CPD-Green Transition

Securing
Green Transition of the

Textile and Readymade Garments Sector in Bangladesh
Fahmida Khatun
Muntaseer Kamal
Foqoruddin Al Kabir
Nadia Nawrin
Mohammad Syful Hoque
Securing Green Transition of the Textile and RMG Sector
SECURING GREEN TRANSITION OF THE TEXTILE AND

READYMADE GARMENTS SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
Fahmida Khatun
Muntaseer Kamal
Foqoruddin Al Kabir
Nadia Nawrin
Mohammad Syful Hoque
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Publisher
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)

House 40/C, Road 11 (new)
Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh
Telephone: (+88 02) 48118090, 55001185, 58156979
Fax: (+88 02) 48110414
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.cpd.org.bd
First Published October 2023

@ Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily
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Cover Design
Avra Bhattacharjee
Page Layout and Typesetting

Md Shaiful Hassan
Citation: Khatun, F., Kamal, M., Kabir F. A.,Nawrin, N., and Hoque. M. S., (2023). Securing Green Transition
of the Textile and Readymade Garments Sector in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD).
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Acknowledgements
The Team gratefully acknowledges the valuable support received from the Dialogue
and Communication Division, and the Administration and Finance Division of CPD in
conducting this study. Support from Mr Zulker Naeen, former Programme Associate,
CPD is particularly appreciated. The Team would like thank Bangladesh Garment
Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA), Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers
and Exporters Association (BKMEA), Bangladesh Textile Mills Association (BTMA) for
their cooperation. The Team would also like to register its sincere thanks to authorities
RIWKHIDFWRULHVWKDWZHUHYLVLWHGGXULQJWKHVXUYH\DQGߔHOGYLVLWV:HDOVRDFNQRZOHGJH
the support of Org-Quest Research Limited for conducting the survey. Finally, the Team
records its sincere appreciation to the participants of the Expert Group Meetings (EGMs)
for their valuable insights and comments.
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Contents
Acknowledgements iii
Acronyms vii
1. Context 1
2. Data sources and methodology 1
3. Analytical framework of the study 3
. *eneral information of factories: si]e location green certiÀcates
5. Green measures undertaken by factories 7
6. Social aspects of greening factories 9
7. Barriers for greening factories 11
8. Conclusions and recommendations 18
References 21
List of Tables and Figures
7DEOH0RWLYDWLRQVIRU2EWDLQLQJ*UHHQ&HUWLߔFDWH
Table 6.1: How Often Do the Workers Meet Their Daily Production Target 10
Table 6.2: Workers’ Absence in The Last Month Due to Sickness 11
Figure 2.1: Survey coverage 2

Figure 3.1: Holistic view of Greening Industries 3
Figure 3.2: Pathways of Greening of Industries 4
Figure 4.1: Distribution of Factories by Industry and Size 5
)LJXUH)DFWRULHV‫ڕ‬.QRZOHGJHDERXW*UHHQ&HUWLߔFDWLRQ
Figure 5.1: Green Investment of Factories in Various Greening Practices 7
Figure 5.2: Average Use of Electricity in a Month by Factories 8
Figure 5.3: Source of Electricity Use by RMG Factories in Tier Groups 8
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Figure 5.4: Factory Groupwise Average Green Investment in Last Five Years 9
Figure 6.1: Age Group Distribution of the Workers 10
Annex
Tables, Figure and Infographics
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Table A5.1: Investments, Loans, and Interest Rate 24
Table A6.1: Distribution of Respondents by Size and Gender 24
Figure A4.1: Tier-wise Distribution of Surveyed RMG Factories 23
Infographic 1 25
Infographic 2 27
Infographic 328
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Acronyms
8FYP Eighth Five-Year Plan

BB Bangladesh Bank
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
BCI Better Cotton Initiative
BGMEA Bangladesh Garments Manufacturer Association
BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority
BSCI Business Social Compliance Initiatives
BTMA Bangladesh Textile Mills Association
DFQF Duty Free Quota Free
DNCC Dhaka North City Corporation
DoE Department of Environment
EBA Everything but Arms
ECA Environmental Conservation Act
EGMs Expert Group Meetings
EPB Export Promotion Bureau
EPZs Export Processing Zones
(73 (IߕXHQW7UHDWPHQW3ODQW
FGDs Focus Group Discussions
FY Fiscal Year
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GED General Economic Division
GoB Government of Bangladesh
GOTS Global Organic Textile Standard
GSP Generalised Scheme of Preference
ILO International Labour Organization
IT Information Technology
KIIs Key Informant Interviews
LDC Least Developed Country
LED Light Emitting Diode
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
MCPP Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan
MoC Ministry of Commerce
MoEFCC Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
Page | vii
MoF Ministry of Finance

MoI Ministry of Industries
MoIB Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
MoP Ministry of Planning
MoPEMR Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources
NSDA National Skills Development Authority
OCS Organic Content Standard
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
302 3ULPH0LQLVWHU‫ڕ‬V2IߔFH
5(&3 5HVRXUFH(IߔFLHQF\DQG&OHDQHU3URGXFWLRQ
RMG Readymade Garments
SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises
SMI Survey of Manufacturing Industries
SREDA Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority
SRS Simple Random Sampling
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
USA United States of America
Page | viii
1. Context and their stringent enforcement. As a part of this

effort, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) and
The export-oriented textile and readymade the textile and RMG sector need to have a clear
garments (RMG) sector is an important driving strategy for accomplishing environmental and
force of the economy of Bangladesh as it is a sustainability commitments in areas such as clean
source of employment generation and foreign HQHUJ\ FDUERQ QHXWUDOLW\ ZDVWH PDQDJHPHQW
exchange. Within the entire sector, RMG alone robust climate actions vis-à-vis the emerging EU
HDUQHG86'ELOOLRQLQߔVFDO\HDU )< *UHHQ 'HDO DQG FLUFXODU HFRQRP\ IUDPHZRUNV
7KLV ZDV SHU FHQW RI WKH WRWDO H[SRUW )ROORZLQJ WKH 3DULV &OLPDWH $JUHHPHQW LQ
HDUQLQJV LQ WKDW \HDU DQG SHU FHQW RI WKH and net-zero commitments of countries by the
total gross domestic product (GDP) of the country PLGGOH RI WKH FHQWXU\ DW &23 WKHUH LV KLJKHU
%*0($(3% 7KHWZRPDMRUH[SRUW and more stringent demand for environment
destination of the Bangladeshi RMG products and climate-friendly production in all sectors
are the European Union (EU) countries and the DQG EXVLQHVVHV +RZHYHU JLYHQ WKH HQRUPLW\
8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD 86$ ,Q )< of the tasks involved in achieving climate goals,
WRWDO 50* H[SRUW WR WKH (8 ZDV 86' collaborative efforts are needed, that involves all
ELOOLRQZKLFKZDVSHUFHQWRIWKHWRWDO50* stakeholders such as the entrepreneurs, buyers,
export of the country. The RMG export to the and the government.
86$ ZDV 86' ELOOLRQ LQ )< ZKLFK
ZDV SHU FHQW RI WKH WRWDO 50* H[SRUW$V In the above context, the present study has
a least developed country (LDC), Bangladesh examined the state of green transition initiatives
KDV EHHQ HQMR\LQJ GXW\ IUHH TXRWD IUHH ')4) in the textile and RMG sector of Bangladesh
market access under the Generalised Scheme of based on evidence collected from primary
Preference (GSP) under the EU’s Everything but VRXUFHV 7KH REMHFWLYHV RI WKH VWXG\ DUH WR L
Arms (EBA) initiative. EXLOG D QDWLRQZLGH IDFWRU\OHYHO HYLGHQFH RQ
the state of green practices in the textile and
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DQG50*VHFWRUVHPSOR\PLOOLRQSHRSOH 0L% barriers to and drivers of green transformation in
%70$ 7KH VHFWRU SOD\V D FULWLFDO the textile and RMG factories and investigate if
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WKHVKDUHRIZRPHQZRUNHUVLVSHUFHQWRIWKH LLL H[SORUH IDFWRULHV‫ ڕ‬NQRZOHGJH LQWHUHVW DQG
WRWDOHPSOR\PHQWLQWKH50*LQGXVWU\ 0L% FDSDFLW\LQDGRSWLQJJUHHQWUDQVLWLRQLQLWLDWLYHV LY
As an export-oriented industry, the textile and XQGHUVWDQG ZRUNHUV‫ ڕ‬DZDUHQHVV DQG SHUFHSWLRQ
50*VHFWRUPXVWFRPSO\ZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOODERXU RQEHQHߔWVRIJUHHQSUDFWLFHVDQG Y PDNHDVHW
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environmental compliance to remain competitive in making a green transformation of the textile
and meet the evolving standards of global brands. and RMG sector of the country.
)ROORZLQJ%DQJODGHVK‫ڕ‬VJUDGXDWLRQIURPWKH/'& 2. Data Sources and

