PHYSICAL & LOGICAL DESIGN OF

Internet of Things
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 Learning outcome

01 02 03
Describe how the Discuss the Discuss the
IoT works and their physical design logical design by
relation with 4 and the protocols looking at various
components of IoT. involved in communication
communication of models and API’s
all devices.
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Photo by ThisisEngineering RAEng on Unsplash
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 contents
Physical design logical design
theoretical on how is our device work

connection oriented

connectionless

• Things in IoT • IoT Functional Block

• IoT Protocols • IoT Communication Models
• IoT Communication API’s
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 IoT Components
and
How it works
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 How iot works
IoT aims to
connect
multiple
devices at a
time to the
internet and
here, the
interaction
with other
components
will occurs.
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 Basic components of iot

In general, IoT consists of 4 basic components:

1. Sensors/Devices
2. Connectivity/Gateways/Internet
3. Platform/Cloud/Processing Unit/Web Server
4. User Interface/Applications
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Interaction between the components in iot system
This is the final stage. This stage is in direct contact with
the user and it gives the output that users see on their screen.
Every IoT device has a different interface as each device has a
different task or purpose to accomplish.

Cloud servers is used to store periodical data that sensors collect.

But, in order to do so, they require platforms to store and retrieve
them. Once the entire data transmits to the platform, functions are
performed on this data in order to process the data and send
back necessary outputs. In other words, data analysis must take
place.

Connectivity is the connection among all IoT devices in any

given IoT ecosystem including sensors, routers, user applications
and platforms. The collected data from devices usually is sent to
the next component via the internet or Bluetooth.

IoT devices have sensors embedded into them. These sensors are
capable of sensing their surroundings. The devices store the
information in some form of data. These devices include appliances
such as mobile phones, fire alarms, soil moisture sensors, smart
light and so on.
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 Let’s relate with this
example…
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 Smart farm – interaction example
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1
Smart farms have devices IoT able to process the
and sensors which are data into information on
able to detect changes how much pesticide a
from farm environment certain crop requires and it
and collect all kinds of tracks livestock growth and
real time data related to movement. It alerts you
the crops. This when the sheep's are ready
information includes soil for lambing during spring, it
texture, moisture balance, alerts you on what seasonal
pesticide levels, water crops to grow, it tracks
levels and livestock your soil and water levels
wellness. and so on.
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All this generated
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information enables farmers
The collected data from to track the health of
all the devices and livestock and plants and to
sensors is then ensure positive growth. The
transmitted via the farmer can also send
internet for storing and instructions through a
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analysis purpose. mobile phone and check in

What are component 1,2 3 & 4? on the crops and animals
from far.
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 Physical design of iot
❑ The physical design of IoT is highly detailed design
that refers to the individual node devices and their
protocols that are utilized to create a functional IoT
ecosystem.

❑ It could be the specific solutions explaining how

things are assembled and configures.

❑ The physical design is normally more graphical than

textual and even can comprise both graphical and
textual.
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 physical design of iot
WHAT
WHO LANGUAGE/
COMMUNICATE? STANDARD THEY
USE TO
COMMUNICATE?
Things/Devices and Protocols are used to
protocols that used to established communication
build an IoT system. All between the Node devices
these things/Devices are and server over the
called Node Devices and internet.
every device has a unique
identity that performs
remote sensing, actuating,
and monitoring work
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 physical design-things
The "Things" in loT usually refers to IoT devices which have
unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and
monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can exchange data with other
connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or
collect data from other devices and process the data either
locally or send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based
application back-ends for processing the data, or perform some
tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure.

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physical design-things ILLUSTRATION

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GENERIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THINGS/DEVICES
An IoT device may consist of several hardware
interfaces for connections to other devices, both
wired and wireless. These include
(i) 1/0 interfaces for sensors,
(ii) interfaces for Internet connectivity,
(iii) memory and storage interfaces and
(iv) audio/video interfaces.

