REVIEWER magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and

magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary

WEEK 1 –INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER CONCEPTS
storage devices.
COMPUTER – A computer is an electronic data - In this generation, assembly language and high-level
processing device, which accepts and stores data input, programming languages likeFORTRAN, COBOL were
processes the data input, and generates the output in used. The computers used batch processing
a required format. andmultiprogramming operating system. Examples:
IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC
FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER
1108
Step 1 − Takes data as input.
Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and
Third Generation
uses them asrequired.
- The period of third generation was from 1965-1971.
Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful
The computersof third generation used Integrated
information.
Circuits (ICs) in place oftransistors. A single IC has many
Step 4 − Generates the output.
transistors, resistors, and capacitorsalong with the
Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps.
associated circuitry.
- The IC was invented by Jack Kilby
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS
1. business
Fourth Generation
2. banking
- The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.
3. insurance
Computer was produced withthe microprocessor of
4. education
electronic circuits. The small size of the chip
5. marketing
microprocessorwas fundamental for creating personal
6. advertising
computers (PCs).Computers of fourthgeneration used
7. home shopping
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits
8. healthcare
having about5000 transistors and other circuit
9. engineering design
elements with their associated circuits on a singlechip
10. military
made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth
11. communication
generation.
12. government
Fifth Generation
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
- The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the
First Generation
fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra
-The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes
Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the
as the basic components for memory and circuitry for
production of microprocessor chips having ten million
CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric
electronic components.
bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used
- This generation is based on parallel processing
to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive
hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.
and only large organizations were able to afford it.
- Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
as input and output devices.
1.PC (Personal Computer) It is a single user computer
- Used machine code as the programming language.
system having moderately powerful microprocessor
Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650
2 Workstation It is also a single user computer system,
similar to personal computer however has a more
Second Generation
powerful microprocessor.
- The period of second generation was from 1959-
3 Mini Computer It is a multi-user computer system,
1965. In this generation, transistors were used that
capable of supporting hundreds of users
were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in
simultaneously.
size, more reliable and faster than the first generation
machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation,
4 Main Frame It is a multi-user computer system, MEMORY UNITS
capable of supporting hundreds of users Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored
simultaneously. Software technology is different from in the storage unit. This storage capacity is expressed in
minicomputer. terms of Bytes.
5 Supercomputer It is an extremely fast computer, PORTS
which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions A port is a physical docking point using which an
per second. external device can be connected to the computer.
HARDWARE
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS Hardware represents the physical and tangible
1.Take Input components of a computer
2 Store Data S SOFTWARE
3 Processing Data -Software is a set of programs, which is designed to
4 Output Information perform a well-defined function.
5 Control the workflow -There are two types of software
• System Software
INPUT DEVICES • Application Software
• Keyboard
• Mouse CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE
• Joy Stick SYSTEM SOFTWARE – comprises the programs that
• Light pen you use to manage your computer
• Track Ball
• Scanner 3 MAJOR OPERATIONS IN MOST PROGRAMS
• Graphic Tablet 1. input
• Microphone 2. process
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR) 3. output
• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• Bar Code Reader NUMBER SYSTEM
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR) When we type some letters or words, the computer
translates them in numbers as computers can
OUTPUT DEVICES understand only numbers.
• Monitors • Decimal Number System
• Graphic Plotter • Binary Number System
• Printer • Octal Number System
• Projector • Hexadecimal Number System
• Speaker • Decimal to Other Base System
• Other Base System to Non Decimal System
MEMORY
-A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store Data can be defined as a representation of facts,
data and instructions. concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner, which
-Memory is primarily of three types should be suitable for communication, interpretation,
•Cache Memory or processing by human or electronic machine.
•Primary Memory/Main Memory Information is organized or classified data, which has
•Secondary Memory some meaningful values for the receiver. Information is
the processed data on which decisions and actions are
MOTHERBOARD based.
The motherboard serves as a single platform to A computer network is a system in which multiple
connect all of the parts of a computer together. computers are connected to each other to share
information and resources.
Network cables are used to connect computers.
A router is a type of device which acts as the central point
among computers and other devices that are a part of the
network.

An operating system is a program that acts as an interface

between the software and the computer hardware.

