Appendix B

Shape Functions and Element

Node Numbering

1D Elements

2-node rod
L

N1 = 1 − x 1 2
L
x
N2 = x
L

2-node beam
L
1 3
N1 = 1
L3
(L3 − 3Lx 2 + 2x 3 )
4
N2 = 1
L2
(L2 x − 2Lx 2 + x 3 )
2 x
N3 = 1
L3
(3Lx 2 − 2x 3 )
N4 = 1
L2
(x 3 − Lx 2 )

Programming the Finite Element Method, Fifth Edition. I. M. Smith, D. V. Griffiths and L. Margetts.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 10.1002/9781119189237.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119189237.app2 by Cochrane Chile, Wiley Online Library on [01/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
612 Appendix B: Shape Functions and Element Node Numbering

2D Elements

L2
3-node triangle
3
(0,1)
N1 = L1
N2 = (1 − L1 − L2 )
N3 = L2
2 1
L1
(0,0) (1,0)

6-node triangle
L2
N1 = (2L1 − 1)L1
5
(0,1)
N2 = 4(1 − L1 − L2 )L1
N3 = (2(1 − L1 − L2 ) − 1)(1 − L1 − L2 )
4 6
N4 = 4L2 (1 − L1 − L2 )
N5 = (2L2 − 1)L2 3 2 1
L1
(0,0) (1,0)
N6 = 4L1 L2

10-node triangle

N1 = 12 (3L1 − 1)(3L1 − 2)L1

N2 = − 92 (L2 + L1 − 1)(3L1 − 1)L1
N3 = 92 (3L2 + 3L1 − 2)(L2 + L1 − 1)L1
N4 = − 12 (3L2 + 3L1 − 1)(3L2 + 3L1 − 2)(L2 + L1 − 1)
N5 = 92 (3L2 + 3L1 − 2)(L2 + L1 − 1)L2 L2

N6 = − 92 (3L2 − 1)(L2 + L1 − 1)L2 7

(0,1)
N7 = 12 (3L2 − 1)(3L2 − 2)L2
6 8
N8 = 92 (3L2 − 1)L2 L1 5 10 9
N9 = 9
2
(3L1 − 1)L2 L1 4 3 2 1
L1
N10 = −27(L2 + L1 − 1)L2 L1 (0,0) (1,0)
 10.1002/9781119189237.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119189237.app2 by Cochrane Chile, Wiley Online Library on [01/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Appendix B: Shape Functions and Element Node Numbering 613

15-node triangle

L2

(0,1) 9
8 10
7 15 11

6 14 13 12
5 4 3 2 1
L1
(0,0) (1,0)

N1 = 32
3 1
L (L1 − 14 )(L1 − 12 )(L1 − 34 )
N2 = 128
3
L1 (1 − L1 − L2 )(L1 − 14 )(L1 − 12 )
N3 = 64L1 (1 − L1 − L2 )(L1 − 14 )(1 − L2 − L1 − 14 )
N4 = 128
3
L1 (1 − L1 − L2 )(1 − L2 − L1 − 14 )(1 − L2 − L1 − 12 )
N5 = 32
3
(1 − L1 − L2 )(1 − L2 − L1 − 14 )(1 − L2 − L1 − 12 )(1 − L2 − L1 − 34 )
N6 = 128
3
(1 − L1 − L2 )L2 (1 − L2 − L1 − 14 )(1 − L2 − L1 − 12 )
N7 = 64(1 − L1 − L2 )L2 (L2 − 14 )(1 − L1 − L2 − 14 )
N8 = 128
3
(1 − L1 − L2 )L2 (L2 − 14 )(L2 − 12 )
N9 = 32
3 2
L (L2 − 14 )(L2 − 12 )(L2 − 34 )
N10 = 128
3
L2 L1 (L2 − 14 )(L2 − 12 )
N11 = 64L2 L1 (L2 − 14 )(L1 − 14 )
N12 = 128
3
L2 L1 (L1 − 14 )(L1 − 12 )
N13 = 128L2 L1 (1 − L1 − L2 )(L1 − 14 )
N14 = 128L2 L1 (1 − L1 − L2 )(1 − L2 − L1 − 14 )
N15 = 128L2 L1 (L2 − 14 )(1 − L1 − L2 )
 10.1002/9781119189237.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119189237.app2 by Cochrane Chile, Wiley Online Library on [01/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
614 Appendix B: Shape Functions and Element Node Numbering