An IoT device can collect various types of data from

the on-board or attached sensors, such as
50% 50%
temperature, humidity, light intensity. The sensed data
can be communicated either to other devices or
cloud-based servers/storage. IoT devices can be
connected to actuators that allow them to interact
with other physical entities (including non-loT devices
and systems) in the vicinity of the device. For example,
a relay switch connected to an IoT device can turn an
appliance on/off based on the commands sent to the
IoT device over the Internet.

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use of interfaces in the GENERIC block diagram
Connectivity Processor Audio/Video Input/Output Memory
Interfaces interface Interfaces
A processor like The interface that slot
Devices like USB a CPU and other An interface like To giving input the flash memory. It is
host and units are used to HDMI and RCA and output signals an electronic non-
ETHERNET are process the data. devices is used to sensors, and volatile computer
memory storage that
used for these data are to record audio actuators we use can be electrically
connectivity further used to and videos in a things like UART, erased and
between the improve the system. SPI, CAN, etc. reprogrammed. to
store the data
devices and decision quality . generated from an IoT
server. of an IoT system. device.

Graphics Storage Interfaces

is an expansion card which generates a feed of Mobile Storage Interface is a fast, synchronous
output images to a display device, such as a controller that uses various protocols to communicate
computer monitor. They are used in embedded with MMC, SD, and SDIO cards to address the growing
systems, mobile phones, personal storage need in embedded systems, handheld and
consumer electronics applications requiring low power.
computers, workstations, and game consoles.
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 THINK ABOUT THIS…

WHEN THERE’S AN
INTERACTION BETWEEN
THINGS, MEANS THAT THEY
ACTUALLY COMMUNICATE.

SO, WHAT LANGUAGE DO

THEY USE TO SPEAK AND
COMMUNICATE WITH EACH
OTHER?
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 iot
FRENCH?

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That is why we need to know
the PROTOCOLS USED IN IOT!!!
The same situation when
you need to follow certain
protocols when you enter
my palace!

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physical design-iot protocols
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is the foundation of Internet communications, including for devices
connected to the Internet of Things. TCP/IP, or the Internet Protocol suite, underpins the internet, and includes
only four layers, merging some of the OSI model layers which provides a simplified concrete implementation of
these layers in the OSI model.

Protocols are used to establish communication between a node device and server over the internet. IoT protocols
help send commands and data between a network of devices controlled by sensors or other physical attributes
like motion, temperature, or vibration.

Network/Internet

Physical/Data Link

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physical design-iot protocols
Internet of Things (IoT) devices communicate is dozens of different
ways, using hundreds of different protocols. That's because how
they communicate depends on what they are, where they are, what
other devices and systems they need to talk to, and what they have
to say. There’s no single best protocol, which is essentially the
common "language" used to route messages from one IoT device to
another. The right choice always depends on the application’s
specific needs.

In IoT ecosystem, protocols will send commands to an IoT device

and receive data from an IoT device over the internet. We use
different types of protocols that present on both the server and
client-side and these protocols are managed by several layers:
• Application
• Transport
• Network
• Link layer

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 Link layer protocols connection oriented
Link layer protocols covers on how a device is physically connected to a network via wired or wireless connectionless oriented
mechanisms (e.g., copper wire, coaxial cable, or a radio wave) ,as well as how devices are uniquely
identified. Hosts on the same link exchange data packets using link layer protocols. Link layer determines
how the packets are coded and signaled by the hardware device over the medium.

