Python Coding

A Beginner's Guide to Programming

Copyright © 2024 Sar Maroof
All rights reserved
Table of Contents
What Does This Book Cover? 15
How to get the most out of this book? 16
Is This Book Right for You? 17
Sample of the Quizzes and the Exercises 19
1. A Beginner's Guide 26
Installing Python Version 3 or Later 26
Installing IDE Platform for Python Programs 26
Check The Platform 28
Pythons Rules by Choosing Names 29
2. Variables and Data Types 30
Rules of Variable Names 30
Declaring Variables 30
Example 1: Creating Variables 30
Example 2: Printing the Variable Values 31
Data Types 32
 Table 1: Data Types 32
Example 3: Data Types 33
Print By Using a Comma Operator 33
Example 4A: Printing Texts 34
Example 4B: Printing Texts 35
Example 4C: Printing Texts 35
Print Using Parameters "sep" and "end" 36
Example 4D: Printing Texts Using "sep" Parameter 37
Example 4E: Printing Texts Using "end" Parameter 37
Print By Using the ‘f-String’ Syntax 38
Example 5: Using f-String Syntax 38
Example 6: Rounding to Two Decimal Places 39
Using Comments 40
Why Are Comments Used in Python? 40
Example 7: Comments 40
Printing a String Multiple Times 41
Example 8: Multi-String 41
Type Casting 42
Example 9A: Calculating Total Salary 42
Example 9B: Converting String to Float 43
Example 9C: Converting String to Int 43
Escape Sequences in Python 44
Table 2: Escape Sequences 44
Example 10: Escape sequence Code Example 44
Quiz 1: Printing Variables 45
Quiz 2: Printing Variables 45
Quiz 3: Total Weight in a Lift 46
Quiz 4: Escape Sequences 46
Exercise 1: Printing Variable Values and Types 47
Exercise 2: Printing a shape 48
Answers to the Exercises 48
3. Operators in Python 52
Table 1: Arithmetic Operators 52
Example 1: Arithmetic Operators 52
Modulus 53
Example 2: Modulus 54
Floor Division 54
Example 3: Floor Division 55
Table 2: Assignment Operators 55
Example 4A: Assignment Operators 56
Using the "+" and "+=" Operators With Strings 57
Example 4B: Concatenate Strings Using "+" 57
Example 4C: Concatenate Strings Using "+=" 58
Table 3: Comparison Operators 58
Example 5: Comparison Operators 59
Table 4: Logical Operators 59
Example 6: Logical Operators 60
Table 5: Identity Operators 61
Example 7: Identity Operators 61
Table 6: Membership Operators 62
Example 8: Membership Operators 62
Quiz 1: Arithmetic Operator 63
Quiz 2: Assignment Operators 63
Quiz 3: Comparison Operators 64
Quiz 4: Comparison Operators 64
Quiz 5: Identity Operators 65
Quiz 6: Identity Operators 66
Exercise 1: Search fruits 66
Exercise 2: Applying for a Job 67
Answers to the Exercises 67
4. User Input and Strings 72
User Input 72
 Example 1: User Input 72
Example 2: Create a Triangle 73
Example 3A: Calculate Weights 74
Example 3B: Checking the Variable Types 75
Example 3C: Converting Strings to Integers 76
Strings and Substrings 78
String Index 78
Example 4: String Index 79
Substring 79
Example 5: Substring of a String 80
Using Operators With Strings 81
Example 6: Compare Strings 81
Example 7A: Find Substrings Within a String 82
String Functions 84
Table 1: String Functions 84
Example 7B: Ignore Cases 85
Example 8: Using String Functions 86
Table 2: Functions Return True or False 87
Example 9: Boolean Functions 87
Quiz 1: Conversion 89
Quiz 2: Conversion 89
Quiz 3: String Manipulation 90
Quiz 4: String Index 91
Exercise 1: String Index 91
Exercise 2: Find Historical Figures 92
Answers to the Exercises 93
5. Conditional Statements 96
If... Statements 96
Example 1A: Discount Calculation 97
Example 1B: Discount Calculation 97
If...else Statements 98
 Example 2A: Secret Number 98
If-If... else Statements 99
Example 3A: Wage 99
Example 3B: Wage 100
If-elif... else Statements 101
Example 3C: Wage 102
Quiz 1: Car Price 103
Quiz 2: Car Price 103
Quiz 3: If Statements 104
Quiz 4: If Elif Statements 105
Quiz 5: If Elif Statements 106
Quiz 6: Logical Operator 106
Quiz 7: Logical Operator 107
Exercise 1: Convert Euro to Dollars 108
Exercise 2: Volleyball Team 109
Answers to the Exercises 110
6. Loops Statements 116
The While Loop 116
Example 1: While Loop 116
Example 2: The While True Statement 117
Example 3: The Break Statement 118
Example 4: The Continue Statement 118
Example 5: The Pass Statement 119
The For Loop 120
Example 6: Range Function With One Parameter 120
Example 7: Range Function With Two Parameter 121
Example 8: Range With 3 Parameters 122
Quiz 1: While Loop 123
Quiz 2: While Loop 123
Quiz 3: Break Statement 124
Quiz 4: Continue Statements 124
 Quiz 5: Pass Statements 125
Quiz 6: For Loop Range One Parameter 126
Quiz 7: For Loop Range Two Parameter 126
Quiz 8: For Loop Range Three Parameter 127
Exercise 1: While Loop 127
Exercise 2: For Loop 128
Answers to the Exercises 128
7. Lists in Python 134
Example 1A: Declaring and Displaying a List 134
Example 1A: Displaying a List Element 135
Example 1B: Displaying All the List Elements 136
List Modification 136
Table 1: Adding Elements to a List 137
Table 2: Removing Elements From a List 137
Table 3: Other List Functions 137
Adding Elements to a List 138
Example 2: Add an Element to the End 138
Example 3: Add an Element to a Specific Position 138
Example 4: Add a List Element to a List 139
Removing Elements From a List 140
Example 5: Removing Elements 140
Example 6: Removing Elements by Its Position 141
Example 7: Removing All the Elements 141
Example 8: Number of Elements 142
Example 9: Sort Alphabetically 142
Example 10: List Copy 143
Example 11: Numbers of a Specific Element 144
Example 12: Position of an Element 144
Quiz 1: Display Freelancer 145
Quiz 2: Display Freelancers 145
Quiz 3: Modifying Freelancers List 146
