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Input Output Devices

Input device

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Input Output Devices

Input device

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januaryajit123
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Curpter 9 Input-Output Devices ——— ee) To be useful, a computer system needs to communicate with its external environment (its users). Input-output devices (abbreviated 1/O devices) provide this capability to a computer system (see Figure 9.1). They are also known as peripheral devices because they surround a computer's CPU and memory. Input devices enter data from outside world into primary storage, and output devices supply the results of processing from primary storage to users, Today, many types of /O devices are available. For an application, one type may be more suitable than another type. Some /O devices perform both input and output functions. This chapter familiarizes the readers with commonly used types of /O devices. Input data —o} Input — ea >} Output | _+ Results of rs devices Tnput data | spemory | Processed | devices processing external coded in a in human world ~ internal bier acceptable form form form Figure 9.1. llustrating the role of /O devices in a computer system is because Note tha} the speed of I/O devices is very slow as compared to that of primary storage and CPU: This - : in spec their speed in most cases depends on movement of mechanical parts, and the potential for improvement of such ars is limited. I is, therefore, difficult to produce VO devices that ean match processor ‘and memory Peeds, and there is a constant demand for faster and faster /O devices. 156 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices INPUT DEVICES An input device is an electromechanical device that accepts data from Coe eae hem iy form a computer ean interpret. Several input devices are # able today. We classify them broadly m0 Cg categories: 5. Electronic cards based devices 1. Keyboard devices devices 6, Speech recognition 2. Point-and-draw devices 7. Vision based devices 3, Data scanning devices 4. Digitizer Various types of input devices along with their applications are described below. Keyboard Devices Keyboard devices are the most commonly used input devi by pressing a set of keys (labeled buttons) neatly mountes most popular keyboard used today is the 101-keys QWER’ ces today. They allow data entry into a computer sx ‘J on a keyboard connected 10 computer sysim Ti TY keyboard (see Figure 9.2) Point-and-Draw Devices Initially, interaction with computers was restrict aaa) that text-mode interaction is cumbersome, time-consuming, and limited in seo Hence, computer designers came out with the idea of a new type of user interface, called graphical use" (GUL). A GUI provides a screen with graphic icons (small images on the screen) or menus and allows & tions from them to give instructions 10 a computer (see Figure 9.3). For efficient wilization, ice with which a user can rapidly point to and select a graphic icon or menu ite fot aye a renee hugh usable. inconvenient and unsuitable [2 search efforts to find a suitable input device 10 meet this requirement gave birth oy é "track ball, joystick, light pen, and touch screen. Later designers realized «tt (ed mainly to text mode. However, users and computer designe? pe of Of make rapid selec san input devi iple options displ rement. Hence, res mou: mouse and light pen, are also useful for effectively creating graphic elements O° nd freehand shapes. With this new ability, manufact oe eerices. eee 'y. manufacturers and users of these de¥! en hey puters a more easily usable tool, establishin requ! mu put devices like hese devices. like nes, CUFVES, a them point-and-di such as Input Devices | 157 versatile tool for a wide range of users including children, Commonly used point-and-draw devices illiterate citizens, and graphic designers. Some are described below Menus * File Edit View Image Options Help Graphic icons Figure 9.3. A graphical user interface (GU!) of Microsoft” Windows desktop. Mouse Mouse is the most popular point-and-draw device. It is a must have input device on modern personal computers and workstations because they support GUI as their primary user interface. A mouse is a small hand-held device that fits comfortably in a user's palm (see Figure 9.4). It rolls on a small bearing and has one or more buttons on the top. When a user rolls 2 mouse (connected to a user terminal) on a flat surface, a graphics cursor moves on the terminal screen in the direction of the mouse’s movement. Since movements of the graphics cursor on the screen reproduce all movements of the mouse, we can easily position the graphics cursor at a menu item or an icon by using the mouse. Click buttons Figure 9.4. A mouse graphics cursor as different symbols such as an arrow (YO. a wrist with a tion may also display the text and graphics cursor on the screen Simultaneously. The graphics cursor, irrespective ofits size and shape, has a pixel-size point that is the point of reference to decide the position of the cursor on the screen. This point is called hor spor of the graphics cursor The graphics cursor points to a menu item or icon, when a user positions the hot spot on it. With a click of the mouse’ button, a user can