WEEK ONE

PARTS OF SPEECH; NOUNS, TYPES AND

FUNCTIONS
CONTENT:

Noun – Meaning and Types

A noun is a naming word

The Noun – Form and Function

Noun has taken the following forms in English

Proper nouns: these are names of

1 Persons – Femi,Shola, John etc

2 Places – Ondo, Ibadan, Yaba, Akuree.t.c

3 Days – Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday e.t.c

January, February, September
4 Months – et.c

5 Titles – Bobagunwa, Dr, Professor, chief e.t.c

Note: that anywhere the proper noun occurs in a sentence it must start with a capital
letter.

b. Common Nouns: These are objects e.g boy, girl, men, women, bro, lion, dog, tiger
e.t.c.

c. Gerundive Nouns: These can also be called verbal nouns because they are nouns
that are formed from verbs e.g smoking, fighting, dancing, eating e.t.c

e.g (a) The boy is smoking cigarette

(b) Smoking is dangerous to health.

In sentence (a) smoking is used as a verb. But in sentence (b) it is used as a (Gerundive)
noun.

d. Abstract Nouns: These are nouns whose manifestations exists in the mind
e.g. Knowledge, beauty, experience, death e.tc

e. Collective Nouns: These are nouns used to refer to a group of persons or objects
together as
one e.g. Crew, Congregation, Mob, battalion, audience e.t.c

f. Countable Nouns: These are nouns that can be counted (count Nouns) e.g Car, tyre, table,
chair

g. Uncountable Nouns: are nouns that cannot be counted (Non count nouns) e.g. Water, Salt,

rice, beans, ink, cement e.t.c. They are counted in measures e.g A bucket of water, A bag of salt,

a cup of tea.

The Functions of a Noun

1.A noun serves as the subject of the verb e.g.
2.Tunde is going to the market

Tunde is the subject of the verb “is going”

1. Lagos has been described as the Center of

excellence. Lagos is the subject of the verb “has been

described”

A noun serves as the object or complement of the verb eg.

The boy plays football on the field.

Football is the object of the verb plays

ii I hate cheating in the examination

Cheating is the complement of the verb hate in the sentence.

EVALUATION:
Make the following uncountable nouns

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
MADE COUNTABLE

Water Many basing of water

Flour A bag of flour

ASSIGNMENT:

Use your dictionary to find the difference in meaning between the following Nouns :

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS MADE COUNTABLE

Work Works

Wood Woods

Stone Stones
WEEK TWO

SPEECH WORK, MONOPTHONGS OR PURE

VOWELS
Monothongs, Diphthongs, Triphthongs, glide, Long vowel, short vowel

MONOPTHONG
A monopthong is a vowel sound that is made up of one speech sound. It is a single
vowel.

Monophthong are also referred to as Pure vowels British English has 12 vowel
monophthongs and they are: / I /, / e /, / /, /Ↄ/, /ə/, /i:/, /a:/, /Ↄ:/, /Ȝ:/, /u:/, /u/, /ᴂ/.

They are divided into long vowels and short vowels.

The long vowels have length mark [:] which is used to show that there is a difference in
length as well as vowel quality.

Diphthong:
This is a vowel sound that is made up of two speech sound but there is a glide (or
movement) from one vowel quality to another and it is pronounced as one. We have a
total of 8 diphthongs and they are: /ei/, /i/, /Ↄi/, /əu/, /u/ /iə/, /eə/, /uə/

Bay /bei/ cow /ku/

/
Buy /bi/ pier piə/
/
pe
Boy /bↃi/ pear ə/
/
pu
Go /gəu/ poor ə/

Triphthongs:
This is a vowel glide with three distinguishable vowel qualities.

In British English we have 5 triphthongs, formed by adding /ə/ to the diphtohongs /ei/,
/ai/, /Ↄi/, / u/, /əu/ e.g

Layer /leiər/ loyal /lↃiəl/

Liar /l iər/ power /p uər/

Mower /məuər/
1
. Slay /slei/
2
. Reign /rei /
3
. Safe /seif/
4
. Aisle / isl/
5
. Wise /w is/
6 Powe
. r /p uər/
7
. Sour /s uə/
8 Blow
. er /bləuər/
9 Playe
. r /pleiə/
1
0
. Layer /leiə/

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Write short explanatory notes in the following types of vowels

1.Monothongs
2.Diphthongs
3.Triphthongs

2. Give their examples in words

 WEEK THREE

Structure: Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describes or give information about nouns or pronouns

For example:

The grey dog barked (Adjective_ grey) describes the noun dog

The form of an Adjective does not change. It does not matter if the noun being modified is male
or female, singular or plural, subject or object. Some Adjectives give us factual information about
the noun
– age, size, colour e.t.c. (fact adjective- can’t be argued with). Some Adjectives show
what somebody thinks about something or somebody – nice, horrid, beautiful e.t.c
(opinion Adjectives – not everyone may agree)

