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Redox Reactions

Chemistry

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38 views12 pages

Redox Reactions

Chemistry

Uploaded by

mohammedzubiyaan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Redox Reactions wy imenctant classes of chemacal rescton = te Radacman- Pusan seat Fy —+ MgF, (oxidation of magnissam) Mp+S —+ Mg (oxidation of magnisiam) Kemval of electropositive element: RaFeCN ag +H,O,(aq) —+ 2K,JFe(CN) hag) + 2KOltiag) (Removal of clecte poumrec assum) | ation defined as the addition of oxypen/electrunegative chement to a substance or removal off “eacwlelectropositive element from a substance, “Suction a Mon 1s just ore cs Stakes pace iaiom. Redaction i a racers i winch any can of the SoRtowng cteemacad ma Oe ON feet naheatere ®) Remanal of oryzen & HO) —+ IN gil + 0,1g) Reduction of mercuric oxide) by Removal of electronegative clement 2FeC, +H, —+ 2FeCl, + ZHCI (Redaction of ferric chloride) C1 Addencm of rydeogen: CH. = CH, + H, ——+ CH, - CH, (Reducuon of ethene) © Adder of metal THQ, + Se, —+ He,Cl, + SaCl, Reduction of mercuric chloride) So reduction is defined a the removal of oxygea/electronegative element from a substance op of bydrogra/electropasitive element to a substance. in, Redox reactions in terms of electron transfer reactions Reactons sa whach clectrons ar transferred from one atom to another are called oxidation-tednction marion, So low of electron is called oxidation and gain of electron is called reduction. An casy way w vows, whach wabiance » being oxidised and which substance is being reduced isthe use ofthe acromym OBL. — Oxidation Is Lass, Reduction Is Gain Example | lon of 2e ZNats) = a——— aaa) ‘gain of 2e Hese sodeum is oxidised where as chlorine is reduced Example 2 lows of 2e 2Naisy + 0fg) + (Na},0,() gain of 2e Here sodium is oxidised where as oxygen is reduced eammpse? lows of 2¢ INels) + Ss) ————_____+ (ns},S, (8) gain of le ——_ Foemupan of sodvum chtbomdte aa 2 Nats) —+ 2g) « ae Qig)+ 2 — 20 wpe shows Stops 0 Called a half weacton wheh dao meeieome of dma, Sams of Gut ball ves the overadl react Dat + 2 @ — kr O welme ing agent of Reductant _qneance that can feadbly hese elecanans to ctther sueemnce 2 called eedecang ages or sian. auasing agent of oxiduet pantact ina! can Tesduy accept ciscyuns igen other scbsammcr s coli cmndeang apres or came Sk acucng agems are electron donors and enirme agra amr cioctemn acon redaction gun of 2e ) >, Jeevith publications: ® Oxidation number or oxidation state pound is Definition: Oxidation state ot oxidation number of an element in a com the Teal oF appar charge on one atom of the element. | re Example, oxidation number of sodium in sodium chloride is +1 ma the ics “ i atom of Sodio in sodium chloride is +1. Similarly, the real charge on one atom of chlorine hence oxida number is -1. _ (2) Oxidation number of hydrogen and oxygen in water are +1 and ~2 respectively since the Apparent chan. on each atom of hydrogen and oxygen are +1 and ~2 respectively. ‘Oxidation state of an clement in a covalent compound ascertained according toa set of mules formulated in which the apparent charge on each atom covalently bonded is calculated by giving the shared pair of electraas to the more electronegative element. Rules for assigning oxidation numbers, 1. The oxidation number of an atom in the elemental state (uncombined state) is zero. Example: Evidently, oxidation number of each atom in Cl, H,, Os, S, Na, Mg, Al is zero, 2. The oxidation number of an ion is equal to its charge. Example: Na* has an oxidation number of +1, Cl-has -1, Mg?* has 42. 3. The oxidation number of hydrogen in all compounds containing hydrogen is +1, except when bydroges forms compounds called hydrides with active metals in which it is —1. Example: Oxidation state of H is +1 in H,O, but -1 in NaH (sodium hydride). The oxidation number of oxygen in all compounds containing oxygen is -2, except in peroxides in I which it is~1, and super oxides in which itis ~5 . Example: In H,O, the oxidation state of oxygen is ~2, and in H,O, itis -1, ‘The oxidation state of oxygen in OF, and O,F, are + 2 and + 1 respectively. 