notify the system of this choice. Note that notifying the system of a particular choice ut of the various options provided by software, is much easier with a mouse than pressing various key combinations. With proper software, we can also use a mouse to draw pictures on the screen and edit text Different applications display the pointing finger (#"), etc. An applical 158 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Commonly used ways to categorize mouse devices are : e it that partially projeg nd optical mouse. A mechanical moms as be ins a a ihe through an opening in its base. The bal ols de wo surface fieun EN TSS he my Mat surface, On two sides of the ball (at 90° angles from eA 1 On A the mouse ball ro match the sped of he hall Each wheel f the mouse connects 1) 2 Soon: SF Te al a user moves the mouse, the sensors detect how much each wheel spins WN Aah is nk computer in the form of changes to the current position of the grap! ma lpi in 5 Weng on tie ad, it has a built An optical mouse has no mechanical parts like the ball and eels sHead howe, the win Phi. detector. I comes with a special pad with gridlines-printed on it the pad, and sends this informer ”® Pad, the photo-detector senses each horizontal and vertical line se ie cursor on inte cence talon jy the computer in the form of changes to the current position of the grap! 8 2, One, two, and three buttons mouse. A mouse can have one, two, or three buttons. A one-button Mou 's good enough for programs designed to use only a single button. Some Programs Operate with a ty. button or three-button mouse. If the system has lesser number of buttons, such programs can still runqy the system by providing an alternative way to indicate a click of these buttons ~ such as by Pressing shif Key on keyboard while the mouse button is clicked, With a mouse having multiple buttons, the leftmos button is the main button that allows for most mouse operations because most people are right-handed anj use their right index finger to click the main button, However, a user can configure another button as main button. For example, a left-handed user can configure the right-most button as main button. 3. Serial and bus mouse, A serial mouse plugs into a serial port (a built-in socket in a computer's back Panel to which we can connect external devices). It does not require a special electronic card for connecting the mouse to a computer. On the other hand, a bus mouse requires a special electronic card, Which provides a special port just for connecting the mouse to a computer. The special electronic card fis into one Of the expansion slots of the computer. Thus, a bus mouse occupies one of the expansion slot, whereas a serial mouse does not need any expansion slot Wired and cordless mouse. A wired mouse connects to a other hand, a cordless mouse has no wired connection to a c with the help of a special controller that operates by transmi Although a cordless mouse is more expensive than a wi mouse. Computer with a small cord (wire). On he ‘omputer, It communicates with the computer itting a low-intensity radio or infrared signal. red mouse, it allows easier movement of the Trackball A trackball is a pointing device similar to a along with the buttons (see Figure 9.5) hand. As we do not need to move the wi mechanical mo To move the graphi /hole device for Movil use, Its roller ball is ics Cursor on the scr ing the graphics cu, ‘on the top (instead of the bas!) Teen we have to roll the ball wit than a mouse for operation, and is often atta Trackball comes in various sha button, and square. To move th ball with fingers, or push the bu ‘Sand it se eophics cmon ane [inetionaity. Three commonly used shapes a€ he 8 re ton witha Finger, or simply ge 8 O9 the terminal screen, we have to roll | 'Y Move a finger on the square platform. Trackball is a preferred device for CADICAM (Com, i ) applications, because a designer can move the graphics ctor wind Oe Sign/Computer Aided Manufacture Movements only without any movem™ Input Devices 159 equipment. This is more suitable to the style of working of designers and makes it easier for them to work of large drawings. / equipment having embedded computers also use a trackball. For example, an Ultrasound machine usually Sever has a trackball that kc {hape) to mark the points of references on the image on the sereen. 1 sinologist (medical expert in sonography) uses to move the cursor (usually in eross-hair Joystick A joystick is a pointing device that works on the same principle as a trackball, To make the movements of the spherical all easier, itis placed in a socket with a stick mounted on it (see Figurg 9.6). A user holds the stick in hisher hand and moves it around to move the spherical ball. The user can move the stick forward or backward. Jeftor right, 10 move and position the graphics cursor at a desired position. Most joysticks use potentiometers to sense stick and ball movements, and a button on top of the stick to select the option pointed to by the cursor. The user clicks the button to make this selection Typical uses of a joystick include video games, flight simulators, training simulators, and remote control of industrial robots. +— Click bution Light indicator - Stick Click butions Ball is rolled. with fingers Socket Figure 9.5. A trackball poveee Ae ae. Electronic Pen