 Quiz 4: Modifying Freelancers List 147
Quiz 5: Copy Freelancers List 147
Exercise 1: Modify Pet's List 148
Exercise 2: Sort Pet's List 148
Answers to the Exercises 149
8. Dictionary 152
Declaring a Dictionary in Python 152
Example 1: Finding Values by Keys 152
Example 2A: Print the Price of a Product 153
Example 2B: Print the Price of a Product 154
Example 3: Print the Price of a Product 154
Example 4: Displaying Keys and Values 156
Example 5: Adding Elements to a Dictionary 156
Example 6: Removing Elements From a Dictionary 157
Quiz 1: Number of Elements 158
Quiz 2: Number of Elements 158
Quiz 3: Printing Dictionary Elements 159
Exercise 1: Create an English Dictionary 160
Exercise 2: Display Laptops by Price 160
Answers to the Exercises 161
9. Functions 165
How to Declare a Function? 165
Table 1: Declaring a Function 165
Example 1A: Company Contact 166
Example 1B: Contact Data Function 167
Function Without Arguments 168
Example 2: Function With No Arguments 168
Function With One or More Arguments 168
Example 3: Function With One Argument 168
Example 4: Function With Two Arguments 169
Functions that Return Values 170
 Example 5: Convert Currencies 170
Quiz 1: Function Calculator 171
Quiz 2: Function Calculator 171
Quiz 3: Function Calculator 172
Exercise 1: Calculate Net Wage 172
Exercise 2: Find the Largest Number 173
Answers to the Exercises 173
10. Exceptions 177
Syntax errors 177
Runtime errors 177
Logical errors 177
Handling Exception 178
Example 1A: Divide by Zero 178
Example 1B: Divide by Zero 179
Example 1C: Divide by Zero 179
Example 1D: Divide by Zero 180
Example 2A: Type Error 180
Example 2B: Type Error 181
Example 3A: Index Error 182
Example 3B: Index Error 182
Example 3C: Index Error 183
Example 4A: Multiple Exceptions 183
Example 4B: Multiple Exceptions 184
Example 4C: Multiple Exceptions 185
Example 4D: Multiple Exceptions 187
Example 5: Finally Keyword 188
Quiz 1: Zero Division Exception 189
Quiz 2: Index Exception 190
Quiz 3: Exception 190
Exercise 1: Index Exception 191
Exercise 2: Arithmetic Exception 192
 Answers to the Exercises 193
11. Import Random 197
Random Randrage 197
Example 1: Import Random 197
Example 2A: Dice 198
Example 2B: Two Dices 198
Random Choice 199
Example 3A: Select Cards 199
Example 3B: Select Cards and Card Values 200
Random Shuffle 200
Example 3C: Shuffle Cards 200
Quiz 1: Random 201
Quiz 2: Random 201
Exercise 1: Lottery 202
Exercise 2: Card Game 202
Answers to the Exercises 203
12. Date and Time 206
Example 1: Printing The Current Date 206
Example 2A: Printing a Selected Date 206
Example 2B: Printing a Selected Date 207
Example 2C: Updating a Selected Date 207
Table 1: Format Date Object 208
Example 3A: Formatting Date 208
Example 3B: Formatting The Current Date 209
Table 2: Format Time Object 209
Example 4: Formatting Time 210
Example 5: Formatting Date and Time 210
Quiz 1: Date 211
Quiz 2: Date 211
Exercise 1: Registration Date 212
Exercise 2: Current Date and Time 212
Answers to the Exercises 213
13. Files Directories and OS 215
How to create directories? 215
Example 1A: Creating a Directory 215
Example 1B: Creating a Sub-Directory 216
Example 1C: Checking the Existence of a Directory 216
How to remove directories? 217
Example 2: Removing a Directory 217
Creating and Working With Files 218
Table 1: File Modes 218
Example 3: Create a File 219
Writing to an Existing File 220
Example 4: Write to a File 220
Reading an Existing File 221
Example 5A: Read a File 221
Example 5B: Read a File 222
Example 5C: Readline Loop 223
Example 6: List Files and Directories 224
Example 7: Which Operating System 224
Example 8: Current Working Directories 224
Quiz 1: Creating Maps 225
Quiz 2: Creating and Writing Into a File 225
Exercise 1: Movie List 226
Exercise 2: Courses Information 227
Answers to the Exercises 228
Alphabetical Index 233
What Does This Book Cover?
Learning a programming language requires understanding code and writing
it effectively. This book offers quizzes to improve skills in reading and
understanding code, while the exercises aim to improve writing code skills.
Each chapter starts with an explanation and code examples and is followed
by exercises and quizzes, offering an opportunity for self-testing and
understanding which level you achieved.
This book goes beyond the traditional approach by explaining Python
syntaxes with real-world code examples. This approach makes learning
exciting and ensures readers can apply their knowledge effectively. The
included exercises and quizzes, along with their solutions, provide a
guarantee to readers and empower them to create simple yet valuable
programs.
Learning one computer language facilitates learning other computer
languages. This principle arises from rules and logic that connect computer
languages. A confirmation of this was when I was asked to teach the C#
programming language at the University of Applied Science. Despite
having no experience with C#, I dedicated a weekend to diving into the
language and realized it wasn't fundamentally different from other object-
oriented programming languages.
Python is also a language reliant on object-oriented programming
principles. Our focus is real-world examples, enabling you to apply these
concepts in your programming works. Learning programming is a
communication tool with computers, as machines operate using their
language defined by specific logical structures and sentences known as
statements.
Before starting with the chapters, I present some illustrative code examples
to provide an overview of the content of this book. The code at the
beginning of this book gives you an idea about this book's approach.