5. The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms present in one molecule of a compound s zero. 6. The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in the formula for a polyatomic ion is eqs! to the charge on that ion. 7. The oxidation state of halogen in their compounds is ~ 1 but in interhalogen compounds of Cl, Bras! I, the more electronegative of the two halogens gets the oxidation number of -1, For example, ia BC the oxidation number of Cl is -1 while that of Br is 43, When CI, Br and I combined with oxygen atom, for example, in oxoacids and oxoanions, halogens?” positive oxidation numbers. 8. The oxidation number of alkali metals in their compounds is +1, and that of alkaline earths is ® compounds is +2. . Example: Oxidation state of K in KMnO, is +1 9, To find out the oxidation number of other elements we usually use rule 5 and 6 as given balo™ (vii) MnO =0 X+(-2)=0 - x=42 (viii) MnO, =0 x+2(-2)=0 nats are thee compounds may be represented as: xi, T(DO. Fe(I)O. Fe,(1)O,, Cu(1)1, Cu(11)0, Ma(tjO. Ma(tV)O. _mulas for the following compounds: (NCERT Exercise problem} 2 ? (b) Nickel (IT) Sulphate — (c) Tin (IV) oxide (e) Iron (IH) sulphate (0) Chromium (ID) oxide arte (0 _necary (ID chloride j Thallium (1) Sulphate . The formulae have been shown by stock notations. The Roman numerals given in paren! te of the metal atom, Taking into account the oxidation state of the amions. the thesis: ution: arent the oxidation stat oencal formulas of the compounds may be written as 1HeCl, (0) NISO, (6) SnO, (4) TI,SO, (2) Fe(SO,), ( Cr,0, sfritions of oxidising agent and reducing agent in terms of oxidation number ces an element in another reactant is called the reducing agent. The reducing agent 1 is oxidized. The reactant that oxidizes an element in another reactant 15: called the the element that is reduced. tion number of an element in another reactant is agent is increased during redox reaction. ereactaat that redu oxaias the element thal wofizing agent. The oxidizing agent contains leducing agent: A reagent which decreases the oxidal sin seducing agent. The oxidation number of reducing ‘ndsing agent: A reagent which increases the oxidation number of an clement in ‘another reactant is called \idsing agent. The oxidation number of oxidizing agent is decreased during redox reaction. “reample, * Oxidation number decreased (Reduction) 7 (Reducing agent) Mno; Fe” ———* + Fem (Ouidising +2 “3 agent) ; Oxidation number increased (ON "ter the identification of oxidising end reaucind agents Waa clement sin its highest possible oxidation sale in a compound, the compound can function as an “udising agent. ),. etc. Samples: KMnO,, KyCr,0;, HNOs Types of redox reactions 7 Redox reacuons are of several types. 1. Combination reactions Redox reaction in which chemical compounds are formed by combination of two or more elements is ca! cumbinstien reacuon. Examples: (1) Combustion of carbon ; Reduction 0 2 Cis) + Ofg) ———* COB) 0 +4 Oxidation (2) Combusuion of methane +t 2 4ei e + CHa(g)+20,(g)—*-+C0,(g) +2H,0%(s) o * * Q) 3Mg(s) + Na(g)—+ Mg, N,(s)- Redox Reaction ¥ scomposition reactions . ing) to give are redox reactions in which chemical compounds undergo decomposition (by itself*heating) to gi He es comiviog at losct owe clermente! tine, Examples, 2 Fy C10) + 2k Cis) + 30,(g) a o C) 2H,0(6) 44 2H,(g)+ 0x09) or a..8 ® eo 2 NaH (s)—“5 2 Na(s) + H,(g)- 4 Displacement redox reactions ‘oe ateredox reaction in which an atomion present in the chemical compound gets replaced by atom /ion ‘sac element. Based on metal/nonmetal involvement in the displacement redox reaction, it is classified aotwortypes. X+YZ—+xv+¥ ‘Metal displacement reaction “sulin a compound can be displaced by another metal in the uncombined state. Samples: "0 CxS (aq) +2nts)—2-+Cus) + 7n80, (aq) Ce) V,0,s)+5Ca—2-42V15)+5€a0. *Non-metal displacement reaction __ halt metals and some alkaline earth metals which are very good reductants will displace hydrog “8 cold water, Leaepie My) 38 ad sas ° 2Na(s)+2H, O(1) —+2Na O H(aq) + H, (g) Q 3 “2 2 a ° Ca(s) + 2H, O—+Ca(OH),(aq) + Ha(g) “Ve Metals such as magnesium and