An electronic pen is a pen-based point-and-draw device. Its two commonly used types are: 1. Light pen. It uses a photoelectric (light sensitive) cell and an optical lens mounted in a pen-shaped case. The photoelectric cell and lens assembly is in such a way that it focuses on,to it any light in its field of View. Hence, when we move the tip of the pen over the screen surface, it detects the light emitted from a limited field of view of the monitor's display. The system transmits this electric response to a processor, Which identifies the menu item or icon that is triggering the photocell. In this manner, the graphics cursor automatically locks on to the position of the pen and tracks its movement over the screen, The pen has @ finger-operated button, which the user clicks to select an option from the screen. Computer-aided design (CAD) applications also use light pens frequently. For example, a user can draw ‘on the screen directly with a light pen. By using light pen with a keyboard, CAD applications allow users a 160 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices awings, and add/erase graphics objCC% sy, to select different colors and line thickness, reduce/enlarge drawings, and add/erase graphics OPJCC! suc as lines, circles, rectangles, ete a special type of writing pad. A uy, a the computer. This in vnever data he/she wants to input (0 7 are enables easy input of text and freehand drawings i 1 Digital Assistants) often provide this featuy 2, Writing pen with pad. This type of electronic pen comes with writes on the pad with the electronic pen ! device with handwriting recognition software often computer for word processing, Modern PDAs (Personal EO Te caesaeee Moreover, aeciie ‘and messages stored and transferred as graphic images (like FAX messages) a input with the use of this device. The image of the signature or Message Pike eaeirha ad teeveval later or for transfer to another computer. Note that in banks, signatures 0” fa) oll ae Stored in computers as images and retrieved by bank officials whenever ae ee delivery organizations also use pocket computers with writing pen Bn et eee rie Ne Person making deliveries uses this device to accept recipients’ signatures a8 inst their names in the compute directly with the electronic pen, The device captures the image of a signature and stores it in the compute for future references. Touch Screen Touch screen is the most simple, intuitive, and easiest to use of all input devices, enabling users (0 use a computer without any formal training. It enables a user to choose from available options by simply touching with a finge the desired icon or menu item displayed on a computer's screen. Computers with touch screen facility use optical sensors, which can detect the touch of a finger on the screen When a user touches the screen with a finger, the sensors communicate the position of touch to the compute, Which interprets the input made by the user. Another touch screen technology is pressure sensitive monitors. In this case, the system uses a flat pad located beneath the base of computer’s screen, which has highly sensitive sensors to measure the prespure al many points. When a user touches the screen, the changing pressure transferred down to the sensors allows the device to detect the location of touch. Obviously, the user needs to apply a litle pressure at the point of touch to transmit the desired input to the system successfully Information kiosks often use touch screens. An information kiosk is an unattended system located at a public place that stores information of public interest and allows common people to access stored information as per theit requirement, For example, information kiosks are often located: : |. At an airport or a railway station to provide information to arri arriving passe taurants; tourist spots, etc. in a city. ig Passengers about hotels, rest 2. In large museums or zoos to guide the visitors tc Be is 0 locations of va ene 10 cau various attractions and facilities, am jon them against things they are not supposed to do while inside. Ina large bank, post office, or insurance company to introduce various types of services to customers. and to guide them to appropriate counters f i for their specific Me cinomers to cary oi teractions any POC JObS. Bank ATMs also use them to eh 4. In environments having dirt or weather condi devices, 'er conditions, which prohibit use of keyboards and/or pointi"é Data Scanning Devices Data scanning devices are input devices that seve Of them 1 also capable of recognizing marks or char some of them are allow data ey a Thee Entry from source documents direct!¥ Se devices have following characteris Input Devices 161 1, They eliminate the need for manual entry of data by human beings, thus, improving data accuracy and timeliness of the data processed. 