(−1,1) (1,1)
4-node quadrilateral 2 3

N1 = 14 (1 − ξ )(1 − η)
N2 = 14 (1 − ξ )(1 + η) (0,0)
x
N3 = 1
4
(1 + ξ )(1 + η)
N4 = 14 (1 + ξ )(1 − η)
1 4
(−1,−1) (1,−1)

8-node quadrilateral h

(−1,1) 4 (1,1)
N1 = 14 (1 − ξ )(1 − η)(−ξ − η − 1) 3 5
N2 = 12 (1 − ξ )(1 − η2 )
N3 = 14 (1 − ξ )(1 + η)(−ξ + η − 1) 2 (0,0) 6
x
N4 = 1
2
(1 − ξ )(1 + η)
2

N5 = 14 (1 + ξ )(1 + η)(ξ + η − 1)
N6 = 12 (1 + ξ )(1 − η2 ) 1 7
(−1,−1) 8 (1,−1)
N7 = 14 (1 + ξ )(1 − η)(ξ − η − 1)
N8 = 12 (1 − ξ 2 )(1 − η)

9-node quadrilateral
h
N1 = 14 ξ(ξ − 1)η(η − 1)
(−1,1) 4 (1,1)
N2 = − 12 ξ(ξ − 1)(η + 1)(η − 1) 3 5

N3 = 14 ξ(ξ − 1)η(η + 1)
N4 = − 12 (ξ + 1)(ξ − 1)η(η + 1) 2 (0,0) 6
x
N5 = 14 ξ(ξ + 1)η(η + 1) 9

N6 = − 12 ξ(ξ + 1)(η + 1)(η − 1)

N7 = 14 ξ(ξ + 1)η(η − 1) 1 7
(−1,−1) 8 (1,−1)
N8 = − 12 (ξ + 1)(ξ − 1)η(η − 1)
N9 = (ξ + 1)(ξ − 1)(η + 1)(η − 1)
 10.1002/9781119189237.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119189237.app2 by Cochrane Chile, Wiley Online Library on [01/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Appendix B: Shape Functions and Element Node Numbering 615

3D Elements

L3

3
(0,0,1)

4-node tetrahedron

N1 = L1
2 L2
N2 = L2 4
(0,0,0) (0,1,0)
N3 = L3
N4 = (1 − L1 − L2 − L3 )
(1,0,0) 1

L1

8-node hexahedron
z
N1 = 1
8
(1 − ξ )(1 − η)(1 − ζ )
N2 = 1
8
(1 − ξ )(1 − η)(1 + ζ ) h
6 (1,1,1) 7
(−1,1,1)
N3 = 1
8
(1 + ξ )(1 − η)(1 + ζ )
2 3
N4 = 18 (1 + ξ )(1 − η)(1 − ζ ) (−1,−1,1)
(1,−1,1)
N5 = 18 (1 − ξ )(1 + η)(1 − ζ ) x
(1,1,−1)
N6 = 1
(1 − ξ )(1 + η)(1 + ζ )
8 8
N7 = 1
8
(1 + ξ )(1 + η)(1 + ζ ) (−1,−1,−1) (1,−1,−1)
1 4
N8 = 1
8
(1 + ξ )(1 + η)(1 − ζ )
 10.1002/9781119189237.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119189237.app2 by Cochrane Chile, Wiley Online Library on [01/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
616 Appendix B: Shape Functions and Element Node Numbering

14-node hexahedron (Type 6)

11 12 h
(1,1,1)
(−1,1,1)

7
2
(−1,−1,1) 3
(1,−1,1)

x
8
5 (1,1,−1)
13

(−1,−1,−1) (1,−1,−1)
1 4

N1 = 18 (ξ η + ξ ζ + 2ξ + ηζ + 2η + 2ζ + 2)(ξ − 1)(η − 1)(ζ − 1)