Following is the list of hardware's required to set up a

computer network.
• Network Cables
• Distributors
• Routers
• Internal Network Cards
• External Network Cards
Internet It is a worldwide/global system of
interconnected computer networks.
Intranet is the system in which multiple PCs are
connected to each other.
Webpage The document that can be viewed in the
web browser is known as the web page.

Website The collection of web pages interlinked with

each other through hyperlinks is known as website.
The first page of a website is known as the home page.
The World Wide Web(WWW) or simply the ‘web’ is a
system of Internet servers that support documents
formatted using HTML.
A web browser is a free software application that is
used to view web pages, graphics and almost any other
online content.
Web Server It is the server on the World Wide Web
that responds to the request made by the web
browsers.
IP address where IP stands for Internet Protocol.
URL Uniform Resource Locator
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
ISP or Internet Service Provider
The name cookie is taken from ‘magic cookies’ in UNIX.
These are tokens that are attached to the program or
user and change according to the responses by the
program or the user.
Cloud computing is the latest technology that has
revolutionized the manner in which data and
applications are stored, used and shared using
Internet.
Protocol is the set of rules that are followed while
communicating on any network.
WEEK 2–INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING AND
ALGORITHM DESIGN An algorithm is the sequence of steps necessary to
solve any programming problem.
Program – is a set of instruction that the computer Pseudocode • an English-like representation of the
follows. Programming Language (PL) - is a logical steps it takes to solve a problem.
standardized communication technique for expressing
instructions to a computer. Syntax refers to the rules that define the structure and
format of valid statements and expressions in a
USES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES programming language.
1. software development Semantics refers to the meaning of a program, or the
2. web development way in which a program behaves when it is executed.
3. data science and analytics
4. scientific computing game development PROGRAM ERRORS
5. mobile app development Syntax Errors
6. ai and robotics • Errors in grammar of the language
7. embedded system Runtime error
• When there are no syntax errors, but the program
CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE can’t complete execuƟon
Machine Language • Divide by zero
• The representation of a computer program which is • Invalid input data
actually read andunderstood by the computer. Logical errors
Assembly Language • The program completes execuƟon, but delivers
-A symbolic representation of the machine language of incorrect results
a specific processor. • Incorrect usage of parentheses
• Is converted to machine code by an assembler.
High Level PL Bug
– It does not require addressing hardware constraints • In the context of software development, it refers to
when developing a program. an error, flaw or fault in a computer program that
causes it to behave in unexpected or unintended ways.
Source program Debugging
-The form in which a computer program, written in • is the process of identifying, isolating, and fixing bugs
some formal programming language, is wriƩen by the in computer programs.
programmer. Flowchart
Compiler • A schematic representation of a sequence of
- A program that converts another program from some operations, as in manufacturing process or computer
source language (or high-level programming language) program
to machine language (object code).
Interpreter GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING FLOWCHARTS
- An interpreter is a program that reads and executes • Flowchart can have only one start and one stop
code line by line, translating the code into machine- symbol
readable instructions as it goes. • On-page connectors are referenced using numbers
• Off-page connectors are referenced using alphabets
PROGRAMMING DEVELOPMENT CYCLE • General flow of processes is top to bottom or left to
1. Problem Definition right • Arrows should not cross each other
2. Problem Analysis
3. Algorithm Development
4. Coding & Documentation
5. Testing & Debugging
6. Maintenance
Week 3 – Introduction to Python Relational expressions used for comparisons between
values. They evaluate to a boolean value (True or False)
Python is a general purpose programming language that is based on the condition being compared.
often applied in scripting roles.
Logical expressions used to combine conditions and
Program evaluate to True or False based on the overall logic.
• A program is executed (i.e. the source is first compiled and
the result of the compilation is expected) Parentheses can be used to override the default
• A “program” in general, is a sequence of instructions precedence order. Any expression within parentheses is
written so that a computer can perform certain task. evaluated first.

Scripting Variable - A named piece of memory that can store a value.

• A script is interpreted.
• A “script” is code written in a scripting language. A Data types are classifications for the kind of data a variable
scripting language is nothing but a type of programming can hold.
language in which we can write code to control another
software application. Numeric Types:
• Integers (int): Represent whole numbers, positive,
5 of the many reasons to use Python negative, or zero (e.g., -5, 0, 1024).
1. Easy to Learn and Use • Floats (float): Represent decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14, -
2. Versatile 9.25).
3. Large and Active Community • Complex Numbers (complex): Represent numbers with a
4. Cross-Platform Compatibility real and imaginary part (e.g., 3+5j, where j represents the
5. Open-source imaginary unit).