8023 - Ethernet : IEEE 2G/3G/4G- Mobile

802.11 - WiFi : IEEE 802.11 802.16 – WiMax IEEE 802.16 802.15.4 -LR-WPAN
802.3 Communication

Wifi is standard wireless WiMAX stands for

Widely deployed for networking based on Is a low-cost IoT
Wireless Inter- offer the wireless
wired connectivity within IEEE802.11a/b/g/n communication options
operability for personal area network
local area networks, specifications. 802.11n using existing cellular
Microwave Access. (WPAN) which focuses on
Ethernet implements the offers the highest data networks While this has
WiMAX is defined low-cost, low-speed
IEEE 802.3 standard. Not throughput, but at the cost included 2G (GSM)
under IEEE 802.16y ubiquitous communication
all IoT devices need to be of high-power in legacy devices (and
between devices.
wireless. For example, consumption, so IoT standards. WiMAX uses currently being phased
sensor units installed devices might only use licensed or unlicensed out), CDMA (also being
The basic framework
within a building 802.11b or g for power spectrum to deliver the retired or phased out),
conceives a 10-meter
automation system can conservation reasons. connection to the it also includes 3G,
communications range
use wired networking Although wifi is adopted network. WiMAX can which is rapidly being
with line-of-sight at a
technologies like Ethernet. within many prototype and be used to provide phased out with
transfer rate of 250
Power line communication current generation several network
internet services such kbit/s.
(PLC), an alternative hard- IoT devices, as longer- providers retiring all 3G
as mobile data and
wired solution, uses range and lower-power devices. 4G is still
WiFi spots and handles Devices are designed to
existing electrical wiring solutions become more active and will be until
a larger inter-operable interact with each other
instead of dedicated widely available, it is likely 5G becomes fully
network for Wireless over a conceptually
network cables.. that wifi will be available and
Metropolitan Area simple wireless network.
superseded by lower- implemented.
power alternatives. Networks (WMANs) 23
Network Layer Protocols

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 network layer protocols
Responsible for logical addressing and how to deliver packets of information
between source and destination endpoints, particularly between different networks..
Network layer performs the host addressing, packet routing and helps to maintain
connection between IoT devices and router.

IPv4 : IPv6 :
Internet Protocol version 4 Internet Protocol version 6 6LoWPAN
(IP address) (IP address)

IPv4 is 32-bit addressing IPv6 addresses its nodes with This protocol connects the IPv6
scheme used as TCP/IP host 128-bit wide address providing with 802.11 and IoT devices. It
addressing mechanism. IP plenty of address space for works with low-power devices
addressing enables every host future to be used on entire within a wide area network, which
on the TCP/IP network to be planet or beyond. is why it is especially important
uniquely identifiable. for connected devices with a
IPv6 provides new feature of limited data processing capacity.
IPv4 provides hierarchical IPv6 mobility. Mobile IPv6
addressing scheme which equipped machines can roam 6LoWPAN can communicate with
enables it to divide the around without the need of 802.15.4 devices as well as other
network into sub-networks, changing their IP addresses. types of devices on an IP network
each with well-defined number link like WiFi.
of hosts . 25
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 TRANSPORT layer protocols
Transport layer protects data within the whole network and secures its movement
back and forth. This layer provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow
control and congestion control.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Transmission
Control Protocol is User Datagram
the major protocol Protocol is a
for connecting IoT communications
devices through protocol designed
the Internet. The for the
protocol breaks establishment of
large data sets low-latency and
into small chunks loss-tolerant
to increase the connections
speed of data between
exchange. applications on the
internet.

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 APPLICATION layer protocols
The application layer focuses on
establishing a connection between user interface and IoT device.

HTTP : CoAP : MQTT: XMPP DDS: AMQP:

Hypertext Message :Extensible Advanced
Constrained WEBSOCKET Data
Transfer Queuing Messaging Message
Application Distribution
Protocol Telemetry & Presence Queuing
Protocol Service
Transport Protocol Protocol

