WEEK ONE

WRITING: Informal Letter

What is an informal letter?
An informal letter is also known as private or personal letter. Informal letters are letters we write to people who
are very familiar to us such as our parents, friends, class-mates,e.t.c.
Features of an informal letter include:
1. Writer’s Address and Date
2. Salutation e.g. Dear Sola, Dear Father…..
3. Introduction: Usually pleasantries.
4. Body of the letter
5. Conclusion
6. Subscript e.g. Yours sincerely, Your daughter, Yours ever, Yours affectionately
Evaluation:
Write a letter to your best friend, telling him/her of your plans for this academic session.
SUB TOPIC:- SPEECH WORK: Vowel sounds /i:/, /I/, /æ/ and /e/
Content
• What is a vowel sound?
• Words in which these sounds occur.
A vowel sound is a sound that is produced from the mouth without any obstruction.
A vowel is the nucleus or central part of a syllable. The following vowel sounds /i:/, /I/, /e/ and /æ/ are known
as monophthongs, i.e. each of them comprises only one symbol.
These sounds are represented by different letters. Consider the examples below:
(i) /i:/
ea: meat, beat, seat, meal, grease.
ee: seed, meet, feel, feeble, feet
ei: deceive, seize, ceiling
i: elite, police.
ey: key
eo: people
uay: quay
oe: foetus, amoeba
ie: chief, grief thief, thief brief

(ii) /I/
i: bit, hit, sit
ui: build, quilt, quiz
u: busy, business
e: believe, pretty, retrieve
a: Monday, village Friday
o: women

(iii) /e/
e: best, get, leg, egg
ea: head, death, bread
a: many, any
eo: leopard, jeopardy, Geoffrey

(iv) /æ/
a: back, bat, man
ai: plait
Assignment:Identify the sounds underlined below:
Chat, bury, English, sheep, ate, chip, plait, quay, leopard, guess.
WEEK TWO
GRAMMER: PHRASES & CLAUSES
Contents:
Phrases and Clauses
• What is a phrase?
• Types of phrases
• What is a clause?
• Types of clauses
A phrase is a group of words which does not contain a finite verb.
A finite verb marks for tense, number and concord.
Examples of finite verbs are:
I / You / We / They go to school.
He / She goes to school.
I see her everyday.
I saw her yesterday.
I have seen her today.
TYPES OF PHRASE
(1) NOUN PHRASE (NP)
A noun phrase is a group of words which has a noun or pronoun as its head word.
Examples
1. She has eaten the food.
NP. NP
2. The boy is dead
NP
3. I need a pencil
NP
4. My brother met a very beautiful lady. yesterday.
NP NP
A noun phrase can function as:
a. Subject of the sentence – as in 2 above
b. Object of the sentence- as in 1 above
c. Subject complement e.g.
The beautiful lady is my friend.
NP NP
“My friend” is the subject complement
d. Object complement e.g.
They made him our class captain.
NP
“Our class captain” is the object complement
e. Complement of a preposition e.g.
I gave the money to the man.
NP
“The man” is a complement of the preposition “to”
2. VERB PHRASE (NP)
A verb phrase can either be simple or complex. It is simple when it is made up of just one main/ lexical verb. A
verb phrase however, becomes complex when it consists of one main verb and one or more auxiliary verbs.
Examples:
I. Sola eats a lot (main verb)
MV
II. Sola is eating now (main + auxiliary verb)
NP
III. Sola has finished the food
NP
IV. Sola must have eaten the food
NP
A verb phrase performs the function of a verb- tells us the action performed
3. ADVERBIAL PHRASE: (AP)
An adverbial phrase is a group of words headed by an adverb. Examples
I. Alaba drove very carefully.
AP
II. She goes where she likes.
AP
III. They go to school every Saturday
AP
4. ADJECTIVAL PHRASE (Adj ph)
An adjectival phrase describes/ qualifies a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
1. The woman in red is my aunt.
Adj. ph.
2. I saw the boy with a broken leg.
Adj. ph.
5. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Examples:
1. My grandfather is in good health.
p.ph.
2. They congratulated her on her success
p.ph.
