Introduction

INTRODUCTION
FLUID MECHANICS
 is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of fluids (liquids,
gases, and plasma) and the forces acting on them.
 It has applications in various fields, including engineering, meteorology,
oceanography, and medicine.
 It is also a physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in
motion, and with applications and devices in engineering using fluids.
 Fluid mechanics can be subdivided into two major areas, 1. fluid
statics, which deals with fluids at rest, and 2. Fluid dynamics is
concerned with fluid in motion.
Hydrodynamics
 It is applied to the flow of liquids or low–velocity gas flows where the
gas can be considered as being essentially incompressible.
Hydraulics
 Deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices
involving liquids, usually water or oil.
 Deals with such problems as the flow of fluids through pipes or in open
channels, the design of storage dams, pumps, and water turbines, and
with other devices for the control or use of liquids, such as nozzles,
valves, jets, and flow meters.
KEY CONCEPT IN FLUID MECHANICS

1. Fluid and Properties
Fluids
 Substances that can flow and do not have a fixed shape. This
category includes liquids and gases.
Density
 Mass per unit volume of a fluid, typically measured in kg/m 3.
Viscosity
 A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow or deformation. High-
viscosity fluids flow more slowly than low-viscosity fluids.
2. Flow Descriptions
Laminar Flow
 Smooth, orderly fluid motion in parallel layers, with little to no
mixing between them.
Turbulent Flow
 Chaotic, irregular fluid in motion with significant mixing.
Steady Flow
 Flow properties (velocity, pressure, density) at a point do not
change over time.
Unsteady Flow
 Flow properties over time.
3. Fundamental Equations
Continuity Equation
 Conservation of mass in a fluid flow. For incompressible fluids, it
states that the product of cross-sectional area and velocity
remains constant along streamline.
Bernoulli’s Equation
 Relates the pressure, velocity, and height in a steady,
incompressible flow. It is a statement of the conservation of
energy for flowing fluids.
Navier- Stokes Equations

 A set of partial differential equations describing the motion of
viscous fluid substances. These equations account for velocity,
pressure, density, and external forces.
4. Fluid Statics
Hydrostatic Pressure
 The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity.
It increases with depth in a fluid.
5. Dimensional Analysis
 A method to derive dimensionless numbers that help characterize
fluid flow, such as the Reynold number, which indicates whether
the flow will be laminar or turbulent.
6. Applications
 Engineering: Design of pipelines, aircraft, automobiles, HVAC
systems, and more.
 Natural Sciences: Understanding weather patterns, ocean
currents, blood flow, and more.
Fluid mechanics is fundamental to many aspects of daily life and
technology. Understanding these concepts helps engineers and
scientists design systems that utilize or control fluid flow.
TYPES OF FLUID
1. Ideal fluids
 Assumed to have no viscosity (no resistance to shear)
 Incompressible
 Have uniform velocity when flowing
 No friction between moving layers of fluid
 No eddy current or turbulent
2. Real Fluids
 Exhibit infinite viscosities
 Non–uniform velocity distribution when flowing
 Compressible
 Experience friction and turbulence in the flow.
Real fluids are further divided into Newtonian fluids and non-
Newtonian fluids.
Most fluid problems assume that real fluids with Newtonian

characteristics for convenience. This assumption is appropriate for
water, air, gases, steam, and other simple fluids like alcohol, gasoline,
acid, solutions, etc. However, slurries, pastes, gels, and suspensions
may not behave according to simple fluid relationships.
FLUIDS
1. Ideal Fluids
2. Real Fluids
 Newtonian Fluids
 Non- Non-Newtonian fluids
1. Pseudoplastic Fluids
2. Delatant Fluids
3. Bingham Fluids

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INTRODUCTION

KEY CONCEPT IN FLUID MECHANICS

Navier- Stokes Equations

Most fluid problems assume that real fluids with Newtonian

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