MQTT (Message DDS (Data

Hypertext Transfer CoAP (Constrained A WebSocket is a XMPP (Extensible AMQP (Advanced
Application Protocol) is Queue Telemetry Distribution Service)
Protocol (HTTP) is an low-latency (real- Messaging and Message Queuing
application-layer used for IoT devices Transport) protocol is a universal
time), full-duplex Presence Protocol), a Protocol) creates
protocol for transmitting that have a limited works with small, yet protocol that is
(bidirectional), long- set of open messaging
hypermedia documents, range of connectivity. equally good for
running (persistent), power-efficient IoT technologies for interoperability
such as HTML. It was The protocol is small IoT items and
especially targeted for single connection devices with low instant messaging, within the IoT
designed for large networks with
communication between constrained hardware (TCP) between a bandwidth that presence, multi-party network. This
ensures strong lots of connected
web browsers and web such as 8-bits client and server. chat, voice and video protocol is good
servers. client opening microcontrollers, low connectivity within equipment. The
WebSockets provide calls, collaboration, enough to serve
a connection to make a power sensors and small and middle- protocol is simple to
a huge benefit for lightweight connectivity within
request, then waiting similar devices that range areas. This deploy, while it is as
real-time and is used middleware, content large networks of
until it receives a can’t run on HTTP or reliable as any other
for real-time data protocol aims at syndication, and industrial IoT.
response TLS. That’s why it IoT communication
won’t be a good updates and delivering real-time generalized routing of
data from device to protocol within the
decision for any IoT synchronization, live XML data. on XML
application layer. It also use
project. text chat and video device which use (Extensible Markup publishers-subscriber
conferencing, publishers-subscriber Language). 29
model.
model
 LOGICAL design of iot
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 What is logical design?
❑ The logical design of IoT is is the actual design of how its
components (computers, sensors, and actuators) should
be arranged to complete a particular function. It doesn’t
go into the depth of describing how each component will
be built with low-level programming specifics.

❑ Logical design is less detailed than physical design.

❑ The logical design is more conceptual and abstract than

the physical design. In the logical design, you look at the
logical relationships among the objects. In the physical
design you look at the most effective way of storing and
retrieving the objects.
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 Iot functional block
These functional blocks consist of devices that handle the communication between the server and the host, enable
monitoring control functions, manage the data transfer, secure the IoT system using authentication and different
functions, and provide an interface for controlling and monitoring various terms.

COMMUNICATION : APPLICATION : SERVICES:

This is an interface that the users can use to control services for device
Handles the and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. monitoring, device control
communication for the Application also allows users to view the system service, data publishing
IoT system. status and view or analyze the processed data services and services for
device discovery.

MANAGEMENT : SECURITY :
this block secures the IoT system
This blocks provides and by providing functions such
various functions to as authentication , authorization,
govern the IoT system. message and content integrity,
and data security.

DEVICE :
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An IoT system comprises of devices that provide

sensing, actuation, monitoring and control
functions. 32
 Iot COMMUNICATION MODEL 1 :
REQUEST-RESPONSE MODEL
Request-response model is communication model in which the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to the requests.

-It is a stateless communication

model : each request-response
pair is independent of others.
This means that the server
doesn’t keep any information
about the client after it sends its
response, and therefore it can’t
recognize that multiple requests
from the same client may be
related.

Close example:
The client sends When the server receives a request, it HTTP request to the web server
requests to the
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decides how to respond, fetches the data, to open a website

server and the retrieves resource representation, prepares
server responds the response, and then sends the response
to the requests to the client
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 IOT Example of
REQUEST-RESPONSE MODEL

Example:
IoT devices act as
client. Cloud act as
server or local
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server serves as
server.
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 Iot COMMUNICATION MODEL 2 :
publish-subscribe model
Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and consumers.

IOT example
With smart devices, we need a reliable
Consumer
and efficient way to gather and
distribute information. A control node
or server can publish updates that will
be automatically delivered to all the
subscribed IoT devices.

End-user IoT devices can also act as

publishers and publish notifications,
sensor information, etc., to the cloud,
which will then be notified to the user.