iron react with steam to produce dihydrogen gas, ") o ; 2 a4 t Mgis)+ 2H, —+Mg(Oit),(aq)+ H,(g) Ss “2 Cie e 2Fe(s) + 3H, O—+ Fe, O,(5)+ 3H, (8) “© reactive that it atacks water and displaces the oxygen of water. cy “a at ® 2H, O11) +28 (g)—>4H Fiag)+O,(g) 4. Disproportionation reaction Iisa specific type of redox reaction in which a species in simultaneously reduced and oxiding different products, This type of reaction ix possible only when an clement can exist in at least states. The element in the form of reacting substance ix in the intermediate oxidation Mate; and lower oxidation suites of that clement are formed in the reaction. Example 1: The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in a familiar example of the reaction, she experiences disproporionation. ™ to treme as “28 2H, O, (aq) —+ 2H, O11) + O,(g) Here the oxygen of hydrogen peroxide, which is present in ~1 state, is converted {0 Ze10 oxidation state 9() and decreases to -2 oxidation statey in H,O. Example 2 Chy(g) + 20H ag) —+€10 aq) + C1 (ag + HOM) In the reactions given below; identify the species undergoing oxidation and reduction: (i) H,St)+ Chg) —» 21g) S009 (i) Fe ,0,,65)4 AIG) ——+ YF etn) + 41,009) Uii) DNatsr+ Hig) + Nalfts) (NCERT Solved problem) Solution: (i) HS iy oxidised because a more electrunegative element, chlorine is added to hydrogen (oF 1% clectropositive element, hydrogen hay been removed from $), Chlorine is reduced due to ésiae hydrogen to it (ii) Aluminium is oxidised because oxygen is added to it. Ferrous ferric oxide (Fe,O,) is reduced bea ‘oxygen has been removed from it (iii) Sodium is oxidised and hydrogen is reduced. 2. Justify that the reaction 2Nais)+ H,(g)—+ 2NaH(s) is a redox change. (NCERT Solved problem) Solution: Half reaction: 2Na(s)——+ 2Na‘(g) + 2e" and the other half reaction is H,(g)+26e. —+ 2H (g) Jie? Splitting of the reaction under examination into two half reactions reveals that bere sodium is hydrogen is reduced, therefore, the complete reaction is a redox change. OO Step6: Add the two half reactions to get the overall reaction and cancel the electrons on exc sy. gives the net ionic equation as : Te 2MnO, ~ (aq) + 6 Ir (aq) + 4H,O ——, 2MnO,{s) + 31,(s) + 80H- Applications of redox reactions 1. Redox reactions as the basis for titrations In redox system, titration method can be adopted to determine the strength of the reducing agent and oxida, agent using redox indicators. The use of indicators during redox titrations can be illustrated as follow 4. Self-indicator method: During the titration of potassium permanganate either with oxabe aatz Mohr’s salt, permanganate ion acts as the self indicator. After the complete oxidation of redaas (C,O% or Fe?* ), MnO; ion is oxidised itself to Mn**. During this process pink colour of MaO, abe at the concentration as low as 10% moV/litre. At this concentration, the reductant and oxidast = equal in terms of their mole stoichiometry. b. Internal indicator method: During the titration of potassium dichromate with Mobs 2 diphenylamine indicator is added. During this reaction, Cr, ion oxidises diphenyl amine isi™ just after the equivalence point to produce intense blue colour. This gives the end point of wis ¢. During the oxidation of iodine with Cu2* tons. iodine gives intense blue colour with siarch. To z * disappears as soon as the iodine 1s consumed by the thiosulphate ion. Thus end point a8 detected. 2. Electrode process and redox reactions - When a metal rod is dipped in a solution containing its own ions, equilibrium is established PME and the metal ions of the solution. Due to this equilibrium, a potential is developed by the mets to the solution. This potential is called single electrode potential or potential of the balf-cell ” Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one substance to another. Therefor, have the potential to generate electric current. In order to use that current, we need 10 SPET 593 where oxidation is occurring from the place where reduction is occurring. The coaversiog energy and electrical energy is carried out in an electrochemical cell. Spontaneous redox FeACP™ gy? in a voltaic cell (shown in the