FDWHJRU\ WR D GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWU\ LQ WKH Methodology
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other developed and developing country markets The study used a mixed approach involving both
for its RMG exports. As a developing country, TXDQWLWDWLYHDQGTXDOLWDWLYHWRROVDQGWHFKQLTXHV
Bangladesh can avail market access through the As part of the methodology, the study employed
*63 VFKHPH XSRQ IXOߔOOLQJ VHYHUDO FRPSOLDQFH four methods.
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UDWLߔFDWLRQ RI DOO WKH FRUH ODERXU FRQYHQWLRQV )LUVW D SULPDU\ VXUYH\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG DPRQJ
of the International Labour Organization (ILO) RZQHUV PDQDJHUV ZRUNHUV DQG VXSHUYLVRUV
Page | 1
Figure 2.1: Survey coverage
Mymensingh
Sirajganj
Chattogram
Tangail
Gazipur
Narsingdi
Kushtia Dhaka
Manikganj
Narayanganj
RMG
Textile
Source: ƵƚŚŽƌƐ͛ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͘
RI IDFWRULHV LQ WKH WH[WLOH DQG 50* VHFWRU ZHUHFRQGXFWHGZLWKIDFWRU\RZQHUVDQGWRS
EHWZHHQ -XQH DQG 1RYHPEHU $GGLWLRQDOO\ PDQDJHUV6L[DGGLWLRQDO.,,VZHUHFRQGXFWHGZLWK
D WRWDO RI ZRUNHUV DQG VXSHUYLVRUV ZHUH LQGXVWU\LQVLGHUV RZQHUVPDQDJHUVVXVWDLQDEOH
LQWHUYLHZHG IURP WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG IDFWRULHV RIߔFHUVDQGJUHHQFHUWLߔFDWLRQFRQVXOWDQWHWF WR
6DPSOHV ZHUH VHOHFWHG IROORZLQJ WKH 6LPSOH obtain an in-depth understanding of barriers and
Random Sampling (SRS) method. Of the surveyed challenges pertaining to green transition. Another
IDFWRULHVZHUH50*IDFWRULHVZKLOHZHUH IRXU.,,VZHUHFRQGXFWHGZLWKEUDQGVDQGEX\HUV
WH[WLOHIDFWRULHV7KHVDPSOHVZHUHVHOHFWHGIURP to understand their motivations and initiatives.
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selected factories are situated in nine districts of 7KLUGVHYHQIRFXVJURXSGLVFXVVLRQV )*'V ZHUH
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Second, the study conducted key informant RI WKHVH (*0V LQFOXGHG RZQHUV DQG RIߔFLDOV RI
LQWHUYLHZV .,,V WRHOLFLWLQIRUPDWLRQDQGLQVLJKWV textile and RMG factories, and representatives
RIVWDNHKROGHUVRIWKHVHFWRU6HPLVWUXFWXUHG.,,V from brands and buyers.
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3. Analytical Framework of the The current study is about greening the industry.
To elaborate, by greening the industry, it is meant
Study
that industrial production and development that
does not come at the expense of the health of
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natural systems or lead to adverse human health
outcomes. It includes commitment to and action on
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reducing the environmental impacts of industrial
concepts are used - greening of industries and
processes and products by improving production
green industries. Greening of industries imply the
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commitment of industries to reduce environmental
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impacts of their production processes and
industrialisation is essential for achieving a green
products. This is done through resource
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by using natural resources in a sustainable
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assets continue to provide the resources and
basically industries in the environmental goods
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and services sector. These industries manufacture
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clean technologies to achieve environmental
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Figure 3.1: ,ŽůŝƐƟĐǀŝĞǁŽĨ'ƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ
Economic
Benefits
• Increase in productivity
• Increase in innovation
Environmental Social
Benefits Benefits
• Efficient resource use • Employment generation

• Less waste & pollution • Socio-economic
• Less consumption of energy empowerment
• Proper management of • Good health
hazardous chemicals
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Figure 3.2: Pathways of Greening of Industries
Greening Industries
Resource Efficiency Chemical &

Energy
Pollution Control & Waste
Management
Cleaner Production Management
Industrial Industrial
Energy Chemical
Efficiency Management
Hazardous
Renewable
Waste
Energy
Management
Source: Adapted from UNIDO (2011) and Luken and Clarence-Smith (2019).
JUHHQLQJRILQGXVWULHVZLOOKDYHEHQHߔWVRQWKUHH aforementioned BBS categorisation. The minimum

streams–economic, social, and environmental. QXPEHU RI ZRUNHUV LQ ODUJH IDFWRULHV LV DQG
7KLVLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUHEHORZ WKH PD[LPXP LV )RU VPDOO DQG PHGLXP
factories, and micro factories, the minimum
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SROLFLHV LQ IRXU EURDG DUHDV L SROOXWLRQ FRQWURO the same categories of factories, the maximum
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environmental management, and human :KHQ FDWHJRULVHG WLHUZLVH SHU FHQW RI
GHYHORSPHQW LLL HQHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW DQG LY the RMG factories fall under tier 11. These are
FKHPLFDO ZDVWH PDQDJHPHQW )LJXUH VKRZV large factories located in the Export Processing
the components of greening industries. In order =RQHV (3=V DQG KDYH GLUHFW FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH
to implement these, various government policies IRUHLJQEX\HUV7KHVKDUHRIWLHU50*IDFWRULHV
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these factories are large and medium in size,
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IRUZDUG NH\ ߔQGLQJV RQ LQLWLDWLYHV WDNHQ E\ WKH $ ODUJH VKDUH SHU FHQW RI 50* IDFWRULHV
IDFWRULHVZKDWPRUHLVQHHGHGZKDWFKDOOHQJHV IDOOV XQGHU WLHU ZKLFK DUH ORFDWHG RXWVLGH WKH
GRWKH\IDFHDQGKRZWKRVHFDQEHRYHUFRPH EPZs and of various sizes including medium to
small and micro, and they do not have any direct
4. General Information of OLQN ZLWK IRUHLJQ EX\HUV 7LHUZLVH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI
Factories: Size, Location, VXUYH\ IDFWRULHV LV SUHVHQWHG LQ $QQH[ )LJXUH
$ )LJXUH SUHVHQWV WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI
Green Certificates factories by industry, and size.
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Page | 4
Figure 4.1: ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨ&ĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐďǇ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŶĚ^ŝǌĞ
A. Number of Textile and RMG Factories B. Distribution of Total Factories by Size
250
221
20.60%
200 182
58.31%
150
100
21.09%
50
0
RMG Textile Large Medium and Small Micro
C. Distribution of Factories by Textile and RMG Industries
159.00
160.00
120.00
69.00 83.13
76.00 67.66
80.00
56.47
48.00 43.53
37.00 32.34
40.00
14.00 16.87
0.00
Number % Number % Number %
Large Factories Medium and Small Factories Micro Factories
RMG Textile
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motivation UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGFHUWLߔFDWLRQE\WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
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The current study analysed some features of %&,%6&,*276+LJJ,QGH[6HGH[DQG2(.2
WKHJUHHQFHUWLߔHGIDFWRULHV$PRQJWKHODUJH TEX, etc. Among the surveyed factories that
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per cent of the large factories in the sample do RIFHUWLߔFDWLRQFDWHJRU\LV2(.27(;ZLWK
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Figure 4.2: &ĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͛<ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂďŽƵƚ'ƌĞĞŶĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ
17.50%
15.03%
80.70%
3.00%
Overall Large Factories Small & Medium Micro Factories
Factories
Source: ĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞW'ƌĞĞŶdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ^ƚƵĚǇƐƵƌǀĞǇĚĂƚĂ͘
,Q WHUPV RI DZDUHQHVV DQG NQRZOHGJH ODUJH NH\ UHDVRQV IRU VXFK YDULDWLRQV LQ NQRZOHGJH
IDFWRULHV DUH PRUH DZDUH RI JUHHQ FHUWLߔFDWLRQ DERXWJUHHQFHUWLߔFDWHV
than the others. Micro-sized factories are much
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ZLWKIDFWRU\RZQHUVDQGPDQDJHUVLWZDVUHYHDOHG VXFK DV EX\HU UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG D GHVLUH IRU
that factors such as access to information, EHFRPLQJ FRPSHWLWLYH DUH WKH PDMRU UHDVRQV IRU
UHVRXUFHV IRU FHUWLߔFDWLRQ DQG RYHUDOO FDSDFLW\ IDFWRULHVWRREWDLQJUHHQFHUWLߔFDWLRQ 7DEOH
to adopt environmentally compliant practices are 7KLVLPSOLHVWKDWWKHUHH[LVWVDZLOOLQJQHVVDPRQJ
Table 4.1: Motivations for Obtaining Green Certificate
Reasons Factories with Green Factories that do not have

certificate Green certificate but want
to obtain in the future
Frequency % of Cases Frequency % of Cases
Self-motivation
%X\HUV‫ڕ‬5HTXLUHPHQW 19 16
Sustainability Practice
To Become More Competitive
Marketing Strategy
%X\HUV‫ڕ‬,QߕXHQFH
Government Environmental Regulations
)ROORZLQJ2WKHU)DFWRU\([DPSOHV 1
Others - - 4
Source: Calculated from the CPD Green Transition Study survey data.
Note:6LQFHPXOWLSOHUHVSRQVHVZHUHDFFHSWHGWKHVXPRIWKHVKDUHVFRXOGEHJUHDWHUWKDQ
Page | 6
factories to voluntarily embrace sustainable are for energy conservation technologies,