CLAUSES
A clause is group of words that contains a finite verb. Clauses can be:
• Main clause/ independent clause and
• Subordinate clause / dependent clause
An independent clause can stand on its own to express full meaning while a subordinate clause cannot.
Consider the following sentences
Independent clause / subordinate clause
(a) I saw a dead man / when I was coming to school today.
(b) She didn’t see the pencil / where she kept it.
Subordinate clauses are of three types, namely:
1. Noun clause
2. Adjectival clause
3. Adverbial clause
A. Noun clause:(NC)Upper case
This is a subordinate clause that performs the functions of a noun. i.e.
1 Subject of the sentence as in:
What you did was wrong.
Noun clause (NC)
2. Object of sentence as in :
I don’t like what you did.
NC
3. Subject complement, as in :
Honesty is what we want.
NC
4. Object complement, as in:
I made you what you are today.
NC
5. Complement of preposition as in :
The prize goes to whoever wins.
NC
B. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE (Adj. cl.)
An adjectival clause performs the function of an adjective .i.e. describes or qualifies a noun or pronoun.
Examples
1. This is the boy who stole my money.
•
These are the children whose parents died in fire-accident last week
Adj. cl.
3. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
An adverbial clause performs the function of an adverb i.e., it modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
We have adverbial clause of time, reason, place, purpose, manner, condition, result, degree, concession e.t.c.
Examples
1. He came back when I had slept.
Adv. cl.
2. She goes whereas she likes.
Adv. cl.
Assignment
Identify the phrases in the sentences below:
1. The car is in the garden.
2. The girl with the blue bag is my sister.
3. The man came at the wrong time.
4. She has done the work.
5. He gave the book to me.
WEEK THREE
DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY
SPEECH WORK: Consonant Contrast
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
A descriptive essay is one that requires you to write a description of, for example an object, a person, an
animal, a process e.t.c.
Features of a descriptive essay are:
1. Title e.g My School Compound.
2. The use of simple present tense
3. Vivid description
4. Logical presentation
5. The description should be made very clear, interesting and informative.
Classwork:
Write a good essay on the topic “My School Compound”.
SPEECH WORK: Consonant Contrast/ð/, /d/ and /z/
Content:
Consider the sets of words below:
/ð/ Those, Breathe, Then, Than, These
/d/ Dose, Bread, Den, Dan, Day, Dart, Dye
/z/ Zoo, Zee, Zen, Dazzle, Daze, resign
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT: Commerce and Industry
Commerce means trading, that is, buying from a supplier and selling to a buyer. It can also be defined as an
act of buying and selling of goods and services.
• A trader’s income: Selling price minus buying price.
• A trader’s profit: Selling minus cost price + expenses (Transport, wages of employees,e.t.c.)
• Importers: People who bring goods from other countries.
• Exporters: People who send or sell goods to foreign countries.
• Wholesaler: People who buy in large quantities from the producers and sell to retailers.
• Retailers: People who buy in small quantities and sell in their shops to consumers.
• Industry: This refers to companies (firms) that make things. It can be conceived as the production of goods
from raw materials, especially in factories. Examples: Timber industry refers to all the
organizations that grow trees, cut them down, process the wood, sell it etc. Textile industry means all those
involved with the making and selling of cloth.
• Raw Materials: What a manufacturer starts his business with, e.g.: Cotton is the raw material needed by
every textile industry.
• Process: To process raw materials means to do things to them in order to turn them into finished
products.
• Minerals Extraction: The process of removing or obtaining raw materials from the ground e.g. iron ore, crude
oil, gold, uranium e.t.c.
• Manufacturing: Making of goods in factories.
• Agricultural: Agricultural industries produce crops from the soil, e.g. Cocoa Industry.
• Services: The service industries do things for people i.e. they provide services e.g. a bus-service, a
medical service, a teaching service, e.t.c.
Assignment:
Use any 10 words above to construct a sentence.
WEEK FOUR
STRUCTURE: Adjective & Adverb
An adjective tells us what something or someone seems like. It is used to describe a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
• Tola is a beautiful girl.
• It is rather warm in here.
• Can I have five sweet buns, please?
Types of adjectives
1. Descriptive adjectives: These tell about the kind or quality of a noun or pronoun.
Example:Pretty girl; White roses; Large sack; Funny man. e.t.c.