N2 = − 18 (ξ η − ξ ζ + 2ξ − ηζ + 2η − 2ζ + 2)(ξ − 1)(η − 1)(ζ + 1)
N3 = − 18 (ξ η − ξ ζ + 2ξ + ηζ − 2η + 2ζ − 2)(ξ + 1)(η − 1)(ζ + 1)
N4 = 18 (ξ η + ξ ζ + 2ξ − ηζ − 2η − 2ζ − 2)(ξ + 1)(η − 1)(ζ − 1)
N5 = − 12 (ξ + 1)(ξ − 1)(η − 1)(ζ + 1)(ζ − 1)
N6 = − 12 (ξ − 1)(η + 1)(η − 1)(ζ + 1)(ζ − 1)
N7 = 12 (ξ + 1)(ξ − 1)(η + 1)(η − 1)(ζ + 1)
N8 = 12 (ξ + 1)(η + 1)(η − 1)(ζ + 1)(ζ − 1)
N9 = − 12 (ξ + 1)(ξ − 1)(η + 1)(η − 1)(ζ − 1)
N10 = 18 (ξ η − ξ ζ − 2ξ + ηζ + 2η − 2ζ − 2)(ξ − 1)(η + 1)(ζ − 1)
N11 = − 18 (ξ η + ξ ζ − 2ξ − ηζ + 2η + 2ζ − 2)(ξ − 1)(η + 1)(ζ + 1)
N12 = − 18 (ξ η + ξ ζ − 2ξ + ηζ − 2η − 2ζ + 2)(ξ + 1)(η + 1)(ζ + 1)
N13 = 18 (ξ η − ξ ζ − 2ξ − ηζ − 2η + 2ζ + 2)(ξ + 1)(η + 1)(ζ − 1)
N14 = 12 (ξ + 1)(ξ − 1)(η + 1)(ζ + 1)(ζ − 1)
 10.1002/9781119189237.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119189237.app2 by Cochrane Chile, Wiley Online Library on [01/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Appendix B: Shape Functions and Element Node Numbering 617

20-node hexahedron

(−1,1,1) 15 16 17 h
(1,1,1)

10 11
4 5
3 18
(−1,−1,1) (1,−1,1)

x
2 6 19
(1,1,−1)

12
(−1,−1,−1) (1,−1,−1)
1 8 7

N1 = 18 (1 − ξ )(1 − η)(1 − ζ )(−ξ − η − ζ − 2)

N2 = 14 (1 − ξ )(1 − η)(1 − ζ 2 )
N3 = 18 (1 − ξ )(1 − η)(1 + ζ )(−ξ − η + ζ − 2)
N4 = 14 (1 − ξ 2 )(1 − η)(1 + ζ )
N5 = 18 (1 + ξ )(1 − η)(1 + ζ )(ξ − η + ζ − 2)
N6 = 14 (1 + ξ )(1 − η)(1 − ζ 2 )
N7 = 18 (1 + ξ )(1 − η)(1 − ζ )(ξ − η − ζ − 2)
N8 = 14 (1 − ξ 2 )(1 − η)(1 − ζ )
N9 = 14 (1 − ξ )(1 − η2 )(1 − ζ )
N10 = 14 (1 − ξ )(1 − η2 )(1 + ζ )
N11 = 14 (1 + ξ )(1 − η2 )(1 + ζ )
N12 = 14 (1 + ξ )(1 − η2 )(1 − ζ )
N13 = 18 (1 − ξ )(1 + η)(1 − ζ )(−ξ + η − ζ − 2)
N14 = 14 (1 − ξ )(1 + η)(1 − ζ 2 )
N15 = 18 (1 − ξ )(1 + η)(1 + ζ )(−ξ + η + ζ − 2)
N16 = 14 (1 − ξ 2 )(1 + η)(1 + ζ )
N17 = 18 (1 + ξ )(1 + η)(1 + ζ )(ξ + η + ζ − 2)
N18 = 14 (1 + ξ )(1 + η)(1 − ζ 2 )
N19 = 18 (1 + ξ )(1 + η)(1 − ζ )(ξ + η − ζ − 2)
N20 = 14 (1 − ξ 2 )(1 + η)(1 − ζ )