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environmentally friendly processes. In case of level energy meter, building level ZDWHU PHWHU
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REWDLQJUHHQFHUWLߔFDWHLQFOXGHWKHLUFRPPLWPHQW VROLG ZDVWH PDQDJHPHQW DQG ZDVWHZDWHU
to sustainability, demand from buyers, and a PDQDJHPHQW )LJXUH
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Where are the factories investing

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and how much? GHSHQGHQF\ RQ JULG HOHFWULFLW\ SHU FHQW
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Figure 5.1: 'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ&ĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐŝŶsĂƌŝŽƵƐ'ƌĞĞŶŝŶŐWƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ IDFWRULHV ZKLFK XVH SHU
cent other their electricity from
Energy
the grid, and Tier 1 factories
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Waste Management Technology
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cent in the case of small and
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Source: ƵƚŚŽƌƐ͛ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞW'ƌĞĞŶdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ^ƵƌǀĞǇĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ͘
per cent for micro factories
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Figure 5.2: Average Use of Electricity in a Month by Factories
• Average 16,068.98 MWh of Total Electricity Use

Large • Average 8,562.56 MWh from Grid Electricity (65.12% of Average Total Electricity Use)
Factories
• Average 53.06 MWh of Total Electricity Use

Small and • Average 40.25 MWh from Grid Electriciy (86.59% of Average Total Electricity Use)
Medium
Factories
• Average 9.99 MWh of Total Electricity Use

Micro • Average 8.38 MWh from Grid Electricity (93.35% of Average Total Electricity Use)
Factories
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GXULQJODVWߔYH\HDUVZDV%'7PLOOLRQZKLFK green investment by small and medium, and micro
LV SHU FHQW RI WKHLU WRWDO LQYHVWPHQW )RU IDFWRULHVLVORZHUFRPSDUHGWRODUJHIDFWRULHVWKH
small and medium factories, and micro factories, share of green investment in their total investment
DYHUDJH JUHHQ LQYHVWPHQW GXULQJ WKH ODVW ߔYH is higher than that of the large factories.
\HDUVZDV%'7PLOOLRQDQG%'7PLOOLRQ
Figure 5.3: Source of Electricity Use by RMG Factories in Tier Groups
40.83% Electricity 57.05% 76.94%

from GRID Electricity from Electricity from
GRID GRID
Tier 1 Factories Tier 2 Factories Other Factories including Tier 3
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Figure 5.4: Factory Groupwise Average Green Investment in Last Five Years
Large Factories
BDT 78.07 Million 36.98% of Total Investment
Small and Medium Factories
Micro Factories
7KURXJKWKH.,,VLWZDVUHYHDOHGWKDWPRVWJUHHQ WHFKQRORJLHV ,QDGHTXDWH NQRZOHGJH UHJDUGLQJ

EXLOGLQJ FHUWLߔHG IDFWRULHV XVH DPRQJ RWKHUV W\SH DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI JUHHQ WHFKQRORJLHV ZDV
solar panels, metering system to monitor and also mentioned as a considerable challenge.
HIߔFLHQWO\ XVH HOHFWULFLW\ /(' OLJKWEXOEV VHUYR 'XULQJWKH.,,VLWZDVDOVRPHQWLRQHGWKDWWKHUHLV
PRWRUVH[KDXVWIDQVUDLQZDWHUKDUYHVWLQJZDWHU a shortage of skilled human resource to maintain
UHF\FOLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG HIߕXHQW WUHDWPHQW the technology.
plants (ETPs). Curiously, despite not being
FHUWLߔHGPRVWQRQJUHHQFHUWLߔHGIDFWRULHVGHSOR\ 6. Social Aspects of Greening
YDULRXV HQYLURQPHQWIULHQGO\ WHFKQRORJ\ DV ZHOO Factories
+RZHYHU WKH YDULHW\ DQG H[WHQW RI WHFKQRORJ\
use depend on factors including industry type and $ WRWDO RI ZRUNHUV ZHUH LQWHUYLHZHG IURP
factory size. While massive undertakings such the surveyed factories. The gender distribution
DV UDLQZDWHU KDUYHVWLQJ ZDWHU UHF\FOLQJ V\VWHP RI ZRUNHUV YDULHV VLJQLߔFDQWO\ EHWZHHQ WKH 50*
and ETPs can be mostly found in large factories, and the textile industry. It also varies according to
solar panels, LED bulbs, exhaust fans, etc. can IDFWRU\ VL]HV ,Q WKH ODUJH 50* IDFWRULHV
be found in both larger and smaller factories. SHU FHQW RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV ZHUH IHPDOH DQG
SHU FHQW ZHUH PDOH UHVSRQGHQWV $QQH[
'XULQJWKH.,,VWKHIDFWRU\RZQHUVDQGPDQDJHUV Table A6.1).
PHQWLRQHGVDIHDQGKHDOWK\ZRUNLQJHQYLURQPHQW
IRUHPSOR\HHVORZHUHQHUJ\ELOOVDQGFRVWVDYLQJV The textile industry reveals a different pattern in
reduced environmental impact, increased brand terms of gender representation. In the large textile
value and reputation, and increased customer factories, the share of female respondents is
LQWHUHVW DV SRWHQWLDO EHQHߔWV RI DGRSWLQJ JUHHQ SHUFHQWDQGWKHVKDUHRIPDOHUHVSRQGHQWV
WHFKQRORJLHV ,W ZDV DOVR PHQWLRQHG WKDW EHWWHU LV SHU FHQW )DFWRUV VXFK DV WKH QDWXUH RI
ventilation and temperature management ZRUNIDFWRU\VL]HORFDWLRQDQGLQGXVWU\VSHFLߔF
SRVLWLYHO\ LPSDFWV ZRUNHUV‫ ڕ‬SURGXFWLYLW\ $W WKH dynamics may contribute to these differences in
same time, higher initial investment costs, ongoing JHQGHUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDPRQJWKHZRUNHUV
maintenance and management costs, reduced
SURߔWPDUJLQVDQGFKDOOHQJHVLQDGDSWLQJWRQHZ It is evident from the survey that the age group of
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Page | 9
Figure 6.1: ŐĞ'ƌŽƵƉŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌŬĞƌƐ
1400 35
1200 30
Number of Workers
1000 25
Percentage
800 20
600 15
400 10
1063
1178
200 5
281
219
681
489
192
790
388
744
319
624
482
142
395
306
319
282
62
89
37
0 0
17 or 18–20 21–25 26–30 31–35 36–40 41 or
younger older
All Worker Male Worker Female Worker
All Worker % Male Worker % Female Worker %
VXUYH\HG ZRUNHUV ZLWK WKH PDMRULW\ LQ WKH Productivity and sickness of
\HDUVUDQJH7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIIHPDOHZRUNHUV workers
LVPRVWO\LQWKHDQGDJHJURXSVZKLOH
WKDW RI PDOH ZRUNHUV IROORZV D VLPLODU SDWWHUQ Workers in large factories have a higher likelihood
)LJXUH SUHVHQWV WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI ZRUNHUV of meeting their daily production targets. A larger
by age and gender. This information can be SHUFHQWDJHRIZRUNHUVUHSRUWHGWKDWWKH\‫ڔ‬RIWHQ‫ڕ‬RU
valuable for understanding the demographics of ‫ڔ‬DOZD\V‫ڕ‬PHHWWKHLUSURGXFWLRQWDUJHWV7KLVFRXOG
WKHZRUNIRUFHLQWKHVWXGLHGLQGXVWULHV be because of a combination of factors such as
Table 6.1: How Often Do the Workers Meet Their Daily Production Target
Response Large Factories Small and Medium Micro Factories Total

Factories
1HYHU 1 1 1
(%)
5DUHO\ 1 1 6 9
(%)
6RPHWLPHV 1
(%)
Often
1
$OZD\V 1
(%)
7RWDO 1 116
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Table 6.2: Workers’ Absence in The Last Month Due to Sickness
Yes N/ (%) No N/(%) Total N/(%)