Types of Adjective
1.Numeric Adjectives: six, one hundred and one
2.Quantitative Adjectives: more, all, some, half, more than enough
3.Qualitative Adjectives: colour, size, smell
4.Possessive Adjectives: my, his, their, your
5.Interrogative Adjectives: which, whose, what
 6. Demonstrative Adjectives: this, that, those,

these Note the following about comparison of

Adjectives

1.The Comparative form of the Adjective denotes a higher degree of the Adjective
e.g tall- taller when two people or things are compared
2.The Superlative form (tall-tallest) of Adjectives denotes the highest degree of the
Adjective “tall” when more than people or things are compared

Rules

1.For most Adjectives “er” is added for the comparative form and “est” for the
superlative form. Tall – taller – tallest
2.For Adjectives ending with “e”, “r”, “y” is added for the comparative form
and “st” for the superlative form e.g wise – wiser –wisest

Large – larger – largest

Nice – nicer – nicest

iii. For Adjectives ending with “y” is removed and “ier” is added for comparative form
and “iest” for the superlative form e.g lazy – lazier –laziest

Crazy – crazier – craziest

Wealthy – wealthier – wealthiest

iv. Usually for longer Adjectives, “more”+ Adjective is used for comparative form
and “most” + Adjective is used for Superlative form e .g

Handsome – more handsome – most handsome

Difficult – more difficult – most difficult

v. Irregular Adjectives: There are some irregular Adjectives for which the
comparative and superlative form , follow no particular rule

Good – better – best

 Bad – worse – worst

Many – more – most

Little – less – least

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
Where a number of Adjectives are used together, the order depends on the function of the
Adjective.
The usual order is:

Value/opinion Age/temperature Shape Colour

Origin Material

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Value/opinion Delicious, lovely, charming

Size Small, huge, tiny

Age/temperature
Old, hot, young

Shape Round, square, rectangular

Colour Red, blond, black, pink

Origin Nigerian, Swedish, Victoria, Chinese

Material Plastic, wooden, golden, silver

Examples:

1.A lovely old red post – box

2.Some small round plastic tables
3.Some charming small silver ornaments

ADVERBS
Adverbs of certainty express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event

Usage – common Adverbs of certainty

 Certainly, definitely, probably, undoubted, surely

Adverb of certainty go before the main verb verb but after the verb “to be”
He definitely left the house this morning
He is probably in the park
With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go between the auxiliary and the main
verbs:
He has certainly forgotten the meeting
He will probably remember tomorrow
Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence:
Undoubtedly, Obafemi Awolowo was a great politician

Be careful with surely: when it is placed ate the beginning of the sentence, it
means the speaker thinks something is time, but is looking for combination

Surely you’ve got a bicycle?

Forms of Adverbs
Many adverbs end in “-ly”. We form such adverbs by adding “-ly” to the adjectives.
Here are some examples: quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly. But not all
words that end in –ly are adverbs. “friendly”, for example is an adjective. Some
adverbs have no particular form, for example: well, fast, very, never, always, often,
still

TENSES AND RULES

Adjective Adverbs

Dangerous Dangerously

Careful Carefully

Nice Nicely

Horrible Horribly

Easy Easily

Irregular forms

Good Well
Fast
Fast

Hard
Hard

Functions of Adverbs
1.An adverbs adds more information to a verb
2.John speaks loudly. (how does John speak?)
3.Mary lives locally. (where does Mary live? )
4.An adverb adds more information to an adjective
5.He is really handsome
6.An adverb adds more information to another adverbs
7.She drives incredibly slowly
8.An adverbs modifies a whole sentence
9.Obviously, I can’t know everything
10. An adverbs modifies a prepositional phrase
11. It’s immediately inside the door
12. An adverb modifies other verbs
13. The thief acts stupidly (answer the question: how?)
14. The thief never shoots, because he has no gun, (answer the question:
why?)
15. The thief robs locally (answer the question: why?)
16. An adverbs modifies other adjectives
17. The thief is extremely stupid
18. This very dumb thief is now jail
19. An adverb modifies other adverbs
20. The thief walks incredibly clumsily
21. The thief acts really stupidly
22.Adverbs also have other functions. You may see them modifying a prepositional
phrase

23. The thief was arrested just outside the apartment

24. You may find an adverbs modifying an entire sentence
25. Certainly, the thief chose the wrong profession

WEEK FIVE
COMPREHENSION – WORD MEANING IN CONTEXT

In any given comprehension passage, words are being used to pass across the intended
message. A word is made up of two or more morphemes. A phrase is made up of two or more
words and it’s this same phrase in the extended form (with a verb) that will give us clause.
From clause to sentence.