2, Automatic entry of data with their use improves data accuracy and increases timeliness of the information processed 3, They demand high quality of source documents because of direct data entry. Normally, they reject documents typed poorly, having strikeovers, or having erasures. ‘ 4, Form design and ink specification requirements become more critical with the use of these devices than with the use of keyboard devices for data entry. Commonly used types of data scanning devices are described below. Image Scanner ‘An image scanner is an input device that translates paper documents into an electronic format for input to @ computer. The input documents may be typed text, pictures, graphics, or even handwritten material, This input device is very useful in preserving paper documents in electronic form because a copy of a document stored in @ computer in this manner does not deteriorate in quality with age, «1 can be displayed or printed, whenever desired, We can alter and manipulate the stored images in interesting ways, if the computer has image-processing sofware Two commonly used types of image.scanner are: 1 Flatbed scanner, A flatbed scanner is like a copier maiine consisting of a box having a glass plate on its top and a lid that covers the glass plate (see Figure 9.7). To scan a document, a user has to place it upside down on the glass plate. A light beam below the glass plate moves horizontally from one end to another when activated. After scanning one line, the light beam moves up a little and scans the next line. The process repeats until the beam finishes scanning the entire document. It takes about 20 seconds to scan a document of 21 cm * 28 cm size Hand-held scanner. A user can hold a hand-held scanner in hand conveniently (see Figure 9.8). It has a set of light emitting diodes encased in a small case. To scan a document, a user drags it slowly over the document from one end to the other end with its light on. The user must drag the scanner steadily and carefully for correct conversion of the document into its equivalent bit map. Hence, those applications use hand-held scanners in which high accuracy is not critical. Users also use them when they have to scan low volume documents. They are much cheaper than flatbed scanners. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Device We can use image si ety of d i e image scanners to input a variety of documents including pictures, graphics, ty handwritten text. a ee When users use im i W S age scanners for inputting text documents (typed or ha limitations A oe indwritten), they face following 1. ‘Since scanned input document is stored as an image, instead of text, it isnot possibl processing of the document (the computer cannot interpret the stored documentiny Iegeee oo a8 Word special characters). as letters, numbers, and 162 | Chapter Input-Output Devices than that required fOr sor mich more al gracters can be store 2. Storage space required for storing the docursent as an image lt 2g 2000 chet documnen the same document as a text, For example, a page o printed tet DAN gg of the st 2000 bytes by using the ASCII representation. A bitmap-image PI ig W of grid point require 100 15 times more storage depending on the resolution “ aah ood aM wo, ~~? S ; A hand-held seanner Figure 9.7. A fiatbed scanner. Figure 9.8. 4 hand-held this case, the scanner is equipped with character recognitis software (called OCR software), which converts bitmap images of characters (0 equivalent ASCII codes. That is the seanner first creates the bitmap image of the document and then the OCR software translates the array of grid points into ASCH text that the computer can interpret as letters, numbers and special characters. OCR technology overcomes these limitations. In Fo translate bitmaps of characters into equivalent text, OCR software examines the bitmap of each character ani compares with the pre-programmed set of characters, which the machine can recognize. Whichever charac pattern it matches, or nearly matches, the machine considers it as the input character. If a scanned character doe ter patterns, the OCR software rejects it. not match satisfactorily with any of the stored char OCR sofiware is extremely complex because it is difficult to make a computer recognize an unlimited number o typefaces and fonts. Hence, their design enables them to recognize texts written using standard type fonts (called ee fos) only om ne fonts are OCR-A (American standard) and OCR-B (European standard) (se igure 9.9). Note that if the document contains italics or bold face letters, or f 7 "I , or fonts other tha e, which the OCR software can recognize, the OCR software will not work effectively ete Noland sede OPARSTUVUXYZ pT ae LIP Pe ae OT Shee 0123456789 eT ara iN 8 ARES (a) OCR-A fonts (American sta standard) : (b) OCR-B fonts (European standard) Eas Ta e220 Figure 9.9. Two stancara OCR fonts. | Abar-code reader is a device for reading (decoding) bar-coded data. It is either a hand-he Input Devices 16 Optical Mark Readér (OMR) OME is a scanner, which can recognize a pre-specified type of mark made by pencil or pen. For exa objective type tests applicants mark their choices of correct answers on a specia darkening & small square, circular, or oval shaped box by a pencil (see oan OMR device for grading with a computer automatically pre-prinied test scoring sheet by Figure 9.10). These iswer she The technique used by an OMR device for recognition of marks on a document involves focusing a light beam on. the document and detecting the reflected light pattern from the marks, Pencil marks made with a soft lead pencil (high graphite content) reflect the light strongly, enabling the OMR device to determine whigh responses are marked. For each question, four options are given out of which only one is correct. Choose the