/DUJH)DFWRULHV

6PDOODQG0HGLXP)DFWRULHV 119
(61.49)
0LFUR)DFWRULHV

Total

PRGHUQ WHFKQRORJ\ VNLOOHG ZRUNHUV DQG EHWWHU 7. Barriers for Greening

ZRUNLQJ HQYLURQPHQW LQFOXGLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDOO\
Factories
friendly environment (Table 6.1).
7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ LGHQWLߔHV IRXU PDMRU W\SHV
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of barriers that factories in the textile and RMG
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small and medium-sized, and micro factories
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have higher absence rates due to illness (Table
and regulatory barriers, (ii) institutional barriers,
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(iii) factory level barriers, and (iv) market-related
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some connections.
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Policy and regulatory barriers
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• Lack of harmonisation in policies and
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regulations: The Government of Bangladesh
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has mentioned considerable initiatives in its
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national development policy and plan, and
reported reduced health hazard, reduced medical
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cost, and improved productivity as the top three
climate change mitigation and adaptation, and
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options and strategic direction for managing
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climate and environmental challenges that
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pollution, and sustainable practices. This leads to
DPRUHSOHDVDQWDQGSURGXFWLYHZRUNHQYLURQPHQW
and reduced absenteeism and turnover rates.
Page | 11
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Climate Prosperity Plan (MCPP) recognises HQYLURQPHQWDO JRDOV KDV OHG WR LQVXIߔFLHQW
the Leadership in Energy and Environmental implementation of regulations, for instance,
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accreditation for export-oriented industries SURWHFWLRQ VXUFKDUJH ,Q WKH (LJKWK )LYH<HDU
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of the green export program, the plan has E\ DQG SHU FHQW RI FDVHV E\
VHW D JRDO RI DFKLHYLQJ SHU FHQW /((' 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKHUH LV QR VSHFLߔF PHQWLRQ RI
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suitable or necessary for certain sectors, progress in the green transition of the textile
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greater harmonisation and consistency among practices can be enhanced by the presence
policies. of green practice regulations tailored to small,
medium, and micro-sized factories.
Also, there is an obvious absence of
UHJXODWRU\ PHFKDQLVPV ZLWKLQ HQYLURQPHQWDO • Regulatory and policy uncertainty for
and industrial policies to address critical energy security: Regulatory and policy
FRQFHUQV UHODWHG WR VXUIDFH DQG JURXQGZDWHU uncertainty for energy security presents a
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no established pricing policy for the industrial XQFHUWDLQW\ LV HVSHFLDOO\ SHUWLQHQW ZKHQ LW
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levels in numerous densely industrialised energy.
areas, including Dhaka, Gazipur, and
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the implementation of regulatory tools to UHOLDQFH RQ IRVVLO IXHOV KDV EHHQ D GHߔQLQJ
effectively confront these environmental and FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI LWV HQHUJ\ VHFWRU )RVVLO
industrial challenges cannot be overstated. fuels, including coal, natural gas, and oil, have
traditionally played a central role in meeting the
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in policies and regulatory frameworks: policies designed to support and incentivise
Bangladesh’s textile and RMG industry needs these industries may take the form of subsidies
PRUHVSHFLߔFDQGGHߔQHGJRDOVLQSROLFLHVDQG WKDW ORZHU WKH FRVW RI IRVVLO IXHO WD[ EHQHߔWV
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practices. The existing environmental industries, or environmental standards that
PRQLWRULQJ DQG UHJXODWRU\ IUDPHZRUN QHHGV may not be as stringent as those promoting
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to invest in cleaner and more sustainable non-compliance may be relatively minor
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advantages offered by the current system VRPH IDFWRU\ RZQHUV WR YLHZ WKH SHQDOWLHV
FDQ RYHUVKDGRZ WKH SRWHQWLDO EHQHߔWV RI as a cost of doing business rather than an
transitioning to green energy solutions. This LQFHQWLYH IRU VXVWDLQDELOLW\ &RQVHTXHQWO\
KHVLWDQF\WRVKLIWWRZDUGVJUHHQHUWHFKQRORJLHV numerous factories engaged in processes
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the potential to be more cost-effective and “red” industries) often display reluctance in
environmentally responsible in the long term. RSHUDWLQJWKHLU(73VHIIHFWLYHO\ZKLFKUHVXOWV
in degradation of environment.
The energy mix argument underscores that
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environmentally sustainable energy sources. process.
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and regulations because of lax enforcement the participation of multiple government
DQG DZDUHQHVV UHJDUGLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO entities, including the DoE, the Ministry of
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that all applicable industrial facilities must
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WKHLU ZDVWHZDWHU WR PHHW VSHFLߔHG VWDQGDUGV factories are located along the eastern banks
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RI WHFKQLFDO H[SHUWLVH ZLWKLQ WKH FRQFHUQHG The Bangladesh Inland Water Transport
agency. Authority (BIWTA), responsible for maintaining
the river’s navigability, has faced challenges
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technologies.
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PDQ\ HQWHUSULVHV QHHG PRUH DZDUHQHVV DQG DV REWDLQLQJ JUHHQ FHUWLߔFDWLRQ UHWURߔWWLQJ
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process can be particularly challenging due KLJK XSIURQW FRVWV ZKLFK FDQ GHWHU IDFWRULHV
to a lack of information. A considerable lack from embracing green initiatives due to the
RI DZDUHQHVV KDV EHHQ LGHQWLߔHG IURP WKH SHUFHLYHG ߔQDQFLDO ULVN 1RWDEO\ WKH FRVW
VXUYH\ UHVXOW 2QO\ SHU FHQW RI WKH RI REWDLQLQJ YDULRXV JUHHQ FHUWLߔFDWLRQV IRU
RZQHUVDQGPDQDJHUVIURPWKHQRQJUHHQ GLIIHUHQW EX\HUV LV UHODWLYHO\ KLJK ZKLFK
EXLOGLQJ FHUWLߔHG IDFWRULHV NQHZ DERXW JUHHQ remains a challenge for many factories. Lack
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managers of large factories are considerably DQG PD\ SXW WKHP LQ D GLVDGYDQWDJHRXV
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understanding of the greening concept and provide collateral. When these businesses
environmental compliance issues. At the same ZHUH LQLWLDOO\ HVWDEOLVKHG PDQ\ KDG WR
time, the need for education and training VHFXUH ORDQV XVLQJ ZKDWHYHU FROODWHUDO WKH\
pertaining to green practices for the smaller KDG &RQVHTXHQWO\ DGGLWLRQDO LQYHVWPHQWV
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WR WKH IDFWRU\ HPSOR\HHV SHU FHQW RI challenging as this entails further collateral
VXSHUYLVRUV UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH\ DUH DZDUH RI UHTXLUHPHQW:KLOHWKH%DQJODGHVK%DQNKDV
green or environmental-friendly practices in LQWURGXFHG WKH ‫ڔ‬5HߔQDQFH 6FKHPH IRU *UHHQ
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compared to small and medium, and micro loan from commercial banks, implementation
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UHSRUW WR DYDLO WKH UHߔQDQFH VFKHPH IURP
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7KH SHUFHLYHG ߔQDQFLDO ULVN DVVRFLDWHG attempting to make substantial investments in