Python Code Execution Text Type:

• Source code of python extension is .py • Strings (str): Represent sequences of characters enclosed
• Byte code extension is .pyc (compiled python code) in single or double quotes (e.g., "Hello, world!", 'This is a
string').
Comments in Python • is a series or characters interpreted as text
are the lines in the code that are ignored by the interpreter
during the execution of the program.

Keywords in Python are reserved words that can not be

used as a variable name, function name, or any other
identifier.

Pint Command
• print : Produces text output on the console.

Expression: A data value or set of operations to compute a

value.

Precedence: Order in which operations are computed. / %

** have a higher precedence than +

From math import

This imports all the names from the math module directly
into your current namespace.

Import math
Use import math for clear and safe access to functions and
constants from the math module.
Week 4 – Control Structures: Looping A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.

Loops are a fundamental building block of any programming Week 4 – Control Structures: Selection
language.
Indentation is used in Python to delimit blocks.
While Loop
Executes a group of statements as long as a condition is Control structures provide a means for some statements to
True. be skipped or by-passed during execution, depending on the
result of a condition(s).
The end argument in the print function specifies what to
print at the end instead of the default newline. The if statement is the most simple decision-making
statement. It is used to decide whether a certain statement
An infinite loop is a type of loop that continues indefinitely or block of statements will be executed or not.
without any condition to break or exit the loop.
The if/else statement executes one block of statements if a
The else clause is only executed when your while condition certain condition is True, and a second block of statements
becomes false. If you break out of the loop, or if an if it is False.
exception is raised, it won’t be executed.
A nested if is an if statement that is the target of another if
For loops are used for sequential traversal. For example: statement.
traversing a list or string or array etc.
Compound Conditions - Have more than 1 conditional
Range expression.
loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we
can use the range() function. In Python, and, or, and not are logical operators used to
The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, combine conditional statements and evaluate truth values.
starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by default),
and ends at a specified number.

A list is an ordered collection of items, which can be of any

data type.

A tuple is also an ordered collection of items, but unlike

lists, it's immutable.

A set is an unordered collection of unique elements.

A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs.

The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to

be executed when the loop is finished.

The break and continue statements are used to alter the

flow of loops:
• break exits the loop entirely
• continue skips the current iteration and proceeds to the
next one.

The pass statement in Python serves two main purposes:

• Placeholder: It acts as a placeholder for code that will be
written later.
• Empty Statement: It allows you to have an empty code
block where Python expects a statement.
Week 5 – Functions are used so that they can be protected from everything
happening outside the function.
A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is
used to perform a single, related action. Python closure is a nested function that allows us to access
variables of the outer function even after the outer function
Built-in library function. These are Standard functions in is closed.
Python that are available to use.
A closure factory function is a common example of a higher-
Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the order function in Python.
function name and parentheses ( ( ) ).
Variable's scope determines its visibility and accessibility
def within the program.
We can define a function in Python, using the def keyword.
Local variables are those that are initialized within a
A parameter is the variable defined within the parentheses function and are unique to that function.
during function definition.
Global variables are the ones that are defined and declared
Types of Python Function Arguments outside any function and are not specified to any function.
• Default argument
• Keyword arguments (named arguments) The nonlocal keyword is used in the case of nested
• Positional arguments functions.
• Arbitrary arguments (variable-length arguments *args and
**kwargs). Recursion- it is a process in which a function calls itself
directly or indirectly.
A default argument is a parameter that assumes a default
value if a value is not provided in the function call for that
argument.

Keyword Arguments -The idea is to allow the caller to

Fspecify the argument name with values so that the caller
does not need to remember the order of parameters.

Positional Arguments -We used the Position argument

during the function call so that the first argument (or value)
is assigned to name and the second argument (or value) is
assigned to age.

In Python Arbitrary Keyword Arguments

*args, and **kwargs can pass a variable number of
arguments to a function using special symbols. There are
two special symbols:
• *args in Python (Non-Keyword Arguments)
• **kwargs in Python (Keyword Arguments)

Docstring
This is used to describe the functionality of the function.

The function return statement is used to exit from a

function and go back to the function caller and return the
specified value or data item to the caller.

A function that is defined inside another function is known

as the inner function or nested function. Nested functions
can access variables of the enclosing scope. Inner functions