2. Adjective of number or quality: These usually come before nouns and show “how many” or “how much” of
the noun
Definite
: One, eleven, double, second, both e.t.c.
Indefinite:
All, any, few, many, much, some, several, e.t.c.
3. Demonstrative Adjectives: These point out nouns which follow them.
Example: this house; these forms; such games; that table; these boys
4. Interrogative adjectives: These adjectives ask questions and come before nouns.
Examples:
Which door?
What present?
Whose shoes?
5. Possessive Adjectives: These show ownership or possession.
Examples:
My pen
Your ruler
His bicycle
Its leg
Comparison of Adjectives
Adjectives have three degrees of comparison.
These are:
• The Positive: This is used when describing an object or a person only.
Examples:
She is tall
Musa is young and handsome.
Also :She is as tall as her mother.
Musa is not as playful now as he was before.
• The Comparative: This is used to compare two things (nouns)
Examples:
Taller, younger, more beautiful, bigger, more expensive e.t.c.
• The superlative: This is used to compare more than two nouns
Examples:
An adverb can also modify an adjective, another adverb, a whole sentence or a prepositional phrase.
Examples:
• She is very angry.
• He ran very quickly.
• Actually, we don’t know.
• The ball flew right through the window.
Types of adverbs
1. Adverbs of manner: These describe “how” actions are performed.
Examples
Happily, easily, loudly, well e.t.c.
• Adverbs of time: These describe “when” actions are performed.
Examples
Soon, then, now, before, since, already e.t.c.
• Adverbs of place: These describe “where” actions are performed.
Examples
Here, there, everywhere, nowhere.
• Adverbs of degree: These describe “how much” actions are performed.
Examples
Almost, much, only, quite, very, too, so, rather, e.t.c.
• Adverbs of frequency: These describe “how often” actions are performed.
Examples
Once, twice, again, almost, often.
Where, when, how
• Adverbs of Negation
Examples:
No, not, nothing, nowhere, never e.t.c.
Comparison of Adverbs
Adverbs are composed in the same way as Adjectives.
Study the following example:
Positive. Comparative. Superlative
Early. Earlier. Earliest
Far. Farther. Farthest
Fast. Faster. Fastest
Well. Better. Best
Much. More. Most
Soon. Sooner. Soonest
Badly. Worse. Worst
Easily. More easily. Most easily
Slowly. More slowly. Most slowly
Willingly. More willingly. Most willingly
WEEK FIVE
STRUCTURE: EXPRESSING WILLINGNESS & UNWILLINGNESS USING MODAL VERB + ADVERBIAL
The word “willingness” means not objecting to doing something or readiness to do something. While the word
“Unwillingness” means the opposite.
Modal verbs are auxiliary/ helping verbs. They are : can/ could; may/might; shall/ should; will/ would; must;
ought to; dare; need; used to and have to.
Modal verbs do not have “ing” forms and “ed” forms.
Modal verbs can express possibility, permission ability, intention, willingness, obligation e.t.c.
Expressing Willingness or willingness with modal verbs + adverbials
Study the examples below:
• I will come if I am invited. (willingness)
• She will not come if she’s not invited. (unwillingness )
• They shall have their salaries when they complete the task. (willingness on the part of the speaker.)
• I will do job provided you meet my demand. (willingness)
• We shall attend the programme if our parents permit us.
Evaluation
: Form five sentences that express willingness or unwillingness using modal verbs + adverbials.
SPEECH WORK: Consonant Contrast , /f/ and /v/
Consonant /f/ and /v/ are both fricatives. However, consonant /f/ is a voiceless sound while /v/ is a voiced one.
Both of them are described as labio-dental fricatives. This means that in the production of each of them, we
involve the lower lip and teeth.
Consider the following pairs words
/f/ /v/
Life. Live
Leaf. Leave
Loaf. Loaves
File. Vile
Relief. Relieve
Belief. Believe
Ferry. Very
Fault. Vault
Face. Vase
Facing. Vaccine
Evaluation:
Produce 10 pairs of your own.
WRITING:Formal Letter
Content
• Definition of a formal letter
• Features of a formal letter
Formal letters are also called official or business letters. They are written to people in their official positions.
They are people we do not know personally e.g. local government chairman, commissioner e.t.c.