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from embracing green initiatives, resulting inherent need for more control over the building
in missed opportunities for cost savings, DQGLWVV\VWHPVWRXQGHUWDNHVLJQLߔFDQWJUHHQ
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performance. control and authority over structural changes
and technology upgrades can be limited, thus
• Limited capacity and capability of factories: impeding the adoption of comprehensive
7KHZLGHYDULDWLRQLQWKHFDSDFLW\RIIDFWRULHV green practices.
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embeddedness of environmental sustainability Moreover, factories that are already established
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particularly performing better in terms of VXVWDLQDEOH VWDQGDUGV 7KH UHWURߔWWLQJ RI
considering environmental sustainability in older facilities to meet these standards can
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related policies, identifying environmental challenging. Adapting existing infrastructure
protection as factories corporate social WRFRPSO\ZLWKQHZHQYLURQPHQWDOUHJXODWLRQV
responsibility. Other factories are lagging and standards often necessitates substantial
FRQVLGHUDEO\ EHKLQG ZKHQ LW FRPHV WR WKHVH LQYHVWPHQWV LQ WHFKQRORJ\ HTXLSPHQW DQG
aspects. IDFLOLW\ PRGLߔFDWLRQV SUHVHQWLQJ D IRUPLGDEOH
barrier to the adoption of green initiatives.
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GHVLJQDWHGSHUVRQWRZRUNRQVXVWDLQDELOLW\ RU Market-related barriers
HYHQ D ‫ڔ‬+HDG RI 6XVWDLQDELOLW\‫ ڕ‬DORQJ ZLWK D
VHSDUDWHHQYLURQPHQWDOFRPSOLDQFHPDQDJHU • Lack of market-driven incentives: The
RIߔFHU ,Q WKH FDVHV RI VPDOOHU IDFWRULHV WKH absence of market-driven incentives can
VLWXDWLRQLVTXLWHGLVPDO'XULQJWKH.,,VLWZDV SRVH D VLJQLߔFDQW EDUULHU WR ߔUPV DGRSWLQJ
DFNQRZOHGJHG WKDW PDMRULW\ RI WKH ZRUNHUV sustainable practices. The survey conducted
GR QRW KDYH VXIߔFLHQW NQRZOHGJH UHJDUGLQJ IRU WKLV VWXG\ IRXQG WKDW ߔUPV ZHUH SULPDULO\
WKH JUHHQLQJ LQLWLDWLYHV ,W ZDV PHQWLRQHG motivated by internal factors and market-
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and managers often need to rely on foreign WUDQVLWLRQLQJ WR VXVWDLQDEOH SUDFWLFHV )RU
H[SHUWLVHZKHQLPSRUWLQJDQGLQVWDOOLQJVWDWH example, the absence of premium prices for
of-the-art machinery in their factories. The JUHHQSURGXFWVLVDVLJQLߔFDQWEDUULHUWRJUHHQ
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DQG WUDLQLQJ IRU ZRUNHUV WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH discourages factories from investing in green
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machineries they use. any additional revenue from such investments.
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• Operational barriers: Another set of barriers HQWUHSUHQHXUVPD\PDNHOHVVSURߔWVLQFHWKH
that hinders the adoption of green initiatives prices remain the same.
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of greening in rented infrastructure or the • Lack of information and expertise on
IDFWRULHV ZKLFK DUH DOUHDG\ HVWDEOLVKHG green technologies: A disparity in access
)DFWRULHVRSHUDWLQJZLWKLQUHQWHGLQIUDVWUXFWXUH to information about green technologies can
PD\ HQFRXQWHU FRQVLGHUDEOH KXUGOHV ZKHQ also hinder factories from developing their
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regarding green technologies and best FRQVXPSWLRQ SDWWHUQV UHYHDO GLVSDULWLHV ZLWK
practices can curtail a factory’s capacity smaller factories relying more on grid electricity.
to embrace environmentally friendly Worker demographics vary by gender and
technologies. This information gap is more DJH ZLWK ODUJH IDFWRU\ ZRUNHUV GHPRQVWUDWLQJ
pronounced in small and medium-sized as KLJKHU SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG ORZHU VLFNQHVVUHODWHG
ZHOODVPLFURVL]HGIDFWRULHVLQFRPSDULVRQWR absenteeism rates compared to their counterparts
their larger counterparts. LQ VPDOOHU IDFWRULHV 7KHVH ߔQGLQJV FROOHFWLYHO\
depict the diverse landscape of factories, their
Additionally, the need for green technology sustainability efforts, and the characteristics of
varies among factories of different sizes. WKHLUZRUNIRUFH
&RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI WKHVH
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WHFKQRORJ\ 0RUHRYHU VRPH IDFWRULHV UHTXLUH study makes a number of recommendations for
assistance in identifying suitable green securing green transition in the textile and RMG
materials and technologies to implement sector in Bangladesh. These recommendations
sustainable practices, thereby compounding KDYH EHHQ FOXVWHUHG XQGHU ߔYH EURDG WKHPHV
WKH FKDOOHQJHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK PDNLQJ WKH viz. policy and regulatory measures, economic
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8. Conclusions and development. In this connection, it must be noted
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and may have considerable overlaps among
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facets of these industrial establishments. These
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VLJQLߔFDQWO\ ZLWK D PDMRULW\ IDOOLQJ LQ WKH PLFUR green transition of the textile and RMG sector of
category. Among large factories, green building the country, a multistakeholder approach has been
FHUWLߔFDWLRQ DZDUHQHVV YDULHV DQG VRPH QRQ considered. As can be seen from the discussion
JUHHQ FHUWLߔHG IDFWRULHV HPEUDFH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ later, the government agencies play a central role
to meet environmental regulations and buyer LQLPSOHPHQWLQJWKHVHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV)URPD
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factories reveals varied characteristics. WHUPDQGSURMHFWFHQWULFLQQDWXUH$GGLWLRQDOO\WKH
buyers, industry associations, and international
0RWLYDWLRQV IRU JUHHQ FHUWLߔFDWLRQ HQFRPSDVV development partners also have a critical role
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sustainability is more prevalent in large factories, WKH\ FDQ FRQWULEXWH VXEVWDQWLDOO\ WRZDUGV JUHHQ
and the adoption of green policies is higher ߔQDQFH DZDUHQHVV DQG NQRZOHGJH VKDULQJ
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make substantial investments in green initiatives. the academia and think-tanks can provide their
Page | 16
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green transition. BB, and MoP should be integral parts of the
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8.1 Policy and Regulatory Measures HQJDJHPHQW ZLWK WKH LQGXVWU\ DQG RWKHU
stakeholders including academia and think-
The task of securing green transition in the textile tanks to gather feedback and suggestions
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the policy domain. Given the multidimensional FRPSUHKHQVLYH DQG SDUWLFLSDWRU\ UHYLHZ
nature of the issue and the number and types process.
of stakeholders involved, effective coordination
among these players is critical so that policies are • Developing a common framework for green
not contradictory to each other, and efforts are standards and certification procedures
V\QHUJLVWLF6SHFLߔFDFWLRQVWKDWFDQEHWDNHQLQ based on international best practices and
WKLVUHJDUGLQFOXGH market requirements: As mentioned, lack
RI D VWDQGDUG GHߔQLWLRQ RI JUHHQLQJ UHVXOWV LQ
• Developing a comprehensive strategy that YDULRXV RSHUDWLRQDO GLIߔFXOWLHV IRU WKH ߔUPV
covers all aspects of a green transition To this end, government agencies such as
for the textile and RMG sector based on 0R, 0R()&& DQG QRQVWDWH DFWRUV LQFOXGLQJ
stakeholder consultation and evidence- industry associations, buyers, academia,
based analysis: The strategy should include DQG WKLQNWDQNV FDQ FROODERUDWH WRZDUGV
short-term and long-term goals, indicators, GHYHORSLQJ D FRPPRQ IUDPHZRUN IRU JUHHQ
targets, timelines, roles, responsibilities, VWDQGDUGV DQG FHUWLߔFDWLRQ $OO ߔUPV ZRXOG
budgets, and monitoring mechanisms. The adhere to the same environmental benchmarks
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Industries (MoI) can take the lead in developing and less costly for factories to obtain green
this strategy. Pertinent government agencies FHUWLߔFDWLRQV UHTXLUHG E\ YDULRXV EX\HUV
including the Ministry of Commerce (MoC), eliminating the need to undergo multiple audits
0LQLVWU\ RI )LQDQFH 0R) %DQJODGHVK %DQN RUFHUWLߔFDWLRQV
(BB), Ministry of Planning (MoP), and the Prime
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involved and consulted in the formulation related certifications: Technical assistance
process. The industry associations, buyers, and guidance could be provided to factories
academia, and think-tanks must be consulted to help them in implementing green standards
and be made part of the strategy development DQG FHUWLߔFDWLRQ SURFHGXUHV VXFK DV
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contribute to the evidence generation process UHGXFLQJ ZDVWH DQG XVLQJ UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\
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strategy. WKH 0R, DQG 6XVWDLQDEOH DQG 5HQHZDEOH
Energy Development Authority (SREDA),
• Creating a task force/committee to review and the industry associations and buyers can
policies and regulations related to the WDNH WKH OHDG UROH )XUWKHUPRUH ߔUPV FRXOG
green transition in the textile and RMG be incentivised to adopt green standards
