COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communication System: Used to send information

from one point to other.
Following type of communication system
(i) Telegraph (ii) Telephone
(iii) Wireless telegraphy (iv) Television
(v) Fax (vi) Arpanet/Internet
(vii) World wide web (w.w.w.)

Elements of a common Communication system:

Link
Two basic modes of communication of information: Information
sender
Transmitter Receiver Information
(Channel) receiver
 Point to point
 Broadcasting Print
Voice
Print
Voice
Video Video
Transducers and Signals in communication system:
Transducers: Converts energy from one form
to other. Noise in communications system:
Signals: Information in electrical form Unwanted electrical pulses caught by signals
over the channel.

TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Transmitter: It converts information signal into a suitable form which can be transmitted over
the channel.
Receiver: It receives the signal from channel and extracts the information signals from the
received signal.

ATTENUATION AND AMPLIFICATION

Attenuation: When a signal propagates through a channel. Some energy is dissipated in medium
due to which signal intensity decreases. This loss is called Attenuation.
Amplifier: used to compensate the attenuation signal.

RANGE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND REPEATERS

Range of Communication System: Range is the

largest distances over which the signal can be transmitted
from source point to the destination point which sufficient
signal strength.
Repeaters: To increase the range of a communication
system Repeaters are used.

BAND WIDTH OF SIGNALS

Band width is the range of frequency, which are used for information signals.
Signals Frequency Band Width
Voice Signals Speech (300 Hz to 3000Hz Band width 2700 Hz
(20 Hz to 20 kHz) Music (20 Hz to 20 kHz) Band width 20 kHz
Video Signals Band width 4 to 4.5 MHz
TV Signals (Broad casting) Band width 6 to 7 MHz

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OPERATING FREQUENCY OF TRANSMISSION MEDIUM (CHANNEL)
Coaxial cable
 Wire
Parallel transmission line
Commonly used channels are
 Free space (wireless)
 Fibre optic cable
A particular channel can only transmit signals of specific range of frequency which is called
operating frequency of that transmission medium.

Operating frequency of different medium:

Wire line - 109 to 1010 Hz
Free space - 10 3 Hz to 1010 Hz
Fibre optics - 1012 Hz to 1015 Hz

TRANSMISSION OF EM SIGNALS THROUGH SPACE POWER OF EM SIGNALS THROUGH

Analysis of antenna shows that for optimum power SPACE
transmission of signals the size of antenna must be at least Analysis of antenna shows that
 4 . (  - wavelength of EM waves) the radiation power from antenna is
For example: If sound signal of frequency 3000 Hz  l 2
Prad    .
c 3  10 8  
So     10 5 m  100 km
f 3000 As  increases for low frequency
Size of antenna should be of 25km . (not possible) waves, radiation power decreases.
So for good range of transmission 
should be low. Thus for higher
For a High frequency wave (say for 1000MHz ) –
frequency, power transmission may be
c 3  108 high.
   0.3m  30cm
f 1000  106
Size of antenna = 7.5cm

EM WAVE PROPAGATION IN SPACE

There are 3 general ways in which EM wave propagation takes place in space:
(1) Ground waves (2) Sky waves (3) Space waves

1. GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION

At low frequency when large antennas are used, the Direction of
travelling of surface wave
signal EM waves spread out along the earth surface by
inducing EM currents on earth surface. These waves are called
ground waves or surface waves.
Due to absorption of energy by earth surface the wave Earth
is attenuated and range of such waves is relatively less.

2. SKY WAVE PROPAGATION

Long distance propagation of signals are done by Ionosphere

ionospheric reflection of waves called sky waves.

Ionosophere – 60 to 500 km above earth surface in which
degree of ionization varies with height. Transmitter Sky waves

Electromagnetic waves of frequency upto 30 MHz are

reflected by ionospheric layers. Earth

Waves of frequency more than 40 MHz are able to

penetrate ionosphere.