Features of a formal letter
1. Writer’s address with date
2. Receiver’s address
3. Salutation,e.g, Dear Sir; Dear Madam;
4. Heading or Topic or Title e.g. Application for the post of a Teacher; Letter of complaint; Letter of Request,
Invitation e.t.c.
5. Body of the letter: This must state, in clear and well-defined paragraphs,the purpose of the letter. The
paragraph should be as short as possible (i.e. not too long)
6. Conclusion (This is usually very short)
Example “Looking forward to hearing from you; I shall be very grateful if my request is granted e.t.c.
• Subscript
Example:
Yours faithfully,
(Signature)
Full name of the writer.
Evaluation:
Write a letter to the chairman of the local government area where your school is located, asking him to tar the
road to your school.
WEEK SIX
SPEECH WORK: Consonant Contrast, /s/, /t∫/ and /∫/
Consonant sounds /s/, /t∫/ and /∫/ are all voiceless sounds. Consonant /s/ is described as voiceless alveolar
Fricative. Consonant /t∫/ is described as voiceless palatal-alveolar affricate and consonant sound /∫/ is known
as voiceless palatal-alveola fricative.
Consider the following sets of words
/s/ /t∫/ /∫/
Sip. Chip. Ship
Seep. Cheap. Sheep
Sign. Chin. Shine
Ass. Achieve. Ash
Case. Catch. Cash
Worse. Watch. Wash
Sop. Chop. Shop
Saw. Chore. Shore
Seat. Cheat. Sheet
Sell. Chess. Shell
GRAMMAR: Question Tags
In all types of questions, the verbs in both the question and the answer must be in the same tense.
For example:
If the verb in the question is in the present tense, the verb in the answer must also be in the present tense.
Question tags/ tag questions are mostly used when you want your listener(s) to agree with you on something.
The rules that govern tag questions are as follows:
1. Positive Statement, Negative Tag, Positive Answer.
2. Negative Statement, Positive Tag, Negative Answer.
3. An auxiliary verb repeats itself in the tag, but main verbs use the appropriate forms of the verb “Do”
4. In a complex sentence, the tag is picked from the main clause.
5. Statements containing negators are regarded as negative statements.
Study the examples below:
Statement. Tag
We are good friends, Aren’t we?
You will do the work, Won't you
She was there, Wasn’t she?
They didn’t send it, Did they?
We haven’t many oranges, Do we?
We went to the place, Didn’t we?
WEEK SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE & TEN
LITERATURE, GENRES OF LITERATURE, FIGURE OF SPEECH
Definitions of Literature
Literature is the art of composition in prose and verse. It is the writing or study of a whole body of literary
composition. Literature is an imaginative work of arts, which uses language, plot, characters, setting etc. to
give us a picture of life.
When we talk about literature in this sense, what we normally have in mind is that artistic or creative
composition which represents the emotions, feelings and thoughts of a person in form of a prose, poetry and
drama. Literature could also be defined as an imitation of life.
GENRES OF LITERATURE
The genres of Literature are prose, drama and poetry.

Prose includes all forms of writing or even speaking that is done in such a way that we cannot say they are
measured or calculated to read a given number of syllable or feet. Generally, a prose writer is free to use
sentences of various lengths and might not use these literary devices: rhyme, alliteration, assonance much, as
evident in poetry.
Features of Prose
1. The sentence: Grammatically is defined as “that unit of language which contains a
subject, a predicate and a finite verb”.
2. The paragraph: This is a device by which a whole composition is broken up into meaningful and readable
segments based on a logical sequence of thought.
3. The use of idioms and proverbs. An idiom is a form of usage or expression peculiar to the language.
(a) She promised to make up for it. That is to provide some form of compensation.
(b) Make hay while the sun shines. Proverbs on the other hand, are short but profound sayings used in
illustrating one truth or the other e.g. one good turn deserves another. There is no rose without a thorn.
(c) The use of slangs. A slang is a highly colloquial expression which is rarely used in literary English except
in dialogue, prose or drama e.g.
4. Prose can be fiction and non-fiction Fiction comes out of the imagination(not real) of the author. E.g Oliver
Twist.
Non-fiction is the opposite of fiction, that is they are story based on true event. E.g The American Dream.