sector:7KLVZLOOKHOSLGHQWLI\DQ\DPELJXLWLHV DQG FHUWLߔFDWLRQ SURFHGXUHV YLD RIIHULQJ
or contradictions and take timely actions SUHIHUHQWLDO DFFHVV WR EX\HUV ߔQDQFLQJ WD[
to address them, promoting a conducive breaks, or subsidies.
environment for green transition. Government
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technological development, productivity through mechanisms like soft loans, grants, and
enhancement, skill development of and higher seed funds. Information on the availability of
ZHOIDUH IRU WKH ZRUNHUV VKRXOG EH VXSSRUWHG funds should be disseminated by the relevant
through economic incentives. Correspondingly, departments of the government and industry
WKHIROORZLQJLQLWLDWLYHVFRXOGEHWDNHQ associations. Some actions that can be taken in
WKLVUHJDUGLQFOXGH
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as tax breaks and subsidies, for factories • Creating a comprehensive system for
that invest in sustainable production accessing green financing programmes:
processes: These incentives should be (DV\DFFHVVWRJUHHQߔQDQFHFDQEHIDFLOLWDWHG
DOLJQHG ZLWK WKH VHFWRUDO FOLPDWH JRDOV DQG by creating an online portal for factories that
environmental standards. Tax incentives may ZDQWWRLQYHVWLQVXVWDLQDEOHSUDFWLFHV7KH,&7
be provided to small and medium factories Division of the government can develop the
ZKLFKZDQWWRLPSRUWHIߕXHQWWUHDWPHQWSODQWV portal and may include all relevant information
DQG REWDLQ JUHHQ FHUWLߔFDWHV 7KH 0R, 0R) SHUWDLQLQJ WR JUHHQ ߔQDQFH RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG
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the instruments to incentivise investments in WKH DOORFDWLRQ RI IXQGV IRU JUHHQ ߔQDQFLQJ
sustainable production processes. programmes, developing a help desk to assist
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• Withdrawing fiscal support to the polluters: application process, limiting the documentation
)LVFDO VXSSRUW WR SROOXWLQJ LQGXVWULHV DQG UHTXLUHPHQWDQGUHGXFLQJWKHWLPHUHTXLUHGIRU
IRVVLO IXHOEDVHG SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ VKRXOG DSSURYDOZLOOEHJUHDWO\EHQHߔFLDOIRUIDFWRULHV
EH ZLWKGUDZQ DQG WUDQVIHUUHG WR FOHDQ LQWHUHVWHG LQ JUHHQ ߔQDQFLQJ 7KH 0R) %%
technologies. The textile and RMG factories DQG0R,FDQZRUNMRLQWO\WRWKLVHQG
investing in green production processes
should have access to those funds. Given • Establishing a credit guarantee scheme
the contentious nature of the initiative, the to enable smaller factories to access
0R,0R)DQG0LQLVWU\RI3RZHU(QHUJ\DQG sustainable financing options: Such options
0LQHUDO 5HVRXUFHV 0R3(05 ZLOO QHHG WR may include providing guarantees or insurance
play a strong leadership role. IRU60(VWKDWIDFHGLIߔFXOWLHVREWDLQLQJORDQV
for green investments. The Bangladesh Bank
• Providing premium prices for products DQGFRPPHUFLDOEDQNVZLOOKDYHDQLPSRUWDQW
from green factories: As mentioned earlier, role to play in making green funds available
premium prices are expected to encourage WR WKHVH ߔUPV 7KH EX\HUV DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO
more factories to engage in greening initiatives. GHYHORSPHQW SDUWQHUV FDQ ߔQDQFLDOO\
)XUWKHUPRUHVXFKDQLQLWLDWLYHZLOOEHDEOHWR FRQWULEXWHWRZDUGVWKHVHIXQGVZKLOHWKH0R,
compensate for the huge initial investment can serve the role of an interlocutor.
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EX\HUV ZLOO KDYH WR SOD\ WKH OHDG UROH LQ WKLV 8.4 Awareness and Knowledge
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continuously pursue this agenda. The MoI can
act as the interlocutor in case of a possible All types of factories in the textile and RMG sector
GHDORUDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHEX\HUVDQGWKH should have access to information on greening
industry. WKHLU RXWOHWV $ZDUHQHVV LV QHHGHG RQ WKH
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be green. Information on green transition should • Providing technical guidance and
EH HDVLO\ DYDLODEOH QRW RQO\ WR WKH RZQHUV EXW support to mitigate knowledge gaps: The
DOVRRIߔFLDOVZRUNHUVDQGWUDGHXQLRQPHPEHUV JRYHUQPHQW LQ FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH EX\HUV
6SHFLߔF DFWLRQV WKDW FDQ EH WDNHQ LQ WKLV UHJDUG associations, international development
DUH partners, and academia, should offer technical
guidance and support to assist factories in
• Making information on greening publicly adopting sustainable practices and addressing
available: The government, keeping NQRZOHGJHJDSV7KLVFDQLQFOXGHDVVLVWDQFH
in mind its climate-related goals and LQ REWDLQLQJ JUHHQ FHUWLߔFDWLRQV LGHQWLI\LQJ
commitments, should ensure that information cost-saving opportunities for factories to
on effective green management, practices, transition to sustainable practices, and helping
and technologies is readily available to all them develop sustainable business models.
LQWHUHVWHG SDUWLHV7KH 0R()&& DQG WKH 0R,
can be instrumental in this regard. The goal 8.5 Skills and Capacity Development
of information sharing can be achieved by
establishing a central database or platform 7KHUH VKRXOG EH VSHFLDO WUDLQLQJ DQG ZRUNVKRS
for disseminating information on sustainable for the factories, particularly the small and
practices. The ICT Division can develop such PHGLXPHQWHUSULVHVWRUDLVHWKHLUDZDUHQHVVDQG
D SODWIRUP 1RQJRYHUQPHQW HQWLWLHV VXFK DV encourage them to undertake green measures.
industry associations, academia, and think Women’s participation in such trainings must be
WDQNV VKRXOG DOVR EH DOORZHG WR FRQWULEXWH ensured. These can be organised by industry
to this platform. By making this information DVVRFLDWLRQV ZLWK VXSSRUW IURP DFDGHPLD DQG
SXEOLFO\DYDLODEOHߔUPVFDQJDLQDFFHVVWRWKH think-tanks and be funded by buyers and
QHFHVVDU\ NQRZOHGJH DQG WRROV UHTXLUHG WR international development partners. Training
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• Conducting workshops, training sessions, should be organised by relevant ministries and
and campaigns to foster changes in values departments, associations, and the central bank,
and attitudes toward sustainability: The Bangladesh Bank. Training should be an ongoing
JRYHUQPHQW LQ FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH EX\HUV process since rules and regulations often change
industry associations, and international and all stakeholders related to the sector including
development partners, should organise WKHRZQHUVPDQDJHUVWUDGHXQLRQVDQGZRUNHUV
UHJXODU ZRUNVKRSV DQG WUDLQLQJ VHVVLRQV WR VKRXOGEHPDGHDZDUHRIVXFKFKDQJHV+HQFH
UDLVH LQGXVWU\ VWDNHKROGHUV‫ ڕ‬DZDUHQHVV RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW DJHQFLHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH 1DWLRQDO
WKH EHQHߔWV RI VXVWDLQDEOH SUDFWLFHV 7KHVH 6NLOOV 'HYHORSPHQW $XWKRULW\ 16'$ DQG WKH
sessions give participants a comprehensive MoI can take the lead coordinating role. Some
understanding of sustainable practices, their LQLWLDWLYHVLQWKLVUHJDUGFRXOGEH
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them. Among the government agencies, • Increasing the availability of skilled
WKH 0R()&& DQG WKH 0R, VKRXOG WDNH WKH human resources: This can be achieved via
lead in this case to ensure continuation and developing and expanding apprenticeship and
sustainability of the initiatives. Launching mentorship programmes in green industries,
campaigns to promote sustainable practices GHYHORSLQJ SDUWQHUVKLSV ZLWK SULYDWH VHFWRU
DQG WKHLU LPSRUWDQFH FDQ DOVR EH EHQHߔFLDO organisations to provide training and
LQ VSUHDGLQJ DZDUHQHVV %RWK WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI FHUWLߔFDWLRQ SURJUDPPHV IRU JUHHQ VNLOOV DQG
Information and Broadcasting (MoIB) and the incentivising individuals and businesses to
media can be instrumental in this regard. participate in green skills training programmes.
Page | 19
7KH 16'$ 0R, DQG LQGXVWU\ DVVRFLDWLRQV management, and circular economy. A levy
FDQ MRLQWO\ ZRUN RQ WKLV LVVXH ZKLOH EX\HUV on high-carbon energy sources or a portion
and international development partners can RIWKHJUHHQLQFHQWLYHVIRUߔUPVFRXOGߔQDQFH
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LQGXVWU\DVVRFLDWLRQVFDQMRLQWO\ZRUNWRZDUGV
‫( ڞ‬VWDEOLVKLQJDJUHHQVNLOOVGHYHORSPHQWIXQG initiating and managing this fund. Besides,
7KLV ZLOO VXSSRUW ߔUPV WR SURYLGH WUDLQLQJ IRU the international development partners and
WKHLU ZRUNHUV RQ HQHUJ\ HIߔFLHQF\ ZDVWH buyers can also contribute to this fund.
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References
%%6 Survey of Manufacturing Industries (SMI) 'KDND %DQJODGHVK %XUHDX RI 6WDWLVWLFV
%%6 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSVEEVSRUWDOJRYEGVLWHVGHIDXOWߔOHVߔOHVEEVSRUWDOJRYEGSDJHE
DEBEBFDBIBFIEIDHEFEHHDEHEEFG
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Commission, Ministry of Planning Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Retrieved
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Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(10) GRL KWWSG[GRL
RUJ,-$5%66YL
.KDQ 0 , :LFKWHULFK & Safety and labour conditions: the accord and the national
tripartite plan of action for the garment industry of Bangladesh %HUOLQ *OREDO /DERXU 8QLYHUVLW\
5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSVJOREDOODERXUXQLYHUVLW\RUJZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVߔOHDGPLQ*/8B:RUNLQJB
3DSHUV*/8B:3B1RSGI
/XNHQ5 &ODUHQFH6PLWK( Greening Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Dar-es-