Other example:
On the website, there are times that
we subscribed to their newsletters
using our email address. These email
addresses are managed by some third-
Publishers are the source of When the broker receive Consumers subscribe party services and when a new article
data. Publishers send the data for a topic from the to the topics which are is published on the website it is
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data to the topics which are publisher, it sends the managed by the broker directly sent to the broker and then
data to all the subscribed the broker sends these new data or
managed by the broker. posts to all the subscribers.
Publishers are not aware of consumers.
the consumers. 35
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 Iot COMMUNICATION MODEL 3 :
push-pull model
Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to queues
and the consumers Pull the data from the Queues

Example:

When we visit a
blog, we saw a
number of posts
that are published
in a queue and
according to our
requirements, we
Queues help in decoupling the messaging click on a post and
Producers/Publisher Consumers
do not need to be between the Producers and Consumers. pull data.
start reading it.
aware of the Queues also act as a buffer which helps in
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consumers. . situations when there is a mismatch

between the rate at which the producers
push data and the rate at which the
consumer pull data. 37
 Iot COMMUNICATION MODEL 4 :
exclusive pair model
Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent
connection between the client and server.

Example:

MIRC
Yahoo Messenger
Online banking

Connection is setup Client and server can send messages to Client and server
it remains open until each other after connection setup. can send
the client sends a messages to each
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request to close the other after

connection. . connection setup.

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 Iot COMMUNICATION api S- Application
Programming
Interface
What is API ?
(Application programming interface)
• is an interface used by programs to
access an application
• It enables a program to send
commands to another program and
receive replies from the app.
• IoT APIs are the interface points
between an IoT device and the
Internet and/or other network
components.

Generally we use 2 APIs For IoT

Communication. APIs are used to
communicate between the server and
system in IoT. These IoT
Communication APIs are:

• REST-based communication APIs

• Websocket based communication
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API

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 Api S 1 : REST-based (HTTP) Communication API S
● Representational state transfer (REST)
is a set of architectural principles by
which you can design Web services
the Web APIs that focus on the
system's resources and how resource Connection
states are addressed and transferred. lifecycle

● The REST APIs follow the request-

response model.

● URLs are used to depict resources in

the RESTful web service.

● Client tries to access these resources

via URLs using commands like GET,
PUT, POST, DELETE and so on that are
defined by HTTP.

● In response, the server responds with

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a JSON object or XML file.

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 Client-server Stateless Cache-able

●The clients should not be ●The session state is kept entirely on ●This property defines whether the
concerned with the storage of data the client. Does not require the server response to any request can be cached or
which is a concern of the server. to retain the information about the not. If a response can be cached, then a
Similarly the server should not be state client cache is granted the right to reuse
concerned about the user interface, that response data for subsequent matching
which is concern of the client. requests..
Separation allows client and server .
to be developed and updated
independently.

Layered system Code on demand

Uniform interface

●A layered system defines the ●This specifies that the technique of ●The constraint is optional. Most of the
boundaries of the components communication between a client and a time, you’ll send the static resource
within each specific layer. For server must be uniform throughout the representations in XML or JSON format. But if
example, A client is unable to tell communication period. you need to, you are free to return
whether it is connected to the end executable code to support a component of
server or an intermediate node. your application.
.
. Rest/HTTP
architectural
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constraint 41
 ApiS 2 : websocket-based Communication API
• Websocket APIs enable bi-directional and
duplex communication between customers
and servers. Unlike REST, there is no need to
set up a connection every now and then to
send messages between a client and a
server.

• It works on the principle of the exclusive

pair model. Once a connection is set up, Connection
there is a constant exchange of messages lifecycle
between the client and the server. All we
need is to establish a dedicated connection
to start the process. the communication
goes on unless the connection is terminated.

• It is a stateful type-requires server to save

the information about a session.

• Due to one time dedicated connection

setup, there is less overhead, lower traffic
and less latency and high throughput. So,
Web socket is the most suitable IoT
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Communication APIs for IoT System.

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/REST
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 activity
● Perform a group of 3 members.

● In your groups, make a research to

distinguish between the 2 IoT
communications of APIs in terms of :

❖ Definition
❖ Communication diagram & explanation
❖ Messaging pattern
❖ Constraint
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Thank you!

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 How this technology works?
RFID
ZIGBEE
Z-WAVE
gsm
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