Word Meaning in context: The context of usage of any given word in a sentence will
determine the meaning of that word.

Sentence: (i) The boy is very sharp (intelligent, clever, smart)

(ii) Ade cuts the orange with a sharp object (smooth edge)

(iii) I can’t locate the bank of the river (edge)

(iv) I will be in the bank in the next five minutes (financial institution)

ASSESSMENT: From the new Oxford Secondary English course for Senior Secondary
School (SS1) by Ayo Banjo et. al. flip to page 2-3 (Answer question (a), (b), (c) and (g)

(f) What is word meaning in context? Give 5 examples in sentence

ASSIGNMENT: In your own words, explain the following

Morpheme
Word
Phrase/group
Clause
Sentence
WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURE
(pg 19 – Nosec)
Transcription
S/ And
N Words stress Word meaning and Sentence usage
placement

To supply land or crops with water exp. By

means of
/Iri’geiʃn/ – noun secially constructed channels or pipes
Irrigation Sentences:
1 Irrigate /irigeit/ – Irrigation has greatly increased the area of
Irrigate cultivable
verb
land.

A tool; a piece of equipment e.g farm

implements
Implement /’impliməntz/ – Sentence: Man’s earliest Implements were
2 s noun carved from
stone and bone.

Any of various types of grass producing edible

grains
3 Cereals /’siəriəl/ – noun e.g wheat, rye, barley, Sentence: Cereals are
sold here

ASSESMENT: (NOSEC PAGE 20) (i) Study these words which are also associated with
farming: seeds, seedlings, yam seeds, yam-sets, stashing, pruning, transplanting,
axe, bulldozer, crop rotation, bush-burning, subsistence farming – find out more of
them.

ASSIGNMENT: Give the following information about the following words (i)
Transcription (ii) Stress placement (iii) Meaning (iv) Sentential usage

Pruning
Bulldozer
Transplanting
Crop-rotation

MORAL INSTRUCTION: This is the oldest occupation and the first one that God gave to
Adam (the first man) – it is very important that all students appreciates its inherent
wealth and prosperity it can give to them in life.

WEEK SIX
CONTENT:
WRITING NARRATIVE ESSAY
A Narrative essay is a writing in which a story is told. Every body tells a story –
The Introductory Paragraph.

From the narration – The next middle paragraph seeing as the body of the narration,
narrate the events of the day that support the claim in the introductory paragraph, of a
bad day.

Content of a Narration
Your essay at this stage should be up to 400 words. A narration can contain
Factual or Fictitious (imagined) stories, or a combination of the two – Qualities of
a Good narration

1.It must contain clear, and interesting introduction

2.Well developed middle section
3.Plots are narrated sequentially, and well-laid out paragraph

ASSESSMENT: (Writing Practice) – Write what you will say on any of the two
questions bellow – follow the guideline in earlier examples:

1.You were present when two students fought in the School – Tell your school
counselor how it happened
2.Write on any ceremony you have celebrated with your family.

STRUCTURE – ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB

USAGE
CONTENT: Introduction – An Adjective is a word that qualifies or modify a noun or
pronoun. E.g Peacock is a bird – Peacock is a Beautiful bird and it is similar to
possessive pronoun e.g. My, yours, his, hers, our, theirs, its. But thy word modifies the
noun to function as an Adj. What, and which

Sentence – Which places are to be visited during our tour? (iii) Demonstrative Adj.
are used to point out e.g that, this, these, those, what (iv) Numeral Adj. reveals the
number of the nouns (Definite Number – Cardinal – Ordinal) (Indefinite – some, few,.
Descriptive Adj – are used to reveal quality or sort of a noun e.g. big, good, beautiful.

Adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives or other adverbs
e.g. slowly, very, especially, quickly, badly.

ASSESSMENT: Explain the following types Adjectives or your own words:

1.Adjective of Definite number

2.Adjective of indefinite number

ASSIGNMENT: Use the following types of Adverbs in sentences

Adverb of frequency e.g daily, often

Adverb of reason
Adverb of concession
Adverb of manner
Adverb of place.

WEEK SEVEN

COMPREHENSION (READING)
The following should be done in reading to make a note:

1.Read with a goal in mind – This could be what you want to learn about, what essay
you’re writing, an exam you’re revising for, and so on.
2.Learn to skip over irrelevant passages
3.Point at your place in the page
4.Avoid reading “aloud” in your head
5.Underline key phrases, pupils read to identify the keywords – The keyword is a word
that is used as a pattern to decode an encrypted message.