6DODDP821*2=,,QVWLWXWH5RXWOHGJHKWWSVGRLRUJ
0L% Mapped in Bangladesh: Summary5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVPDSSHGLQEDQJODGHVKRUJ
0R()&& Mujib Clilmate Properity Plan:Decade 2030 'KDND 0LQLVWU\ RI (QYLURQPHQW
)RUHVWDQG&OLPDWH&KDQJH*RYHUQPHQWRIWKH3HRSOH‫ڕ‬V5HSXEOLFRI%DQJODGHVK5HWULHYHGIURP
KWWSVPXMLESODQFRP
0R()&& National Adaptation Plan of Bangladesh (2023-2050) 'KDND 0LQLVWU\ RI
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5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSVPRHIJRYEGVLWHQHZVHFEIHDEFIHE1DWLRQDO
$GDSWDWLRQ3ODQRIEG
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2(&' Towards Green Growth3DULV2(&'3XEOLVKLQJ5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVZZZRHFG

RUJJUHHQJURZWKSGI
81,'2 A Greener Footprint for Industry Opportunities and challenges of sustainable industrial
development9LHQQD8QLWHG1DWLRQV,QGXVWULDO'HYHORSPHQW2UJDQL]DWLRQ5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSV
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sustainable-industrial-development
81,'2 UNIDO Green Industry Policies for supporting Green Industr\ 9LHQQD 8QLWHG
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ߔOHVZHEBSROLFLHVBJUHHQBLQGXVWU\BSGI
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Annex
Figure A4.1: dŝĞƌͲǁŝƐĞŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨ^ƵƌǀĞǇĞĚZD'&ĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ
200 100.00 120

180
100
160
Number of Factories
140
62.09 80
Percentage
120
100 60
80
30.22
40
60
40 7.69 20
20
55 113 182
0 14 0
Tier 1 Tier 2 Others including Tier 3 Total
Freq. % of factories in tier
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ ĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞW'ƌĞĞŶdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ^ƚƵĚǇƐƵƌǀĞǇĚĂƚĂ͘
Table A.1: 2ther Environmental CertiÀcates
Name of the CertiÀcates Freq. Per cent

BCI
BSCI 6
(QYLURQPHQW&OHDUDQFH&HUWLߔFDWH
GOTS
OCS
RCS 1
GRS 4
Higg Index 1
2(.27(;
,62 1
OHS 1
SGS 1
Sedex 14
ZDHC 1
Step octax 1
Total
Note:&ODVVLߔFDWLRQZDVQRWFUHDWHGVLQFHRQO\ODUJHߔUPVKDYHWKHFHUWLߔFDWHV
3DJH_
Table A5.1: Investments, Loans, and Interest Rate
Investments, Loans, Large Factories Small and Medium Factories Micro Factories
and interest rate Yes No Avg. Amount/ Avg. Yes No Avg. Amount/ Avg. Yes No Avg. Amount/ Avg.
(%) (%) Interest rate (%) (%) (%) Interest rate (%) (%) (%) Interest rate (%)
Total Investment in last
\HDUV
Take bank loans for
making investment
Green Investment
2QO\LQODVW\HDUV
Take bank loans
for making green
investment only
Percentage of Green - - - - - -
investment of total
investment
3DJH_
Table A6.1: Distribution of Respondents by Size and Gender
Category RMG Textile

Female Worker Male Worker Female Worker Male Worker
/DUJH)DFWRULHV n
%
6PDOODQG0HGLXP)DFWRULHV n
%
0LFUR)DFWRULHV n 116
%
Infographic 1
Securing
Green INFOGRAPHIC 1
May 2023
Transition of the
TEXTILE & READYMADE
GARMENTS SECTOR IN
BANGLADESH
WHAT MOTIVATES FACTORIES TO ATTAIN

HOW FACTORIES GREEN BUILDING/PRODUCTION/PROCESS
CERTIFICATION
ARE ADOPTING
GREEN INITIATIVES
A SNAPSHOT Sustainability
CPD carried out a nationwide survey which Practice Marketing
Strategy
Buyer’s
covered owners and managers of 403 factories Requirement
Increased
Competitiveness
in Bangladesh. Of these, 182 were RMG and
221 were textile factories. Additionally, a total
Self- Motivation
of 4,541 workers and supervisors were
interviewed as part of this survey.
Factories that do not have any green building
SIZE AND TYPE OF SURVEYED FACTORIES
16.87% Self- Motivation
Textile
Marketing Strategy
56.47%
67.66% Increased Competitiveness
Buyer’s Requirement
83.13%
RMG
Sustainability Practice
43.53%
32.34% Factories with green product/ material/
Increased
LARGE SMALL & MEDIUM MICRO Competitiveness Self-
Motivation
Marketing Buyer’s
Strategy Influence
WHETHER FACTORIES KNOW ABOUT Buyer’s
GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION? Requirement
17.5%
Factories that want to obtain green product/

15.3%
80.7%
material/resources/production process
3.0%
Self- Motivation
Increased Competitiveness
Marketing Strategy
Buyer’s Requirement
Buyer’s Influence
LARGE SMALL & MEDIUM MICRO TOTAL
(Infographic 1 contd.)
3DJH_
DO FACTORY EMPLOYEES RECEIVE EMBEDDEDNESS OF GREEN POLICIES

WITHIN FACTORIES
25.6% 26.8% 28.0%
26.1%
90.4%
10.6%
8.9% factories’ strategic
objectives mention
environmental
factories have
clear policies
promoting
factories
identify
environmental
sustainability issues environmental protection as its
to prevent future sustainability or corporate social
health and awareness in all responsibility
environmental functional areas
LARGE SMALL & MEDIUM MICRO TOTAL damage
MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING GREEN INVESTMENT OUT OF TOTAL

FACTORIES’ GREEN INVESTMENT DECISIONS INVESTMENT IN LAST FIVE YEARS
37.0%
WHETHER ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY HAS LARGE
WHETHER BEEN SET AS A FACTORIES
OWNERS OR STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
MANAGERS HAVE WHETHER
ENEGY CONSERVATION
44.8%
TRAINING OR DEGREE
RELATED TO TARGETS HAVE SMALL & MEDIUM
SUSTAINABILITY OR BEEN SET FACTORIES
GREEN PRACTICE
Green
MICRO
FACTORIES 54.0%
Investment
MAJOR AREAS OF GREEN INVESTMENT BY FACTORIES
ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Energy Air DUST POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING LEVEL ENERGY METER
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

BUILDING LEVEL WATER METER
Waste
Water Management WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
Technology
FOR DETA I LS Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)

Securing House 40/C, Road 11 (new)
Green Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh
Telephone: (+88 02) 48118090, 55001185, 58156979
Transition of the
TEXTILE & READYMADE E-mail: [email protected]
GARMENTS SECTOR IN
BANGLADESH cpd.org.bd cpd.org.bd
cpdbd CPDBangladesh
3DJH_
Securing Large factories are more aware than SMEs
Green Journey towards
Transition of the 17.51% of the
TEXTILE & READYMADE
Green Transition 71.13%
GARMENTS SECTOR IN factory owners and of supervisors are aware of green or
BANGLADESH
INFOGRAPHIC
environmental-friendly
Infographic 2
Through ADKAR Lense managers are aware

78.99% practices in factories.
of green certification.
The ADKAR model is a change management framework comprising five
key elements: Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, and Reinforcement.
It provides a structured approach for individuals and organisations to
of workers
Higher level of awareness is observed

2
June 2023
successfully navigate and adapt to change by addressing the psychological

and practical aspects of change implementation.
in large factories compared to small &
medium and micro factories. Self-motivation and marketing
The findings have been derived from a survey on the following. strategy are the key factors for
desiring green certification
182 221 4541
RMG Textile Workers &
Factories Factories Supervisors 68.18% of the owners and managers
expressed their desire to obtain
green certification.
AWARENESS Top three reasons for obtaining
Unlocking enviroment-friendly practices through green certifications
financial support & streamlined processes Self-motivation
69.70%
Limited funding access, complex documentation, reliance on DESIRE 54.55% Marketing strategy
self-investment and loans for environment-friendly practices.
39.39% Competitiveness
Limited financial support, subsidies and tax Change
concessions for green practices.
Management 87.50% are willing to adapt with
Incentives required to encourage the of supervisors
3DJH_
Framework new machinery/equipment/
transition of factories to green.
REINFORCEMENT
technology for greening
83.28% the process.
KNOWLEDGE of workers
SMEs have limited ability to adopt green

technologies compared to large factories ABILITY
Asymmetric information and constrained access to credit Knowledge asymmetry exists

are limiting the factories’ ability to obtain green certification. regarding green initiatives
Influencing factors for workers’ ability to adopt greening process
Overall, only 12.61% of owners and managers
have training related to sustainability or greening
40.48% Lack of training 30.00% Unwillingness to learn about new technology
factory or environmental compliance.
Owners, managers, and workers in large factories are more receptive in adopting
24.74% 11.97% have knowledge about any
the green process compared to small & medium and micro factories.
of supervisors of workers new machinery/equipment/technology.
FOR DETAILS
Infographic 3
INFOGRAPHIC
Securing
Green PATHWAYS TO GREEN TRANSITION

Transition of the
TEXTILE & READYMADE
GARMENTS SECTOR IN
BANGLADESH
OF THE TEXTILE AND RMG SECTOR
Thematic Area 1 POLICY AND REGULATORY MEASURES
Bangladesh Bank
Ministry of Finance
Prime Minister's Office
Developing a
comprehensive
strategy that covers all Sustainable and Renewable Energy
aspects of a green Development Authority
transition based on
Ministry of Planning stakeholder consultation
and evidence-based
analysis
Ministry of Commerce
Ministry of Industries
Policy and Regulatory Measures
Providing
Creating a task assistance to
force/committee to obtain
review policies and green-related
certifications
regulations related
to the green
transition
Think-tanks
Buyers
Academia
Industry Associations
Developing a
common framework
Ministry of Environment, for green standards
and certification
Forest and Climate Change procedures based on
international best
practices and market
requirements
Thematic area Policy recommendations Actors relevant to the recommendations