How to get the most out of this book?

This book aims to teach Python to beginners with no programming
background, but it is also practical for people who want to improve their
knowledge.

1. People who don't have any programming background.

Following the first step, it is recommended that you install

Python 3 or later and an IDE to write and run the code.
For each chapter, test yourself with the quizzes and the
exercises that belong to the chapter. If your level of making the
quizzes and the exercises is less than 50 percent, go back to the
chapter's explanation and code examples to understand the
current chapter before starting with the next one.
The knowledge offered in Chapter 1 is necessary and will be
included in the second chapter. The knowledge provided in the
first and the second chapters is required in the third chapter, etc.
There are many practical programming codes in this book. If
you finish this book and learn more than 50% of the offered
knowledge, you can work further with Python without needing
a teacher. Remember, even experts maintain their knowledge
continuously. I don't mean that you don't need to learn anymore,
but you can learn further independent of teachers or instructors.
2. People with some background in Python programming or other
programming language.

You can start from the very beginning. I assume you have
already worked with IDEs, and installing the development
environment wouldn't be an issue.

Before skipping any chapters, ensure you answer the quizzes

and the exercises of the chapter. Once you solve them, you can
skip that chapter. Otherwise, I recommend studying the
chapter's explanation and the example code to understand the
chapter's topics before going further with the following
chapters.
Sar Maroof
Is This Book Right for You?
In learning any programming language, it's crucial to emphasize two
fundamental principles: reading and writing code. This book is designed to
enable an understanding of code by explaining each chapter and providing
numerous code examples.
At the end of every chapter, you'll find quizzes and exercises. Quizzes are a
valuable test of your ability to read and understand code, while exercises
test your ability to write Python code. If you have difficulties solving the
quizzes and the exercises in any chapter, consider it an indication to
dedicate more time to reading and learning the given examples. However,
you can also read the solutions, which provide explanations and make it
easy to understand.
It's important to note that, as a beginner, you're not expected to answer the
following sample quizzes and exercises. Instead, they are included to give
you an idea regarding the book's instructional approach.

Why Choose a Text-Based Application?

For beginners, it is crucial to start by learning coding in a text-based
application. This approach allows you to focus on the fundamentals without
dealing with the complexities of a graphical user interface. After Learning
coding with text-based applications, you can independently explore
graphical interfaces through tutorials or any preferred learning method.
Sample of the Quizzes and the Exercises
1 Create a Triangle
CH 4: Example 2
Write a program that asks the user to enter a character. Once the user inserts
the character and presses the Enter button, the program draws a triangle
with the entered symbol, as shown below.
In this output, the user enters the number "8", and the program draws a
triangle with the number.
Output of the code
Enter a character: 8
8
88
888
8888
88888
888888
8888888

In this output, the user enters the character "$," and the program draws a
triangle with the dollar symbol.
Output of the code
Enter a character: $
$
$$
$$$
$$$$
$$$$$
$$$$$$
$$$$$$$

The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.
2 Secret Number
CH 5: Example 2A
Write a program that allows users to guess a secret number from 1 to 10. If
the user's guess number is correct, the program confirms that the guess
number is correct; otherwise, it is incorrect.

Output 1: The user enters the number 5 in the following output.

Guess a number from (1 to 10): 5
Number 5 is incorrect

Output 2: The user enters the number 8 in the following output.

Guess a number from (1 to 10): 8
Number 8 is correct

The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.

3 Convert Euro to Dollar

CH 5: Exercise 1
Create a program that enables users to enter a specified amount in Euros,
and the program should then convert this amount into dollars, considering
the exchange rate of 1 Euro is equivalent to $1.10.
Output 1: The user enters an amount of 100 euro
Enter an amount in Euros: 100
The amount of 100.0 is $110.00

Output 2: The user enters an amount of 120 euro

Enter an amount in Euros: 120
The amount of 120.0 is $132.00

The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.

4 Create an English Dictionary

CH 8: Exercise 1
Write a program that allows users to enter an English word; the program
displays a synonym of the word. Remember that the user could write the
word all in uppercase, lowercase, or a combination of both. The program
should find the synonymous if it exists in the dictionary regardless of the
cases.
dictionary.py
eng_dictionary = {'Happy': 'Pleased', 'Fast': 'Quick', 'Big': 'Large', 'Smart': 'Clever'}
# add your code here

Output 1: The user enters the word "HAPPY"

Enter an English word: HAPPY
The synonymous of the word Happy is Pleased

Output 2: The user enters the word "fast"

Enter an English word: fast
The synonymous of the word Fast is Quick

Output 3: The user enters the word "bIG"

Enter an English word: biG
The synonymous of the word Big is Large

The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.

5 Lottery
CH 11: Exercise 1
Create a program allowing users to shuffle the names in the list below.
Upon executing the program, the names order is selected randomly. The
winners are determined based on the following ranking:

The first randomly selected name wins one million dollars.

The second chosen random name wins 500 thousand dollars.
The third randomly selected name wins 100 thousand dollars.

lottery.py
from random import shuffle
names = ["Emma", "David", "Jack", "George", "Ronald", "Vera", "Bruce"]
# add the rest of your code here.

The output of the program is shown below. Remember that the winners will
be randomly different each time you run the program.
The names randomly:
['Vera', 'Emma', 'Bruce', 'Ronald', 'David', 'Jack', 'George']
The winner of one million dollars is: Vera
The winner of 500 thousand dollars is: Emma
The winner of 100 thousand dollars is: Bruce
The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.

6 Copy Freelancers List

CH 7: Quiz 5
What happens if the following code is run?
freelancers.py
freelancers = ["Edward", "Jeff", "Robert", "John", "Daniel"]
freelancers2 = freelancers.copy()
freelancers2.sort()
print(freelancers2[1], freelancers[1])

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "Jeff Jeff" to the output.
b. The code prints "Edward Daniel" to the output.
c. The code prints "Edward Jeff" to the output.
d. The code prints "Daniel Edward" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.