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3. SPACE WAVE PROPAGATIONS

EM waves of frequency more than 40MHz

are used for space wave propagation in
which line of sight communication is done.
Line of sight be clear for transmitting
and receiving antenna.

dTx   hT  R   R 2  2 hT R dTR   hR  R  R 2  2 hR R hT & hR  R

2 2

So dR  dTx  dTR ; dR  2 hT R  2 hR R where R is the radius of earth

MODULATION
PROBLEMS IN TRANSMISSION OF BASE BAND SIGNALS (LOW FREQUENCY SIGNALS):
If directly voice or video signals are transmitted, there are several factors due to which the
effective transmission fails.
1. Size of antenna: (at low frequency (more  ) antenna size required is very high. So it becomes
impractical to transmit such signals.
2. Radiation Power: For low frequency radiation power is very less so reception is very weak.
3. Mixing of channel: If several voice channels (songs/news/drama) are broadcasted together,
receiver will catch all together and it will result in channel mix as all are at same frequency range.

Modulation of signals and carrier frequency: For

Source of
effective signals transmission high frequencies are much information Baseband
Modulator
Original Modulated
more effective and feasible over low frequencies hence for signal signal signal
wireless transmission of signals it is required to Carrier
superimpose base band signals (low frequency) with a wave

high frequency signals (carrier wave) then this mixed

signal can be transmitted easily.
Oscillator
The superimposition of base band signal with
carrier frequency wave is called modulation.

DEMODULATION AT THE RECEIVER END

The process of recovering base band (low frequency) signals from high frequency signal is called
demodulation.
TYPES OF MODULATION OF BASEBAND SIGNALS
Modulation is the process of attaching base band signals with a specific high frequency carrier
wave. Carrier wave is generally used in two ways.
1. Sinusoidal carrier wave 2. Pulsating carrier wave

In sinusoidal carrier wave y  Ac sin  wc t  c  , by modulation either of Ac , wc and c of carrier

wave can be modified by mixing BB signals so all the information in BB signals will be contained in
carrier wave by variation of Ac , wc and c .
In general there are 3 types of modulation of carrier wave.
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
2. Frequency modulation (FM)
3. Phase modulation (PM)

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 1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION: In AM, amplitude Frequency spectrum of AM wave:
of carrier wave is varied according to the base band signal.
Amplitude of AM wave is R  Ac  Am sin wmt

BB signal AM Mode AM Signal

ym  Am sin wm t Carrier Wave y AM  R sin wc t

(modulating yc  Ac sin wc t
signal)
wc  wn Wave form of amplitude modulated wave:
So AM wave is y AM   Ac  Am sin wmt  sin wc t
ec
Ec
 
 Ac 1  m sin wmt sin wc t
A
y AM

t
 A c
Am (A) HF carrier wave
 - modulation index em
Ac
So y AM  Ac sin  wc t  Ac sin( wmt )sin( wc t )
Em

Ac 
 Ac sin  wc t   cos  wc  wm  t  cos  wc  wm t 
(B) LF modulating wave

2  Ec + ma Ec sin mt
e
Em
A A Emax
 Ac sin wc t  c cos  wc  wm t  c cos  wc  wm  t
Em
Ec
Emin
2 2
AM signal consists of 3 frequencies
wc - carrier frequency
wc  wm - lower side frequency (C ) AM wave

wc  wm - higher side frequency

2. FREQUENCY MODULATION: In frequency Wave form of frequency modulated wave:

modulation, frequency of carrier wave is varied according to Ee c

the base band signal.

Low frequency base band signal ym  Am sin wmt t

High frequency carrier wave yc  Ac sin wc t em

(A) HF carrier wave

Frequency Modulation  y FM  Ac sin  2  f c  k f Am sin wmt  

Em

  
 t

FM index e
(B) LF modulating wave

(C ) FM wave

3. PHASE MODULATION: In phase modulation phase of carrier wave is varied according to

the base band information signal
Base band signal ym  Am sin wmt
High frequency carrier wave yc  Ac sin wc t
y PM  Ac sin  wc t  k p ym

PM index
y PM  Ac sin  wc t  k p Am sin wm t 

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Regd. Office : Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005