Non-fiction can be of three types namely:-
• Autobiography
• Biography
• Autobiographical fiction
Autobiography is when an author tells the story of his own life e.g. Zambia shall be free by Kaunda.
Biography is when the author writes a story about another person.
Fiction and non-fiction in Creative Literature are together called novel.
Drama is a penetration of life through artificial means. It is a type of story that exists mainly in action and
performed on the stage by different characters. The origins of drama are likely to be found in early religious
ceremonies and festivals. This aspect of literature entertains, teaches moral lessons and helps to bring into
focus life in action outside our immediate environment. Drama refers to the performance on stage while play
refers to the textbook itself. So drama will include setting, props, costume, lighting etc, whereas play is
restricted to the printed words on the pages of a book.
There are three main types of drama namely:-
• Tragedy
• Comedy
• Farce
Tragedy is a type of drama in which the most important character suffers a fall, he either dies or loses his
power. e.g The gods are not to blame by Rotimi. Macbeth by Shakespeare.
Comedy is the opposite of tragedy. This is a play where the story and the characters are amusing and which
ends happily. But a mixture of tragedy and Comedy will result in tragi-comedy, a drama where we are happy
on one side but sad on the other e.g. Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare.
Farce is a comedy of extravagant humour. Here, the characters appear to be foolish in their behaviours and
present themselves as being unserious. Farce is just meant to entertain and make us laugh.
Features of Drama
The protagonist is the character who takes the leading role in a play or novel. The antagonist is the main
opponent of the protagonist against whose interest he is always working.
The director is the one who directs the speech, movement and actions of the actors and actresses.
The producer is a person or organization who brings about the performance and also provides the funds for its
realization.
A prologue is a formal introduction to a play or drama written in either prose or verse.
Epilogue is the opposite of prologue, coming at the very end of the drama. The climax of a play is the moment
of greatest tension when the conflict attains its peak and is now fully ripe to be resolved.
Audition is the process by which actors and actresses are chosen for specific roles in a performance. This
involves the reading of lines from the play to the hearing of the director. The physical features of the actor or
actress are also taken into consideration before the final casting is done.

Poetry is a form of artistic literature in which the writer knowingly expresses his thoughts and feelings in a
series of calculated or measured lines. This conscious measurement gives rise to a movement which we can
hear regularly in our ears. This movement is called rhythm, it marks out poetry. Poetry is generally written in
lines. A group of these lines is called a stanza. A group of unmeasured lines in a prose is called a paragraph.
In poetry, it is a stanza.
There are different types of poetry namely:-
• Sonnet
• Ode
• Elegy
• Lyric
• Narrative
• Ballad
• Epic
A sonnet is a lyrical poem which usually has 14 lines. The fourteen lines stand in two parts or stanzas. The
first eight lines are called octave while the other part, the six lines are called sestet.
Ode This is a poem which is written or spoken in the form of an address to somebody or something. E.g. An
Ode to the Grecian Urn
Elegy:- An elegy is a poem which sings about or laments a sorrowful event especially death. A song of sorrow
is known as dirge.
Lyric:- This is a poem that has a musical effect on the listeners. This includes some poems which sound like a
music and appeals largely to the sense of hearing e.g. – ode – elegy – sonnet and songs.
Narrative:- This is a long poem that tells a story. You can think of myth of the Bagre as a narrative poem.
Ballad:- This is an old type of poem which is derived from village festivals.
Epic:- Is a long poem that talks of great or heroic deeds of a people. It may talk about a war, the origin of a
thing especially rivers, hills, caves, sky etc. It may narrate the history of a people.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Content:
• Definition
• Types of figures of speech
A figure of speech is a deliberate shift from the normal style of speaking or writing. It is a departure from the
literal use of a word or phrase.
Figures of speech can be classified thus:-
1. Figures of speech based on resemblance are simile, metaphor, Personification, Apostrophe etc
2. The ones on the point of contrast/difference are Antithesis, Irony, Hyperbole, Pun, Epigram, Innuendo,
Euphemism, oxymoron, Climax, Anti-climax etc.