7 Select Cards
CH 11: Example 3B
The following program declares a list with the card elements and values.
The choice function allows you to select a card randomly.

cards.py
from random import choice
cards = ["clubs", "Diamonds", "Hearts", "Spades"]
card_value = ["Ace", 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, "Jack", "Queen", "King"]
# add your code here

Output 1: By running the program, a card is selected randomly.

Randomly selected card: Queen of Hearts
Output 2: By running the program, a card is selected randomly.
Randomly selected card: 3 of Hearts

Output 3: By running the program, a card is selected randomly.

Randomly selected card: 8 of Spades

The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.

8 Registration Date
CH 12: Exercise 1
Upon registering on your website, the system automatically captures and
saves the registration date and time. Develop a program that allows users to
enter their names, and the program displays the user's name alongside the
current registration date and time.
Output: The user enters Jack, and the program automatically prints the
current date and time.
Enter your name: Jack
Jack's registration was recorded on
03/02/2024 At 07:35:33 PM

The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.

9 Creating and Writing Into a File

CH 13: Quiz 2
When executing the following code, it generates the file 'MyFile.txt.'
What content is readable inside the file?
file.py
path_dir = "MyFile.txt"
file1 = open(path_dir, "w")
q1 = "In the middle of difficulties lies opportunities."# Einstein
q2 = "What we think, we become." # Buddha
file1.close()
file1 = open(path_dir, "w")
file1.write(q2)
file1.close()
Select all the correct answers:
a. The content of the file is only "quote1."
b. The content of the file is only "quote2."
c. The content of the file is "quote1" and "quote2."
d. The content of the file is empty.
e. The code causes an error.

The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.

10 Function Calculator
CH 9: Quiz 1
What happens if the following code is run?
calculator.py
def calculator(nr1, nr2, nr3): # line 1
result = nr1 + nr2 - nr3 # line 2
return result # line 3
print(calculator(22, 20, 10)) # line 4

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "22" to the output.
b. The code prints "20" to the output.
c. The code prints "32" to the output.
d. The code prints "52" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

The solution(s) of this code issue and its explanation, including many more,
are covered in this book.
1. A Beginner's Guide
It is recommended that you read this chapter if you are a total beginner in
programming. In the following chapters, many programs are presented, and
testing them by running them is essential. That gives you an idea of how
running code and displaying the output of a program works.

Installing Python Version 3 or Later

Installing Python version 3 or later is crucial to run the programs in this
book. Once you install Python, you can choose the IDE that works with
your platform, Windows, Mac, Linux, etc.

Notice
You must first download and install Python before installing the IDE
program. That would make the installation easier and avoid errors.

Installing IDE Platform for Python Programs

IDE is an Integrated development environment. Installing the right platform
would help run the code and benefit the most from this book.
Many IDE programs help you to edit and write Python programs. Some are
free, and others are paid; an example of a free IDE is Pycharm Community
Edition. But there are also other alternatives.

After installing Python and the IDE, you can open the IDE Program, as
shown in the following illustration. You can find the instructions on the IDE
provider's website.

After installing your IDE successfully and opening it, you will see
something as shown in the image below. Most of the IDE screens are
divided into three areas.

First area: In the upper left, you see your files with Python
extensions such as "register.py."
Second area: If you double-click on the file, the content of the
file appears in the upper right area, called the editor, where you
 can write, edit, or update your code.
Third area: This is the output area at the bottom of the screen;
you can run the program by clicking on the green arrow at the
top or on the left of the output area. Once you click the green
arrow, also called the run button, the code output appears, as
shown in the image below.

Notice
The buttons for running the program and others could differ from one IDE
to another. For more information, read the instructions of the IDE
provider.

The IDE Screen

Check The Platform
Once you have installed Python and the IDE of your choice, follow the next
steps to check whether the installation was successful.

Create a Python file called register.py.

Please type the code below in the editor area and write the code
exactly as it is because Python is case-sensitive.
Run the code by clicking on the green arrow.
Run the code of the following program, and if the output of the code is
"George," that indicates the correctness of your installations.

file name: register.py

name = "George"
print(name)
By clicking on the run button (green arrow), the name George appears in
the output area, as shown below.
Output
George

Pythons Rules by Choosing Names

To maintain code readability, applying the following rules for naming
variables, packages, modules, functions, and class names is essential.
Variables
Lowercase letters are used with words and separated by underscores.
Examples are my_shopping_cart, bank_account, and user_age.
Packages (Modules) and Files
Lowercase letters are used with words and separated by underscores.
Examples are brand.py, server_page.py, and data_source.py.
Functions (Methods)
Lowercase letters are used with words separated by underscores and ended
by enclosed parenthesis. Examples, calculate_result(), get_sum().
2. Variables and Data Types
A variable allocates a location in the memory where you can store value. It is
essential to give a variable a proper name or a reference that points to the
memory location. The variable name is the key to accessing the memory's
stored value.

Rules of Variable Names

Programmers can choose any proper names for variables but must apply the
following rules.

A variable name can only contain letters, numbers, and

underscores.
A variable name must start with a letter or with an underscore.
Python is case-sensitive; therefore, "brand", "Brand", and
"BRAND" differ.

Declaring Variables
In Python, creating variables is similar to other programming languages. It
starts with the name of the variable and assigning a value to it.

Example 1: Creating Variables

The following code creates the variables name, age, is_married, and wage in
the following example. Nothing will be printed in the output if you run the
following code.

That is because the variables are declared, and values are assigned to them
only in the memory. Programmers have control over when and where to
display those data.

Notice
The string variable value should be enclosed in either single or double
quotes, as demonstrated in the following example.
register.py
# declaring variables
name = "George"
age = 22
is_married = False
wage = 2300.4557

Example 2: Printing the Variable Values

We expand the previous example by printing the variable values to the output.