correet option and mark your choice against the corresponding question number in the given answer sheet by darkening the corresponding circle with a lead pencil. Indicates direction in which the 1, Binary equivalent of decimal 4 is sheet should be fed to OMR device (@ 101 (001 ‘) Ut (a) 100 2. Full form of CPU is: = (a) Cursor Positioning Unit ‘6 oe (bs) Cental Power Unit fo Gg (6) Ceniral Processing Unit (@) Control Power Unit 20 0¢@0 ab a 3. Which isthe largest unit of storage among following (a) Terabyte (c) Megabyte : (b) Kilobyte —_(@) Gigabyte O° 9 (a) Question sheet (b) Pre-prnted answer sheet Figure 9.10. A sample question sheet of an objective type test and its pre-printed answer sheet, which is read by an OMR device to grade the test Bar-Code Reader Data coded in the form of small lines (known as bars) are known as bar codes. Bar codes represent alphanumeric data by a combination of adjacent vertical lines (bars) by varying their width and the spacing between them, Atl types of goods, books, postal packages, badges, tags, etc. use bar codes for unique identification purpose Id or a stationary scanner having barcode reader embedded ini. It seans a bar-code image and convents it into an alphanumerie veloc foe input to a computer connected to it A bar-code reader uses laser-beam scanning technology. It focuses a laser beam acr s o se 08s the : code. Different bar codes having different patterns of bars reflect the beam in differen: at bars of a bar detector senses the reflected light patterns and converts them into electrical pulses, which they a ight-sensitive ‘© recognition logic circuits. Finally, the logic circuits convert the electrical pulses ints ey alphan then transmits wumeri¢ Value. ——ao 164 “I Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices p ‘ode (UPC) — rniversat Product Code (UPC, Unie oducts, The UPC. which well 08 MANY Tye UPC bar-code patterns Th here are many types of bar-coding systems. The most widely KA nd the next five It appears on almost all retail packages in USA and no originally appeared on supermarket items, now appears on other ¢ decode as 10 digits. The first five digits identify the manufactiys) or SU digits identity a specific product ofthe manufacturer (see Figure 912 f the product, # 7 roduct tores, When a customer picks up a product for ment stores: fe ges a bar-code reader o the sales person at the Orr yo an alphanumeric valu ar code Mrory and sales records, and rycpostal delivery services aso USA uses 4 unique bar-coding the current location of any We often find bar code readers in supermarkets and depa purchasing and brings it to the cash counter for payments sean the bar code printed on the product. The bar-code reader COM dates j and feeds it to a computer that looks up the price of the product, possibly ure uses the price and description information to prepare a purchase bill for the coef use bar codes to identify and tack each pa ‘ket. For example, Federal Express ole system and their employees can usually tell a customer, within & matter of mH packet Product category character 0 grocery products 3 drugs and health [0 related products, ete 21000 67520 \2iomy SE ™e Manufacturer/supplier Specific product identification number code number Figure 9.11. An example of UPC bar code. Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition (MICR) MICR is similar to OCR. Banking industry uses it for faster processing of large volume of cheques handled every act ins indus. A bank cheque has bank’ identification code (name, branch, ee.), account number, and aa ey tuber pre-printed (encoded) on it by using characters from a special character set. The characters on the cheque are pre-printed using a special ink containing particles of iron o: neti 5.12 shows a sample cheque that employs MICR technology. ride (having magnetic property). Figure fas © tezeneeh Pre-printed MICR characters Figure 912. & bank checiie that emnlavs MIR tachnalon™ di & When a customer presents a filled-in cheque at a bank, a bank employee c snuall supplied information including the amount written on the cheque. The an MICR reader-sorter that can recognize magnetic ink characters. The MICR r i rier r ie printed data on the cheques, and sorts the cheques for distribution to other banks, or for further processin: E13B font is the most commonly used character set hy MICR de It consists of nume 0 to 9 and four special characters (see Figure 9.13). An MICR reader-sorter transfers coded data in the form of these fonts from cheques 10 @ computer. As the cheques enter the reading unit, they pass through a magnetic field causing magnetization of the particles in the ink. Read heads then ir erpret these characters by examining their shapes ‘The sorter sorts the cheques into different pockets according to their identification code numbers MICR technology speeds up data input for banking industry because with its use, banks feed their cheques directly into the input device, which processes them automatically thereafter. Besides enabling faster processing of cheques, this technology also ensures greater accuracy of data entry because of mostly pre-printed information ‘on the cheque and direct feeding of the cheques to the computer. However, other industries have not adopted MICR because it has only 14 symbols (10 digits and 4 special characters). No