TOPIC SENTENCE: This is a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph. Paragraph – Paragraph
is one of several distinct submissions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is
usually marked by a new indented line – The supporting details are a small part that can be
considered separately from the
whole.
Rhymes
Content
• Definition
• Rhyme pairs
Rhyme is two letters that have the same ending sound. Rhyme is also used in poetry to refer to a
pair of lines that ends with the same sequence of sounds.
Rhymes Pairs
1. Should Would
2. Food Sued
3. Bird Word
4. Laugh Calf
5. Ride Site
6. Buy Sky
7. Head Said
8. Fail Sail
9. Hair Bear
10. Breeze Please
11. Know Hoe

WEEK EIGHT
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
Content
• Definition
• Relevant words
Definition
Government: It is a form of system of government or the act or process of governing
Politics: It is an idea and activities that are concerned with the gaining and using of power in a
country, city e.t.c.
Relevant words
Meaning
1Ballot box: Box into which voters put their ballot paper
2 Constituency: Voters in a district or area; the district or area itself
3 Democracy: Government that is run by all the people, directly or through representatives.
4 Despot: Ruler who does what he likes and oppresses the people directly or through
representatives
5 Electoral College: Group of people who have already been voted in as members of house, who
now may vote in the president
6 Nomination: Act of naming a candidate for a post or office
7 Political Party: Group of persons or an association formed for the purpose of practising politics.
8 Voting Age: Minimum age at which one is eligible to vote
9 Election: An occasion when people vote to choose someone for an official position;
ASSIGNMENT
Fill in the blanks in the following passage with one of the words in the brackets (democracy,
executive, despot, legislature, voting, ballet, electoral, booth, party, vote, constituency,
candidate, nominate, election)
In a ___________ system of government an ________ president can very easily become a _________
unless his __________ refused to _______ him for another term. Usually, ___________is by ___________
. Each is usually nominated in his _________by his party.
THEORY
WEEK 9 – 10
 STRUCTURE: INTRODUCTION TO CLAUSE

Contents:
• Features of the Clause
• Types of Subordinate Clauses
• Features or Clauses
A Clause should have a subject and a predicate. E.g
Subject Predicate
Idowu bought a piece of land

A Clause must always have a finite verb and it distinguishes it from a phrase.
Types of Clauses
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause.
Independent Clauses: These are also called main or principal clauses. It expresses a
complete thought and can stand on its own as a sentence e.g
My English Master is a kind man.
Tope is coming here tomorrow.
Dependent Clauses: These are also called subordinate clauses, It doesn’t express a
complete thought and cannot stand on its own as a sentences. It depends on an
independent clause for its meaning
e.g……………………which he recommended
1. A Noun Clause is a subordinate clause that performs the functions of a noun. E.g
What he said IS BITTER (SUBJECT) Truth is bitter ( subject )
2. Adjectival Clauses and their Functions. An adjectival clause is a subordinate
clause that performs the functions of an adjective, that is modifies a noun or
pronouns. The following subordinating conjunctions are usually employed to
introduce adjectival clauses. Who, whom, whose, that, which, where, when, etc.
e.g
The man who came here is a teacher
The house, which has been renovated looks very new
The Lady whose car was stolen is crying.
3. Adverbial Clauses and their function: An adverbial clause is a subordinate
clause that performs the functions of an adverb, such as telling us how, when
where, why to what extent or under what conditions, the actions of the verb is
performed. In other words, the adverbial clause modifies the verb in the main
clause.
She sings as if she were hungry
 Tope greeted me when she came to my office.
TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
I. Manner
ii. Time
iii. Place
iv. Reason or cause
v. conditions
vi. Purpose
vii. Result
viii. Comparison
ix concession
Assignment
Underline and identify the types of clauses in the following sentences.
1. We heard what he said.
2. The girl wanted what I could not give her.
3. The principal who I told you about is a sadist.
4. It happened on a day when I left the town.
5. Go and bring water while I fetch wood.

Writing: Expository Essay

Content:
• Explanation
• Features
• Outline on a Topic.
An expository essay is a type of essay that aims to instruct, inform, explain, criticize or
analyse issues. In expository essay, we basically get educated or enlightened on such
burning issues.
Features
1. The topic is boldly written in capital letters ( preferably).
2. The points/arguments should be logically presented.
3. Paragraphs should be developed with facts, examples and illustrations, comparison
and contrasts, connectives.
4. Proper definition and explanation of vague ideas is vital.
5. The present tense is used.
Outline: The Problem With Nigeria
• You can start by acknowledging the fact of the topic.
• Mention at least three major problems and their causes.
• Discuss how these problems are affecting us as a nation.
• Suggest viable solutions to these problems.
• Use facts and data from daily news.
• Conclusions: recap and buttress your points.
Assignment
Write an expository essay on the problems of Nigeria.

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