To print variable values, we use the function print, which ends with opening
parenthesis and closing it: print(). The variable's name should be passed as a
parameter to the print function between the parenthesis, as shown in the
example below.
The variable values are printed to the standard output if the following program
is run.
register.py
# declaring variables
name = "George"
age = 22
is_married = False
wage = 2300.4557
# printing the variable values
print(name)
print(age)
print(is_married)
print(wage)

Output of the previous code

George
22
False
2300.4557
Data Types
In programming, data type is an important concept.
Variables can be stored in different types. The primitive types examples are
strings, a combination of letters, numbers, spaces, and symbols.
Numbers could be floats, numbers with decimals, and integers that represent
numbers without decimals.
A boolean variable has only two possible values, either true or false.
The following are the primitive data types in Python; in Python, true and false
start with uppercase letters, True and False.
Table 1: Data Types
Data Types Acronym Examples
String Type str (string) George, my text, How are
you?
Integer Type int (integer) 23, 45, 33
Decimal Type float (decimal numbers) 34.343, 22. 3, 11.9
Boolean Type bool (boolean) True, False

Example 3: Data Types

The function type in Python allows you to print the types of the variables.
By using type(name), for example, the variable name data type is meant
instead of the value of the name.
register.py
# declaring variables
name = "George"
age = 22
is_married = False
wage = 2300.4557
# variable type
print(type(name))
print(type(age))
print(type(is_married))
print(type(wage))
As shown in the output, the variable type of name is a string (str), the variable
type of age is an integer (int), the variable type of is_married is boolean (bool),
and the variable type of wage is float, which is a number with a decimal.

Output
<class 'str'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'bool'>
<class 'float'>

Print By Using a Comma Operator

In Python, the comma(,) operator prints two or more expressions and separates
them with a space.

Example 4A: Printing Texts

In the previous examples, we printed the value of the variables to the output.
How can we display the data with more details, as shown below?
Name: George
Age: 22
Married: False
Wage: 2300.4557

To print a text, use the print function and enclose the text with double or single
quotes, as shown below.
To print a combination of variable values and strings, you can separate them
with a comma.

# declaring variables
name = "George"
age = 22
is_married = False
wage = 2300.4557
'''
To print a combination of variable values and
texts, you can separate them with a comma.
'''
print("Name: ", name)
print("Age: ", age)
print("Married: ", is_married)
print("Wage: ", wage)

Output
Name: George
Age: 22
Married: False
Wage: 2300.4557

Example 4B: Printing Texts

To print a combination with variable values and strings, you can separate them
with a comma; by strings, they can also be separated by a plus sign (+), as
shown in the code below.

# declaring variables
name = "George"
age = 22
is_married = False
wage = 2300.4557
'''
To print a combination of variable values and
texts, you can separate them with a comma.
'''
# by name the sign + is used
print("Name: "+ name)
print("Age: ", age)
print("Married: ", is_married)
print("Wage: ", wage)

Output
Name: George
Age: 22
Married: False
Wage: 2300.4557
Example 4C: Printing Texts
You can also enclose the text with a single quote, as shown in the code below.

# declaring variables
name = "George"
age = 22
is_married = False
wage = 2300.4557
'''
To print a combination of variable values and
texts, you can separate them with a comma.
'''
print('Name: ', name)
print('Age: ', age)
print('Married: ', is_married)
print('Wage: ', wage)

Output
Name: George
Age: 22
Married: False
Wage: 2300.4557

Print Using Parameters "sep" and "end"

The "sep" Parameter
By default, a space is set between strings when separated by commas.
However, there are situations where this default behavior is undesirable, and it
is more practical to allow the programmer to determine the separation of
characters. In such cases, the programmer can use the "sep" parameter to
control the separation.
The "end" Parameter
The "end" parameter allows to print on the same line.

Example 4D: Printing Texts Using "sep" Parameter

In the following example, the "," creates a space between the dollar sign and
the price by default. We can use the "sep" parameter to remove the space or
add any character(s) between them.

wage = 2348.55
country = "United States"
print("Wage: $", wage)
'''
the sep="" specifies that no space or any other
characters are used between the dollar sign and the wage.
'''
print("Wage: $", wage, sep="")
print("Country", country)
'''
the sep=": " signifies the instruction to separate the
country and its corresponding value using a colon and a space.
'''
print("Country", country, sep=": ")

Output
Wage: $ 2348.55
Wage: $2348.55
Country United States
Country: United States

Example 4E: Printing Texts Using "end" Parameter

The following example shows that the "end" parameter keeps the word
"Country" and the variable value of the country, which is the United States, on
the same line.
country = "United States"
'''
the following statements print the
two words on two separate lines.
'''
print("Country")
print(country)
'''
Use the end parameter to ensure the two
words remain on the same line when printed.
'''
print("Country", end=": ")
print(country)

Output
Country
United States
Country: United States

Print By Using the ‘f-String’ Syntax

The 'f-string' syntax is an easy way of formatting strings in Python by
prefixing the string with the letter f. This syntax allows you to print variable
values using curly braces, as shown in the example below.

Example 5: Using f-String Syntax

The variable name between the curly braces prints the value of the variables.

# declaring variables
name = "George"
age = 22
is_married = False
wage = 2300.4557
print(f"{name} is {age} years old.")

Output
George is 22 years old.

Example 6: Rounding to Two Decimal Places

There are several ways to round to less decimal places. In the following code,
we used the first way by using the syntax "%.2f"
The second way uses the syntax ":.2f," which rounds to two decimal places. If
you change the 2f to 3f, the decimal places become three.

# declaring variables
name = "George"
age = 22
is_married = False
wage = 2300.4557
# the first way to round to two decimal places
print("The wage of",name,"is: $%.2f" % wage+".")
# the second way to round to two decimal places
print(f"The wage is ${wage:.3f}.")

Output
The wage of George is: $2300.46.
The wage is $2300.456.

