius of Curvature (R) : The distance between the pole and the centre of curvature. * Focus (F) : The point on principal axis where all the parallel light rays actually meet or appear to meet after reflection. * Focal length (f) : The distance between the pole and the focus. Relationship between focal length and radius of curva- ture : f= Nip Rules for making ray diagrams by concave mirror (i) Aray parallel to the principal axis will pass through the principal focus, after reflection. (ii) Aray passing through the principal focus of concave mirror will emerge parallel to principal axis after reflection. ALAMO BUES, . (iii) A ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror is reflected back along the same path as it is a normally incident ray. (iv) A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis of a concave mirror is reflected obliquely making equal angle. Ray diagrams for images formed by concave mirror (i) When object is at infinity : Image tee Ss uM Position — At *F? Nature — Real, inverted Size — Point sized or highly diminished Image Position— Between ‘F’ and ‘C” Nature — Real, inverted Size — Diminished ALAM BES, . A (iii) When object is at “C’ Image Position — At *C’ Nature — Real, inverted Size — Same size as that of object (iv) When object is placed between ‘F’ and ‘C’ —_— Image M a Position — Beyond ‘C’ ‘Nature — Real, inverted > Size — Enlarged Image Position — At Infinity Nature — Real, inverted Size — Highly enlarged (vi) When object is between ‘P’ and ‘F’ Image My i Position — Behind the mirror RD Nature — Virtual, erect TO | Iege . L oi Size — Enlarged eo ALoaNIUOA BUES, . Uses of Concave Mirror (i) Used in torches, search lights and vehicles headlights to get powerful parallel beam of light. (ii) Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see large image of teeth of patients. (Teeth have to be placed between pole and focus). A (iii) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror to see a larger image of the face. (iv) Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnace. Rule for image formation by Convex Mirror (i) Aray of light parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror appear to diverge from the principal focus. (ii) A ray which is directed towards the focus of the convex mirror will emerge parallel to the principal axis after reflection. ALAMO BUES, . (iii) A ray directed towards the center of curvature of a convex mirror is reflected back along the same. (iv) Aray incident obliquely to the principal axis is reflected obliquely. #2 Ray diagrams of images formed by convex mirror @ When object is placed at infinity: — Image Position — At ‘F” Nature — Virtual, erect Size — Point sized (ii) When object is placed between pole and infinity Image Position — Between ‘P’ and ‘F’ Nature — Virtual, erect Size — Diminished ° A full length image of a tall building/tree can be seen in a small convex mirror. Uses of Convex Mirror (i) Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles because ALAMO BES, . Gi) (a) they always give an erect though diminished image. (b) they have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. Convex mirrors are used at blind turns and on points of merging traffic to facilitate vision of both side traffic. (iii) Used in shops as security mirror. @ Gi) Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirror Or New Cartesian Sign Convention The object is placed to the left of the mirror. All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror. (iii) All distances measured in the direction of incident ray (along + X-axis) (iy) (vy) are taken as positive and those measured against the direction of incident ray (along — X-axis) are taken as negative. Distance measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are taken as positive. Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are taken as negative. M A _(eve) ve Height upward | <—¥°) (tye) x'B Height downward (ve) x Object distance = ‘w’ is always negative. Focal length of concave mirror = Negative Focal length of convex mirror = Positive ALAMO BUES, . Mirror Formula : 141i es vu ft where, v= Image distance u= Object distance f= Focal length Magnification of Spherical Mirrors It is the ratio of the height of image to the height of object. Height of image mee aa. Height of object Also, If ‘m’ is negative, image is real. If ‘m’ is positive, image is virtual. Ifh,=h, then m= 1, i.e., image is equal to object. Ifh,> h, then m> 1 ie., image is enlarged. Ifh,

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