3. While those on association are:- Metonymy, Synecdoche etc
Simile
Simile is a figure of speech in which two things of identical or similar qualities are directly compared by the use
of such words. Like, as, as though and as if e.g.:-
1. The woman is as proud as a peacock
2. Your love is like the fall of rains
3. He is as dirty as a pig.
Metaphor
Metaphor is a compressed simile whereby the two similar objects or persons are fully equated with one
another thus eliminating the comparative words, ‘like’ and ‘as’ e.g:-
1. The woman is a peacock
2. He is a pig
3. Your love is the fall of rains.
Personification
Personification is a figure of speech in which inanimate things or abstract ideas are given specific human
attributes or qualities e.g.:-
1. Love is blind
2. The night has grown older
3. The dark sun appears.
Apostrophe
Apostrophe is a figure of speech in which somebody addresses or talks to something that is not alive as
though it is physically present and listening to the speaker. Apostrophe is recognized by the use of
exclamation mark e.g.:-
1. Oh! W.A.E.C., why did you treat me like this?
2. Oh! Death! Where is thy sting?
3. Night! Fold out thy darkness.
Irony
Irony is a figure of speech in which one writes or says the opposite of what one intends to say. E.g:-
1. The best way to avoid being punished by the teacher is to disobey him.
2. Behold a giant is coming.
Sarcasm
Sarcasm is an openly expressed disgust which is calculated to wound the feeling of a person. It is the
opposite of what is meant which is said to make fun of a person or to inflict pain on somebody. E.g.-
1. Mr. Anini, you are a righteous man
2. A harlot is referred to as a virgin e.g Sola, the virgin is coming.
Innuendo
Innuendo is a clever way of passing unpleasant comment without insulting or offending the person being
addressed e.g.
1 Tobi has ten wives but he is impotent
2 United we stand, divided we fall.
3 Many are called, but few are chosen.
4 To err is human, to forgive is divine.
5 More haste, less speed.
Oxymoron
Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two opposing words are placed together to create a sharp contrast. It
is usually not a full sentence like an Irony, Innuendo, Antithesis and Paradox but it is in most cases, a phrase
that contains two or more words. e.g.
Painful laughter, Bitter sweet, Silent thunder
Paradox
Paradox is a figure of speech in which a statement shows a completely untrue, contradictory, incredible,
absurd and ridiculous meaning but a closer and more detailed examination would reveal the truth of the
statement e.g-
1 I must be cruel inorder to be kind.
2 Water is everywhere but there is no water to drink
3 Attack is the best form of defence.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is an extravagant exaggeration. It makes something smaller sounds or looks bigger. E.g
1 The whole world stood at a stand still because of him.
2 Toyin’s teeth are sharper than razor.
Litotes or Meiosis
Litotes or Meiosis is the opposite of hyperbole. It is an understatement whereby a positive statement is put in a
negative way e.g.
1 Nne! You are not bad.
2 The man is not mean.
Euphemism
Euphemism is a figure of speech in which a mild indirect and more pleasant term is used in Place of a blunt,
direct and unpleasant one in order to conceal its real nature. That is we try not to call a bad thing or a bad
situation by its proper name e.g.
1 The patient is mentally unstable.
2 The old man has finally passed away.
3 The girl has been put in a family way.
Epigram
Epigram is a short sarcastic witty saying. It contains some proverbial wisdom e.g.
1 He who laughs last, laughs best.
2 The more you look, the less you see.
3 He who will save his life must first lose it.
Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one describes an object by something closely associated with it
although it is not necessarily a part of it e.g.
1 The guests were invited over to the table.
2 Pen is mightier than sword.
3 Who among the aspirants will wear the crown?
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of a person, place or thing is made to stand for the whole or
the whole is made to stand for a part e.g.
1 I need more hands to complete the work.
2 The enumerators counted all the heads in our house in the last trial census.
Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of an initial consonant sound on the same line e.g.
1 Friday fried fresh fish on Friday.
2 Money matter made mummy Mary marry man.
Assonance
Assonance is the repetition of the vowel sounds on the same line e.g.
1 The dog roams with bone in his jaws.
2 Talk loud and laugh aloud.
Pun
Pun is a play on words which have a similar sound but different meanings e.g.
1 Sweet lady, let me prey for you.
2 The dead drunkard was laid on his bier.
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is the formation of words in imitation of the actual sound made e.g.
1 Tick tack says the clock.
2 Cuckoo