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Lecture 1

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5 views27 pages

Lecture 1

lecture 1

Uploaded by

jonrey.ranada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Math for Eng’g: Introduction

Jonrey V. Rañada, PECE


Recap of symbols
Review of number system
• Natural numbers - The natural numbers are written using the ten
numerals 0, 1, . . ., 9
Review of number system
• Integers - If the straight line displaying the natural numbers is
extended to the left we can plot equally spaced points to the left of
zero.
Brackets ( )
Example:
Multiplication and Division (RULES)
• Multiplying two numbers gives their product and dividing two
numbers gives their quotient.

• Multiplying or dividing a positive number by a negative number gives


a negative number.

• Multiplying and dividing two positive or two negative numbers gives a


positive number.
Example:
Basic laws of arithmetic
• Commutativity - Two integers can be added or multiplied in either
order without affecting the result.
Basic laws of arithmetic
• Associativity - in which three or more integers are associated under
addition or multiplication does not affect the result.
Basic laws of arithmetic
• Distributivity

• We say that multiplication distributes itself over addition from the


left. Multiplication is also distributive over addition from the right.

• The same can be said of multiplication and subtraction: multiplication


is distributive over subtraction from both the left and the right.
Basic laws of arithmetic
• Distributivity

• Division is distributed over addition and subtraction from the right


but not from the left.
Introduction to Algebra
• The rules of arithmetic that we met for integers also apply to any type
of number. We express this fact in the rules of algebra where we use
variables rather than numerals as specific instances.

• Commutativity
• Associativity
• Distributivity
Terms and Coefficients
• An algebraic expression consists of alphabetic characters and
numerals linked together with the arithmetic operators.

is an algebraic expression in the two variables x and y. Each


component of the expression is called a term of the expression.
Recap: Variables
• the letters x and y are referred to as variables because they each
represent not just one number but any one of a collection of
numbers.

• The number they will represent depends upon the condition of the
equation.
Terms and Coefficients
• We have two terms,

the x term and the xy term

The numerals in each term are called the coefficients of the respective
terms.
So that: 8 is the coefficient of the x term and -3 is the coefficient of the
xy term.
Collecting like terms
• Terms that have the same variables are called like terms, and like
terms can be collected together by addition or subtraction.

• Ex:
Example: Simplify the expression
Similar terms
• In the algebraic expression:

both terms contain the letter a, and for this reason, these terms,
though not like terms, are called similar terms.

Common symbols, such as the letter a are referred to as


common factors, and by using brackets, these common factors can be
factored out.
Example/s: (simple factorization)
Example:
• Simplify:
Example:
Simplify:

Answer:
Nested brackets
• Whenever an algebraic expression contains brackets nested within
other brackets the innermost brackets are removed first (evaluated
first).

• Ex: Simplify
Example:
• Simplify:
THANK YOU ☺

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