Using Comments
The interpreter ignores comments during the execution of the program. The
primary usage of comments is to enhance the code's readability and explain the
code to other programmers.
Python's two primary types of comments are single-line comments and multi-
line comments.
A single-line comment starts with a hash (#), while a multi-line comment
starts and is enclosed with a triple "single quote" or starts and is enclosed with
a triple "double quote."

Why Are Comments Used in Python?

Every programming language supports comments as part of the language. Here
below is an explanation of the crucial purposes of using comments.
1. Improve code readability for programmers.
2. Explaining the code to others who work with it.
3. Use the comments as solid documentation of the program.
4. Offering an easy and faster way to understand the functions of the code.

Example 7: Comments
The following code contains single and multiline comments.
register.py
# this is a single-line comment.
'''
this is a multi-line comment
this is a multi-line comment
this is a multi-line comment
'''
"""
this is a multi-line comment
this is a multi-line comment
this is a multi-line comment
"""

Printing a String Multiple Times

In Python, multiplying a string by a number results in the string being repeated
that number of times. An asterisk symbol serves as the multiplication operator.

Example 8: Multi-String
In the following example, we try to create a rectangle by multiplying a string
by a number.
shape.py
print('# ' * 10)
print('# ' * 10)
print('# ' * 10)
print('# ' * 10)
print('# ' * 10)
print('# ' * 10)

The output of the code is:

##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########

Type Casting
Type casting is converting one data type into another type. That is sometimes
necessary because of the calculation or the operation that is required to be
performed by the code. That can be accomplished in Python by using the
functions int(), string(), float(), char(), bool(), etc.

Example 9A: Calculating Total Salary

In the following example, we calculate the total salaries earned by Jack and
Emma. The expected output is $6000 because Jack earns $3200 and Emma
earns $2800, but we get the error below when we run the program.
calculator.py
salary_Jack = 3200
salary_Emma = "2800"
total_salary = salary_Jack + salary_Emma

The output shows an error.

total_salary = salary_Jack + salary_Emma
~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'

As shown in the output, the code causes an error because we tried to add the
salary of 3200 to the wages of "2800". As shown in the code, double quotes
enclose Emma's salary, which indicates that the wage is a string type, not a
float type.
To solve the issue, we have to convert Emma's salary to a float using the
function float, as shown below.
total_salary = salary_jack + float(salary_Emma)

Example 9B: Converting String to Float

The following code converts Emma's salary from a string to a float; otherwise,
the program generates an error. Jack's wage is not enclosed with a double
quote; therefore, it is already a number and doesn't need to be converted.
calculator.py
salary_Jack = 3200
salary_Emma = "2800"
total_salary = salary_Jack + float(salary_Emma)
print("Total salaries: $", total_salary)

Output
Total salaries: $ 6000.0

Example 9C: Converting String to Int

In the following example, to calculate the age difference between two
individuals, you must convert the second age to int type because the second
age is a string.
calculator.py
age1 = 22
age2 = "34"
age_difference = int(age2) - age1
print("Age Difference: ", age_difference)

Output
Age Difference: 12

Escape Sequences in Python

Some characters are reserved as keywords in Python, such as double quotes,
single quotes, backslash, etc. An escape sequence is a sequence of characters
included within a string; it is transformed into a different character or set of
characters, see the table below.

Table 2: Escape Sequences

Escape Sequence Description
\\ Backslash
\' Single quote
\" Double quote
\n New line
\t Tab

Example 10: Escape sequence Code Example

# print a double quote
print("He said, \"I am a student.\"")
# print a single quote
print('Who can tell me the meaning of the term \'ASCII\'?')
# print a backslash
print("The path of the program is C:\\Application\\color.py")
# new line
print("Hi There \nWelcome Back!")
# keep a tab between the texts
print("Name:\t David")
print("Age:\t 34")

The output of the program is:

He said, "I am a student."
Who can tell me the meaning of the term 'ASCII'?
The path of the program is C:\Application\color.py
Hi There
Welcome Back!
Name: David
Age: 34

Quiz 1: Printing Variables

What happens if you run the following code?
course.py
name = "C++"
duration = 3 # months
price = 3400.9574
print("%.2f" % price)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "3400.9574" to the output.
b. The code prints "3400.96" to the output.
c. The code prints "float" to the output.
d. The code causes an error.
e. The code has no output.

Quiz 2: Printing Variables

What happens if you run the following code?
course.py
name = "C++"
duration = 3 # months
price = 3400.9574
print(type(name))

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "C++" to the output.
b. The code prints "3" to the output.
c. The code prints '<class 'str'>' to the output.
d. The code causes an error.
e. The code has no output.

Quiz 3: Total Weight in a Lift

What happens if you run the following code?
weight.py
weight1 = "80"
weight2 = 70
weight3 = "30"
total_weight = ""
print(total_weight)
What is the correct way to calculate the total weight in integer?
Select the correct answer:
a. total_weight = int(weight1) + weight2 + int(weight3)
b. total_weight = weight1 + int(weight2) + int(weight3)
c. total_weight = int(weight1) + int(weight2) + weight3
d. total_weight = weight1 + weight2 + weight3
e. The code has no output.

Quiz 4: Escape Sequences

What is the output of the code?
escape_sequence.py
print("What does \'Database\' mean?")

Select the correct answer:

a. The output is "What does Database mean?"
b. The output is "What does \'Database\' mean?"
c. The output is "What does \Database\ mean?"
d. The output is "What does 'Database' mean?"
e. The code has no output.

Exercise 1: Printing Variable Values and Types

Print the values and the types of the variables brand, price, year, and is_defect,
and round the price to two decimal places.

laptop.py
brand = "Dell"
price = 2400.3572
year = 2030
is_defect = False
# add your code

The output of the program after adding your code is as shown below.
The expected output
The Variable Values
Brand: Dell
Price: $2400.36
Year: 2030
Is Defect? False

The Variable Types

Type of brand is: <class 'str'>
Type of price is: <class 'float'>
Type of year is: <class 'int'>
Type of is_defect is: <class 'bool'>

Exercise 2: Printing a shape

Use the multiplying string in Python to print the following triangle to the
output.
U
UU
UUU
UUUU
UUUUU
UUUUUU

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1
The print function prints the price of the course.
The syntax %.2f rounds the price to two decimal places.
Therefore, the correct answer is b.