alphabetic characters are available Digitizer A digitizer is an input device used for converting (digitizing) pictures, maps, and dra input to computers. For example, x and y coordinates of points ina line drawin This enables re-creation of the drawing from the stored information and eas drawing, whenever required. wings into digital form for may be stored in digital form incorporation of changes in the A digitizer consists of a digitizing tablet (also known as graphics tablet) associated with a stylus (see Figure 9.14), ‘The digitizing tablet is a flat surface that contains hundreds of fine copper wires forming a grid. Each copper wire receives electric pulses. The digitizing tablet easily spreads over a working table and connects to a computer. The stylus is like a pen or a lens-like cursor with a cross hair and button. It connects to the tablet and a user can press it down at a point on the tablet to input the (x, y) coordinates of the point. As a user moves the stylus on the tablet, a cursor on computer's screen moves simultaneously to a corresponding position on the screen to provide visual feedback to the user. This enables the user to draw sketches directly or to input sketched drawings easily Inputting drawings or developing sketches by using a digitizer is simpler because it aulomaticall u skeiched lines, arcs, ang other graphical objects as mathematically precise objects (like straight lines and smooth curves) b24L5 “ B° B40 i 1 NN Wiha Figure 9.13, £128 font (character sel) : used by MICR devices. faure 9.14. A digi inputs poorly } ee ign (CAD) for de engineers common! jpcal Information medical devices, 1, Ms also use them fo Meet diitizers in the area of Computer Aided De obots, mechanical pars, ete, Designers of Geom " digitization of maps available in paper form Electronic-carg Reader : : 0a computer. Ey Electronic cards and their associated readers offer another means of direc data entry int ae ey elect eins re small plastic cards having encahea ‘ata appropriate for the application for which Ove use Clecttonic-card reader, normally consecel gs Computer, reads the data encoded 0” : ‘ransers it tothe computer for futher procesing Banks issue electronic cards to their customers for use with auomatc teller machines (ATI). Ao ATM iy transactions machine connected to bank's computer, which alows 1 customer 10. pe form, cei ATM haa nse MOUS a day without the need 0 interact witha bank employee, An electronic car for use in creat Customer's account number and cred limi mann sour tha else. can withdioe ade cans onthe card. An ATM has an electronic card reader associated with i, When a customer ince, a saa ao the ATM (actualy the electronic-card eader ofthe ATM), the rade reads the date cocaded oye cz: 4o the bank's computer activating the customer's account. The customer then carries Fre hcaowing the instructions displayed on the screen of the ATM and by pressing a fen i on its customized keyboard or touch screen, Speech Recognition Devices beech recognition devices are input devices that allow a person to input data to a Computer systein by speak to it, Hence, they make computers much easier to use, However, as a dan input device, currently spe Monee in he recat Ne mited suéces because correct inerpreatin by a marine. y the large number secre pranacabulary of a language is difficult. Major difficulties are that diese users speak with di moaning proaunee difereny) and intonatons (with differen tone or pitch of ie voice), and the fact tha meaning of a word varies depending on the context in which itis used. Hence, today’s speech recognition syste ae limited to accepting few words within a relatively small domain and find usage in those applications, whi? require speech input of limited kinds and quantities of data only Although in its infancy, already & wide-range of applications use speech recognition applications are: systems, Some o 1. For data input to a computer s continuously look at a measu room can request certain infor 2. For data input by dictation of | yystem by a person in ing instrument or so mation about a patien situations where hi ome other abject. Fo nt while operating long text or passage for lat sther hands are busy or he/she m8 or example, doctors in an ope! er editing and review ? & Computer system based on speech input by individuals with physical disabilities, In addition to making input of data user because the user is free to stan to the system, Hips noreeth recognition systems also provide freedom of movement <¥P: Move around, or do some utes sok oy dad while mtg voice visior mit lem Acompy given 00) Vision-i For exan not mee objects 0 OUTP An outpu Suitable | into follo Ly 2 *F 3 F +s xy Various Outpt ' s s u Output Devices | 167 vision-Input System case is normally an 4 vision-nput system allows a computer to accept inpat by seeing an object. Input data if this of a human vision A pat’ shape and features in the form of an image. The idea isto simulate the capability Stem ina Timited sense, lows the following steps to recognize 2 computer with a vision-input device consists of a digital camera and fol given object |, It focuses the camera on the given object to take its picture. 1, The camera creates a digital image of the object and feeds it to the computer.

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