Gen-Chem-1 Handout Q1 Week4-1

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Week 4
Part I. Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the study of the quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical
reactions. From the balanced chemical equation, we will be able to:
a. Determine how much products will be produced from a specific amount of reactants
b. Determine the amount of reactants needed to produce a specific amount of products
Illustrate stoichiometry using the following examples:

Let us make hamburger sandwiches. The equation is:
two sliced of bread + one hamburger patty → one hamburger sandwhich
Suppose Karen has 14 hamburger patties, how many slices of bread will she need to consume
all the patties? The ratio of slices of bread to hamburger patty is 2: 1.
Important Note: Before doing any calculations involving chemical reactions, make sure that the chemical
equation is balanced.
There are three calculations involved in balanced equations. These are; ( 1 ) Mole-to-Mole Conversion, ( 2 )
Moles-to-Mass Conversion and ( 3 ) Mass-to-Mass Calculation.
1. Mole-to-Mole Conversion
If the number of moles of one substance is given in the problem, we can determine the number of moles of
any of the other substances in the chemical reaction or chemical equation by using a mole conversion
factor based on the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.
We will use the sample problem below as an example:
4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O
How many moles of O2 are needed to react with 8 moles of NH3?
Step 1. Analyze the given chemical equation. In the given chemical equation, there are:
Substance No. of mole

4 NH3
3 O2
2 N2
6 H2O
Step 3. Identify the conversion factor based from the balanced chemical equation.
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Based from the given chemical equation, there are 3 moles of O2 for every 4 moles of NH3. Therefore, the
conversion factor would be;
3 mole O2 or 4 mole NH3

4 mole NH3 3 mole O2
Step 4. Dimensional Analysis using the identified conversion factor.
8 mole NH3 x 3 mole O2 = 6 mole O2

4 mole NH3
2. Mole-to-Mass Conversion
The gram is the most convenient unit for measuring amounts of reactants or products in the laboratory. In
order to convert moles to grams or grams to moles, you have to make use of the molar mass of the given
compound.
4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O
How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 10 moles of NH3?
Step 1. Identify the problem.

_ ?__grams of O2 : 10 moles of NH3?
Step 2. Identify the conversion factor based from the balanced chemical equation.
Based from the given chemical equation, there are 3 moles of O2 for every 4 moles of NH3. Therefore, the
conversion factor would be;
3 mole O2 or 4 mole NH3
4 mole NH3 3 mole O2
Step 3. Find out the number of moles of O2 needed to react to 10 moles NH3 using the Dimensional
Analysis.
10 mole NH3 x 3 mole O2 = 7.5 mole O2

4 mole NH3
Step 4. Change the moles of O2 to grams using the molar mass of O2 as conversion factor. The molar mass
of O2 is 32.0 g because each O has a mass number of 16.
7.5 mole O2 x _32.0 g O2 = 240.0 g O2

1 mole O2
3. Mass-to-Mass Conversion
If the problem asks for the mass in grams of one substance and the mass of another substance is given, do
the following steps below. We will use the sample problem below as an example.
2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O

How grams of O2 are needed to react with 250 g of 2C2H6?
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Step 1. Identify the problem.
_ ?__grams of O2 : 250 grams of 2C2H6?
Step 2. Change the grams of 2C2H6 to moles of 2C2H6.
The molar mass of C2H6 is 30.0 g because the mass number of C is 12 multiply by 2 and that would be 24.0
g while the mass number of H is 1 multiply by 6 and that would be 6.0 g. So, the total molar of C2H6 is 30.0
g.
250 g C2H6 x 1 mole C2H6 = 8.33 mole C2H6
30.0 g C2H6
Step 3. Change moles of C2H6 to moles of O2
8.33 mole C2H6 x 7 mole O2 = 29.2 mole O2
2 mole C2H6
Step 4. Change the moles of O2 to grams of O2.
29.2 mole O2 x 32 g O2 = 934.0 g O2
1 mole O2
Therefore, the amount of oxygen needed is 934.0 grams.
Part II. Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions
Most of the time, the actual amount of products from a chemical reaction is less than what our calculations
on paper give us. This is due to experimental errors, losses brought about by incomplete reaction, side
reactions, in addition to spillage.
• Theoretical yield is the yield calculated by assuming that the reaction goes to completion.
• Actual yield is the amount of a specified pure product actually obtained from a given reaction.
• Percent yield is a measurement that will indicate how successful a chemical reaction has been.
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Let’s use the computed answer in the problem in stoichiometry Mole-to-Mass Conversion. Supposed that
the actual yield is 220.0 g O2 , find the percent yield.
Given the theoretical yield 240.0 g O2 , we have:
𝟐𝟐𝟎. 𝟎 𝐠 𝐎𝟐
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100%
𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟎 𝐠 𝐎𝟐
The percent yield is 91.67%
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Illustrate stoichiometry using the following examples:

two sliced of bread + one hamburger patty → one hamburger sandwhich

We will use the sample problem below as an example:

4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O

How many moles of O2 are needed to react with 8 moles of NH3?

Substance No. of mole

3 mole O2 or 4 mole NH3

Step 4. Dimensional Analysis using the identified conversion factor.

8 mole NH3 x 3 mole O2 = 6 mole O2

4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O

How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 10 moles of NH3?

Step 1. Identify the problem.

10 mole NH3 x 3 mole O2 = 7.5 mole O2

7.5 mole O2 x _32.0 g O2 = 240.0 g O2

2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O

Step 2. Change the grams of 2C2H6 to moles of 2C2H6.

Step 3. Change moles of C2H6 to moles of O2

8.33 mole C2H6 x 7 mole O2 = 29.2 mole O2

Step 4. Change the moles of O2 to grams of O2.

29.2 mole O2 x 32 g O2 = 934.0 g O2

Therefore, the amount of oxygen needed is 934.0 grams.

Part II. Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions

Given the theoretical yield 240.0 g O2 , we have:

The percent yield is 91.67%

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