Output
3400.96

Answer Quiz 2
Combining the print and the type function prints the variable's
type, not its value. Therefore, the code writes a string type of the
name's variable. The short name of a string in Python is "str."

The correct answer is c.

Output
<class 'str'>

Answer Quiz 3

The variable values of weight1 and weight3 are enclosed with

double quotes. So, they are strings, and they need to be converted
to integers.

The variable weight2 is already an integer and doesn't need to be

converted.
The answer "a" calculates the total weight by converting weight1
and weight2 to an integer.
The correct answer is a.
Output by replacing the statement total_weight =" " with the statement of the
answer "a."

180

Answer Quiz 4
The escape sequence \' prints a single quote; therefore, the output
is "What does 'Database' mean?".

The correct answer is d.

Output
What does 'Database' mean?

Answer Exercise 1
Here below is the answer to exercise 1.
brand = "Dell"
price = 2400.3572
year = 2030
is_defect = False
print("The Variable Values")
print("Brand: ", brand)
print("Price: $%.2f" % price)
print("Year: ", year)
print("Is Defect? ", is_defect)
print()
print("The Variable Types")
print("Type of brand is: ", type(brand))
print("Type of price is: ", type(price))
print("Type of year is: ", type(year))
print("Type of is_defect is:", type(is_defect))

Output
The Variable Values
Brand: Dell
Price: $2400.36
Year: 2030
Is Defect? False

The Variable Types

Type of brand is: <class 'str'>
Type of price is: <class 'float'>
Type of year is: <class 'int'>
Type of is_defect is: <class 'bool'>

Answer Exercise 2
Below is the answer to exercise 2.

First, print the letter U once, then twice, etc.

print('U ' * 1)
print('U ' * 2)
print('U ' * 3)
print('U ' * 4)
print('U ' * 5)
print('U ' * 6)

Output
U
UU
UUU
UUUU
UUUUU
UUUUUU
3. Operators in Python
There are several operator types in Python, such as arithmetic, assignment,
comparison, logic, identity, and membership. The value that the operator
operates on is called the operand.
Table 1: Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform mathematical
operations. The arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and exponentiation. The operators, modulus, and
floor division might be unknown to beginners.

Operator Name Example

+ Addition 7+2=9
- Subtraction 7 - 2= 5
* Multiplication 7 * 2 = 14
/ Division 7 / 2 = 3.5
** Exponentiation 4 ** 2 = 4 * 4 * 4 = 64
% Modulus 7%2=1
// Floor division 7 // 2 = 3

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators

The following example code shows how to use arithmetic operations.
arithmetic.py
print(7 + 2) # 9
print(7 - 2) # 5
print(7 * 2) # 7 * 2 = 14
print(7 / 2) # 3.5
print(7 % 2) # 1
print(4 ** 3) # 4 * 4 * 4 = 64
print(17 // 2) # 8
Output
9
5
14
3.5
1
64
8

Modulus
When a number is divided by another, the remainder is called modulus. The
percentage symbol "%" represents modulus; see the following examples.

Examples
Operations Explanation
10 % 3 = 1 10 divided by 3 = 3, and the remainder is 1
24 % 6 = 0 24 divided by 6 = 4, and the remainder is 0
21 % 8 = 5 21 divided by 8 = 2, and the remainder is 5.

Explanation
10 % 3 = 1 10 divided by 3 is 3.
3 * 3 = 9.
remainder = 10 -9 = 1.
24 % 6 = 0 24 divided by 6 is 4.
6 * 4 = 24.
remainder = 24 - 24 = 0.
21 % 8 = 21 divided by 8 is 2
5 2 * 8 = 16.
remainder = 21 -16 = 5.

Example 2: Modulus
The following code clarifies how the modulus works.
modulus.py
print(10 % 3) # remainder is 1
print(24 % 6) # remainder is 0
print(21 % 8) # remainder is 5

Output
1
0
5

Floor Division
The floor division is an arithmetic operation that divides a number by
another, rounds the result to the integer, and ignores the remainder. The
double slash symbol "//" is used for the floor division.

Examples
Operation Explanation
30 // 4 = 7 30 divided by 4 = 7
4 * 7 = 28 the rest is 2 less than 7
22 // 5 = 4 22 divided by 5 = 4
4 * 5 = 20 the rest is 2 less than 5
20 // 4 = 5 20 divided by 4 = 5
5 * 4 = 20 the rest is 0
9 // 2 = 4 9 divided by 2 is 4
the rest is 1 less than 2
15 // 6 = 15 divided by 6 = 12
12 the rest is 3 less than 6.

Example 3: Floor Division

floor_division.py
print(30 // 4) # 7
print(22 // 5) # 4
print(20 // 4) # 5
print(9 // 2) # 4
print(15 // 6) # 2

Output
7
4
5
4
2

Table 2: Assignment Operators

The assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.
Operato Example Same as Explanation
r
= x=7 x=7 x is equal to 7
+= x += 5 x = x + 5 Increment the value of x by 5
-= x -= 4 x=x-3 Decrement the value of x by 3
*= x *= 2 x = x * 2 Multiply the value of x by 2
/= x /= 4 x=x/4 Divide the value of x by 4
%= x %= 3 x=x%3 x=x%3
//= x //= 2 x = x // 2 x = x // 2
**= x ** 4 x = x ** x to the power of 4
3

Example 4A: Assignment Operators

assignment.py
nr1 = 3
nr2 = 4
nr3 = 5
nr4 = 12
nr5 = 8
nr6 = 5
nr1 += 5
print(nr1) # prints 3 + 5 = 8
nr2 -= 3
print(nr2) # prints 4 - 3 = 1
nr3 *= 2
print(nr3) # prints 5 * 2 = 10
nr4 /= 3
print(nr4) # prints 12 / 3 = 4
nr5 //= 5
print(nr5) # prints 8 / 5 = 1
nr6 **= 3
print(nr6) # prints 5 * 5 * 5 = 125

Output
8
1
10
4.0
1
125

Using the "+" and "+=" Operators With Strings

The following example shows you can concatenate separate strings with the
"+" or "+=" operators.

