ACTIVITY # 1

AIM: -
To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of
such items.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
Multimeter, LED, resistor, capacitor
THEORY: -
1. A diode is a two-terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does
not conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two-terminal device. It conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light
while conducting.
3. A resistor is a two-terminal device. It conducts equally in both directions.
4. A capacitor is a two-terminal device. It does not conduct but stores some
charge when dc voltage is applied.
PRECAUTION
While obtaining resistance of any component, clean its leads properly.
SOURCES OF ERROR
While checking resistance of a component, avoid touching either of the metal ends
of the multimeter leads. Body resistance in parallel with component resistance can
affect the resistance measurement.
RESULT
A diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor are identified respectively from a mixed
collection.
Interleaf page:-

diode

LED
( c) resistor

(d)capacitor

OBSERVATIONS: -
Sl Number of Possible current flow Name of
no. legs device
Conducts in one direction only Diode
without any emission of light
Conducts in one direction only with LED
emission of light
Conducts in both directions Resistor
Does not conduct, gives an initial Capacitor
deflection which decays to zero

Activity #2
AIM: -
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on
a glass slab.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
Drawing board, rectangular glass slab, white sheet of paper, adhesive tape (cello-
tape), drawing pins, a metre scale, protractor, sharp pencil and eraser.
THEORY: -
When a ray of light is incident on a rectangular glass slab, it is refracted through it.
It emerges out of the slab parallel to the direction of the incident ray. The emergent
ray suffers only a lateral displacement. For a given angle of incidence and a pair of
media, the lateral deviation is proportional to the thickness of the glass slab.
PRECAUTIONS: -
The pins should be fixed vertically on the drawing board
The glass slab should be clean and of uniform thickness
Use sharp pencils for marking
Measure angles properly
SOURCES OF ERROR
Measurement of angles may not be accurate
The pins may not be inserted on the line.
RESULT
1. The ray of light emerging from a glass slab is parallel to the incident ray
direction, but is laterally
deviated.
2. The lateral deviation of the emergent ray with respect to the incident ray is
directly proportional to the thickness of the glass slab.
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ACTIVITY 3
AIM
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
Two razor blades, one adhesive tape/cello-tape, source of light (electric bulb/ laser
pencil), a piece of black paper.
PRINCIPLE
When a beam of light passes through a fine opening (aperture) or around a sharp
obstacle, it bends around corners of the obstacle/aperture. The light beam spreads
and penetrates into the geometrical shadow of the obstacle. This phenomenon of
bending of light around fine openings/obstacles is called diffraction and is one of
the pieces of evidence in favor of wave nature of light. It arises because of the
interference of light waves from different points of the same wave front. Two razor
blades with their sharp edges held parallel, quite close to each.
The diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a central bright band having
alternate dark and weak bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides.
PRECAUTION

1. Air gaps should not be left between glass plates and black paper.
2. The razor blades should be placed extremely closed as possible.
3. Diffraction pattern should be seen on a wall of a dark room.
4. A point source of monochromatic light like laser torch should be used.
CONCLUSION
When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread)
at the comers of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light.
Interleaf page
Activity #4
AIM: -
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
Resistor, ammeter, (0-1.5A) voltmeter (0-5V ), battery, one way key, rheostat, sand
paper, connecting wires.
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components as shown in Fig.
2. After closing the key K, check that the voltmeter and ammeter show deflections
on the right-hand side.
3. Check the continuity of the assembled circuit.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The positive terminal of the battery should be connected to the positive terminal
of ammeter and positive terminal of the voltmeter.
2. The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor and the voltmeter
should be connected in parallel with the resistor.
3. Sand paper should be used to clean the ends of connecting wires and leads of
the component terminals. Grease/oil or oxide layer on their surfaces is insulating in
nature and needs to be removed. However, do not clean the plugs and keys with
sand paper. Excessive use of sand paper in such a case will make the plug unfit to
be used with the key.
RESULT
The components of the electrical circuit were assembled.
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Activity #5
AIM: -
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a
fuse and a power source.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
Three bulbs (40 W, 220 V each), three (on/off) switches, socket, a fuse of 1.0 A, plug,
flexible connecting wire, main switch.
PRINCIPLE
If P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , P5 , ... be the power consumed by different domestic electrical
appliances in a circuit then the total power consumption, P at any instant is given
by P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 + ...
If electric potential is V, then current I drawn from the mains is given by
I=P/V where P is in watt, V in volt and I in ampere.
In order to protect the appliances from damage, when accidentally a high current is
drawn (e.g. when the terminals of the appliance get accidentally connected), a fuse
of rating little higher (10 to 20 per cent higher than the current normally drawn) is
connected in series with the set of appliances
PROCEDURE
1. Take the bulbs B1 , B2 , B3 and connect them in series with switches S1 , S2 and S3
respectively. Connect B1 , B2 , B3 along with S1 , S2 , S3 in parallel with each other
as shown in Fig.
2. Connect fuse F in series with the set up as shown in Fig. Connect a plug and the
socket at the end of two leads. Connect a wire from the earth pin of the plug.
3. Insert the plug-in socket provided in the main electric board.
4. Press the switches S1 , S2 , S3 one by one and observe the bulb that is switched
on and off independently of the other bulb.
5. Press all the switches simultaneously and observe what happens. Record your
observations.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Care should be taken while working with mains. 2. Carefully determine the rating
of the fuse by calculating the maximum current drawn by the circuit.
RESULT
Household circuit assembly is complete and installed with safety.
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Activity #6
AIM: -
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
A given open circuit comprising atleast a cell or a battery, plug key, resistor,
rheostat, ammeter, voltmeter, connecting wires and sand paper. PRINCIPLE An
electrical circuit is functional only if all the components of the circuit are connected
in proper order, assuming that all circuit components/devices are in working
condition and key is closed. An open circuit means a break in some part of a circuit
which could be deliberate such as a key in open position or a fault such as broken
wire or burnt out component(s) or loose connection. Some of such circuits are
given in Figs. A 2.1 (a), (b), (c) and (d).
Name of Correct way of connection
components
Ammeter Should be connected in series with the battery eliminator
Voltmeter Should be connected parallel to the resistor
Rheostat Should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil)
with the battery eliminator
Resistance coil It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat)
One way key Should be connected in series with the battery eliminator
RESULT
The electrical circuit assembled as per the corrected circuit diagram is functional.
Inter leaf page:-
Incorrect circuits

Correct circuit diagram