FOR DETAILS
3DJH_
INFOGRAPHIC
Securing

Transition of the
TEXTILE & READYMADE
GARMENTS SECTOR IN
BANGLADESH
Thematic Area 2 ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
Ministry of Commerce
Ministry of Finance Ministry of Industries
Providing
market-driven
incentives, such as tax
breaks and subsidies, for
firms that invest in
sustainable production
processes
Withdrawing fiscal
support to the
polluters
Providing premium
prices for products
from green factories
Ministry of Power, Energy

and Mineral Resources
Buyers
Economic Incentives

FOR DETAILS
3DJH_
INFOGRAPHIC
Securing

Transition of the
TEXTILE & READYMADE
GARMENTS SECTOR IN
BANGLADESH
Thematic Area 3 GREEN FINANCE
Green Finance
Ministry of Finance
Commercial Banks
Creating a
comprehensive
system for accessing
green financing
programmes
International
Development Partners ICT Division
Establishing a
credit guarantee
scheme to enable
smaller firms to access
sustainable financing
options
Bangladesh Bank
Buyers

FOR DETAILS
3DJH_
INFOGRAPHIC
Securing

Transition of the
TEXTILE & READYMADE
GARMENTS SECTOR IN
BANGLADESH
Thematic Area 4 AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING
Ministry of Information
and Broadcasting
Conducting
workshops, training
sessions, and
campaigns to foster
changes in values and
attitudes toward
sustainability Ministry of
Industries
Media
Providing
technical guidance International
Development Partners
and support to
mitigate knowledge
gaps
Think-tanks
Awareness and
Knowledge Sharing Making information
on greening publicly
available via a central
database
Buyers
ICT Division
Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change
Academia

FOR DETAILS
3DJH_
INFOGRAPHIC
Securing

Transition of the
TEXTILE & READYMADE
GARMENTS SECTOR IN
BANGLADESH
Thematic Area 5 SKILLS AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Ministry of Finance
Bangladesh Bank
Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change
Skills and Capacity Establishing a

Development
green skills
development fund
Academia
International Development
Partners
Increasing the
availability of
skilled human
resources
Buyers
National Skills
Development Authority
Think-tanks

FOR DETAILS
3DJH_
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)
House 40/C, Road 11 (new)
Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh
Telephone: (+88 02) 48118090, 55001185, 58156979
Fax: (+88 02) 48110414 E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.cpd.org.bd
cpd.org.bd cpd.org.bd cpd_bangladesh CPDBangladesh

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CPD-Green Transition

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Securing

Green Transition of the

SECURING GREEN TRANSITION OF THE TEXTILE AND

Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)

First Published October 2023

Page Layout and Typesetting

2. Data sources and methodology 1

3. Analytical framework of the study 3

. *eneral information of factories: si]e location green certiÀcates 

5. Green measures undertaken by factories 7

6. Social aspects of greening factories 9

7. Barriers for greening factories 11

8. Conclusions and recommendations 18

List of Tables and Figures

Figure 2.1: Survey coverage 2

Tables, Figure and Infographics

Figure A4.1: Tier-wise Distribution of Surveyed RMG Factories 23

8FYP Eighth Five-Year Plan

MoF Ministry of Finance

1. Context and their stringent enforcement. As a part of this

)ROORZLQJ%DQJODGHVK‫ڕ‬VJUDGXDWLRQIURPWKH/'& 2. Data Sources and

Figure 2.1: Survey coverage

Figure 3.1: ,ŽůŝƐƟĐǀŝĞǁŽĨ'ƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ

• Efficient resource use • Employment generation

Figure 3.2: Pathways of Greening of Industries

Resource Efficiency Chemical &

JUHHQLQJRILQGXVWULHVZLOOKDYHEHQHߔWVRQWKUHH aforementioned BBS categorisation. The minimum

$PRQJ WKH VXUYH\HG IDFWRULHV  SHU FHQW

Figure 4.1: ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨ&ĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐďǇ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŶĚ^ŝǌĞ

A. Number of Textile and RMG Factories B. Distribution of Total Factories by Size

C. Distribution of Factories by Textile and RMG Industries

Practices of greening factories and VXVWDLQDEOHSUDFWLFHVWRFRPSO\ZLWKHQYLURQPHQWDO

Figure 4.2: &ĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͛<ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂďŽƵƚ'ƌĞĞŶĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ

Table 4.1: Motivations for Obtaining Green Certificate

Reasons Factories with Green Factories that do not have

factories to voluntarily embrace sustainable are for energy conservation technologies,

Where are the factories investing

)DFWRULHV KDYH LQYHVWHG IRU

Figure 5.2: Average Use of Electricity in a Month by Factories

• Average 16,068.98 MWh of Total Electricity Use

• Average 53.06 MWh of Total Electricity Use

• Average 9.99 MWh of Total Electricity Use

)RU ODUJH IDFWRULHV DYHUDJH JUHHQ LQYHVWPHQW UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJXUH $OWKRXJKWKHYROXPHRI

Figure 5.3: Source of Electricity Use by RMG Factories in Tier Groups

40.83% Electricity 57.05% 76.94%

Tier 1 Factories Tier 2 Factories Other Factories including Tier 3

BDT 78.07 Million 36.98% of Total Investment

Small and Medium Factories

BDT 1.37 Million 44.84% of Total Investment

BDT 0.16 Million 53.99% of Total Investment

7KURXJKWKH.,,VLWZDVUHYHDOHGWKDWPRVWJUHHQ WHFKQRORJLHV ,QDGHTXDWH NQRZOHGJH UHJDUGLQJ

Figure 6.1: ŐĞ'ƌŽƵƉŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌŬĞƌƐ

Response Large Factories Small and Medium Micro Factories Total

Table 6.2: Workers’ Absence in The Last Month Due to Sickness

Yes N/ (%) No N/(%) Total N/(%)

PRGHUQ WHFKQRORJ\ VNLOOHG ZRUNHUV DQG EHWWHU 7. Barriers for Greening

$PRQJ WKH VXUYH\HG ZRUNHUV  SHU FHQW RI

)RU LQVWDQFH WKH UHFHQWO\ SXEOLVKHG 0XMLE VXVWDLQDEOHSUDFWLFHV7KHDEVHQFHRIVSHFLߔF

In a policy and regulatory environment that As a result, many factories go unchecked,

Institutional barriers • Lack of coordination among government

. *eneral information of factories: si]e location green certiÀcates

$PRQJ WKH VXUYH\HG IDFWRULHV SHU FHQW

Figure 4.1: ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨ&ĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐďǇ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŶĚ^ŝǌĞ

Figure 4.2: &ĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͛<ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂďŽƵƚ'ƌĞĞŶĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ

)RU ODUJH IDFWRULHV DYHUDJH JUHHQ LQYHVWPHQW UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJXUH $OWKRXJKWKHYROXPHRI

7KURXJKWKH.,,VLWZDVUHYHDOHGWKDWPRVWJUHHQ WHFKQRORJLHV ,QDGHTXDWH NQRZOHGJH UHJDUGLQJ

Figure 6.1: ŐĞ'ƌŽƵƉŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌŬĞƌƐ

PRGHUQ WHFKQRORJ\ VNLOOHG ZRUNHUV DQG EHWWHU 7. Barriers for Greening

$PRQJ WKH VXUYH\HG ZRUNHUV SHU FHQW RI

)RU LQVWDQFH WKH UHFHQWO\ SXEOLVKHG 0XMLE VXVWDLQDEOHSUDFWLFHV7KHDEVHQFHRIVSHFLߔF

VXSSRUWDVNQRZOHGJHDFWRUVLQWKHHIIRUWVWRZDUGV DJHQFLHV VXFK DV 0R()&& 0R, 0R& 0R)

%*0($ Export Performance 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSVZZZEJPHDFRPEGSDJH([SRUWB

%70$ Basic Data Of Bangladesh Textile Mills Association5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVEWPDGKDND

(3% -XQH Export Data5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSHSEJRYEGVLWHYLHZHSEBH[SRUWBGDWD

(' 8th Five Year Plan'KDNDHQHUDO(FRQRPLFV'LYLVLRQ *(' 3ODQQLQJ&RPPLVVLRQ

/XNHQ5 &ODUHQFH6PLWK( Greening Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Dar-es-

0L% Mapped in Bangladesh: Summary5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVPDSSHGLQEDQJODGHVKRUJ

2(&' Towards Green Growth3DULV2(&'3XEOLVKLQJ5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVZZZRHFG

Figure A4.1: dŝĞƌͲǁŝƐĞŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨ^ƵƌǀĞǇĞĚZD'&ĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ

Table A.1: 2ther Environmental CertiÀcates