diagram at the bottom). Non spontaneous redox reactions OF occur in an electrolytic cell by the use of electrical energy. Anode @ = clectrode where oxidanon occurs ® anions are attracted to it * connected to posiuve end of battery in an electrolytic cell © loses weight in electrolytic cell Cathode © clectrode where reduction occurs © cations are attracted to i Ps Redox Reaction , connected 10 negative end of battery in an electrolytic cel} gains weight in electrolytic cel) ' . temperature, and concentration of ions in increases reduction potential also increases, Thedifference in potential energy Detween the reactants and producti the potential difference. Thy voltage needed to drive electrons through the external circuit or the amount of force pushing the dectrons through the Wire is called the electromotive force, em The difference in potential energy between the anode and the cathode in a voltaic cell is called the cell soieatial. The cell potential depends on the relative ease with which the oxidizing agent is reduced at the case and the reducing agent is oxidized at the anode. A redox couple is defined as having together the wived and reduced forms of a substance t faking part in 4n oxidation or reduction half reaction. Standard electrode Potential, E° Tx potential developed when a metal is in equilibrium with one molar solution of its own ions at 298k is aaled standard electrode potential, ihe electrode contains a as its pressure should be I atm. at 298K. It is denoted by E* \redox couple is defined as having ‘udation or reduction half reaction. Uectrochemie ‘ogether the oxidised and reduced forms ofa substance taking part in an al cell: Itis a device for interconverting chemical and electrical energies, Tete are two types of electrochemical cells. Galvanic cell Electrolytic cell *AWvanic cel} A device in wi . chemical reaction involving oxidation and a ‘hich electricity is produced using a spontan “Ston is called galvanic cell or voltaic cell. Daniel cell (Discussed in Il PUC UNIT 3) Etumpte Question bank for cae board examination “43llons carrying one mark __ Define “oxidation in terms of electron trans What san oxidizing agent (or oxidant)? Mh reducing agent (or reductant)? Define Oxidation number (or oxidation state) Redox Reaction , josie reacts with ice and results in the change: Woes Ft —— HER) + HOF gy Justify that this reaction is a eden reaction. (Oxdation) 12000 thd has} sai HO + Fy —. HF + Hor (Reduction) ® rachon, F, molecule has Caren nist number changing to HOF and decrease im waees somber changing to HF. Therefore its a redox reaction, Pe ME Mae reacting species has undergone “TESST Sodan mimes ti aha ced epeperemnens eee Nees list of the su ansehen can dn ster 8 ad rege frm - 10 65, ‘Sew: \inable oxidation states of carbon aa, ala CH=CH HCHO co KOO, op, (~2) Cy 0) ERS Got ($O,) and hydroge peronide(H,0,) the otidation sey “eg; Tpecuvely Since they can increase as well as decrease their Tt we ened marten pe ee “Ue Of lpi and oxygen UROO8 SUMBE when ten, seducing agent oRidation state of areca ae a NOD Me etn eof tegen oo "us sca and ctw edie epee Ney wag Agk, is un Ser compre Heroes rent. cena Oy a SOS crt Why? le ‘Tes quits umtahie AGF the oxdanon Of silver is 42 Le.. exists as Ag™ tom. OCe the SSS Str eta he “Stun ‘smductiun by tine “ Merelore, » very strong oxnduing agent. Ag’ se Ag Se Pre soe ead ene et se ts a ‘ Adina 5 HO (aq) -—+ 2Agiod¢ 2B reag) + CMO, aay ‘ “ Noa, POO ay # Hany +284, ARUN), (aq) # 30H ing) ———+ Bag ¢ — eer eee wee ee eee Oe ee Te hae wie 12. Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn(s) + 2Ag*(aq) ——, Zn**(aq) + 2Agis) takes plan Further show: (i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged. (ii) the carriers of the current in the cell, and (i) individual reaction at each electrode. Solution: The galvanic cell for the reaction is Zn(s) | Zn** (aq) li ZAg*(aq) | 2Ag(s) a) Zine electrode (anode) is negatively charged. (ii) Current flows from silver to zinc in outer circuit. (iii) ~~ Anode: Zn(s) ——> Zn**(aq) + 2e° (oxidation) Cathode: 2Ag* (aq) + 2e*" ——> 2Ag(s) (reduction)

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