Example 4B: Concatenate Strings Using "+"

concatenate.py
name1 = "Jack "
name2 = "David "
name3 = "Emma "
'''
You can concatenate the values of
the names by using the '+' operator.
'''
name = name1 + name2 + name3
print(name)

Output
Jack David Emma

Example 4C: Concatenate Strings Using "+="

concatenate.py
name1 = "Jack "
name2 = "David "
name3 = "Emma "
'''
you can concatenate the names
by using the "+=" operator
'''
name1 += name2
name1 += name3
# the name values 2 and 3 are concatenated to name1
print(name1)

Output
Jack David Emma

Table 3: Comparison Operators

It is allowed to compare values with one another. The result of comparing
the values is either true or false.
Operator Name Example
== Equal 4 == 4 = true
!= Not equal 4 != 4 = false
> Greater than 7 > 5 = true
< Less than 7 < 5 = false
>= Greater than or equal to 9 >= 9 = true
<= Les than or equal to 9 <= 7 = false

Example 5: Comparison Operators

The following code shows how the comparison operators work.
comparison.py
x=4
y=4
n=7
z=5
i= 9
k=9
print(x == y) # is x equal to y? True
print(x != y) # is x unequal to y? False
print(n > z) # is n greater than z? True
print(i >= k) # is i greater or equal to k? True
print(i <= n) # is i smaller or equal to n? False

Output
True
False
True
True
False

Table 4: Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
Operator Description
and Returns True if both statements are true.
or Returns True if one of the statements is true.
not Reverse the result returns false if the result is true .

Examples
Operation Explanation
4 == 4 and 3 > 2 The first condition returns true because four is equal
to 4.
The second condition also returns true because three is
greater than 2.
The result is "true" because both conditions return
true.
8 >= 3 and 2 > 5 The first condition returns true because eight is greater
or equal to 3.
The second condition returns false because two is not
greater than 5.
The result is "false" because one of the conditions
returns false.
8 >= 3 or 2 > 5 The first condition returns true because eight is greater
or equal to 3.
The second condition returns false because two is not
greater than 5.
The result is "true" because one of the conditions
returns true. Remember that the result is true if only
one condition returns true by the "or" operator.
not (8 >= 3 or 2 > The result of the previous condition was true. By
5 applying the 'not' operator, the outcome will be
inverted to false."

Example 6: Logical Operators

logical.py
x=5
y=8
z = 12
print(x < y and x == 5) # prints True
print(z < y and x == 5) # prints False
print(x < y or x == 5) # prints True
print(x < y or x == 5) # prints True
print (not(x > 8 or x == 5)) # prints False

Output
True
False
True
True
False

Table 5: Identity Operators

Identity operators compare whether the objects are the same with the exact
memory location.

Operator Description
is Returns true if the variables are the same
is not Returns true if the variables are not the same

Example 7: Identity Operators

The following code clarifies how identity operators work.
name1 = "George"
name2 = "Jack"
name3 = name1
print(name1 is name2) # False
print(name2 is name3) # False
print(name1 == name3) # True because name3 = name 1
print(name1 is not name2) # True
Output of the code
False
False
True
True

Table 6: Membership Operators

Membership operators test if a sequence is presented in an object.
Operator Description
in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present
in the object.
not in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is absent
in the object.

Example 8: Membership Operators

text = "In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity." # Einstein
print("difficulty" in text) # True "difficulty" is in the text.
print("we" in text) # False "we" is not in the text.
print("price" not in text) # True "price" is not in the text

Output
True
False
True

Quiz 1: Arithmetic Operator

What happens if the following code is run?
calculator.py
print(17 % 3 , 29 // 6 , 4 **2)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "2 5 8" to the output.
b. The code prints "5 4 16" to the output.
c. The code prints "2 4 16" to the output.
d. The code causes an error.
e. The code has no output.

Quiz 2: Assignment Operators

What happens if the following code is run?
calculator.py
x=5
x += 3
x -= 2
print(x)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "5" to the output.
b. The code prints "8" to the output.
c. The code prints "3" to the output.
d. The code prints "6" to the output.
e. The code causes an error.
f. The code has no output.

Quiz 3: Comparison Operators

What happens if the following code is run?
calculator.py
x=5
y=6
print(x == y)
print(y >= x)
print(y != 3)
print(y <= 6)
print(y < 4)
Select the correct answer:
a. The code prints "False True True True False" to the output.
b. The code prints "False True False True False" to the output.
c. The code prints "False False False True True" to the output.
d. The code prints "True True True True False" to the output.
e. The code causes an error.
f. The code has no output.

Quiz 4: Comparison Operators

What happens if the following code is run?
calculator.py
nr1 = 3
nr2 = 4
nr3 = 5
print(nr1 < nr2 and nr3 != 5)
print(nr1 < nr2 or nr3 != 5)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "True True" to the output.
b. The code prints "False True" to the output.
c. The code prints "False False" to the output.
d. The code prints "True False" to the output.
e. The code causes an error.
f. The code has no output.

Quiz 5: Identity Operators

What happens if the following code is run?
color.py
brand1 = "IBM"
brand2 = "Dell"
brand3 = brand1
print(brand1 is brand2)
print(brand3 is brand1)
print(brand3 == brand1)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "False True False" to the output.
b. The code prints "False True True " to the output.
c. The code prints "False False False" to the output.
d. The code prints "True True True" to the output.
e. The code prints "True False True" to the output.
f. The code has no output.

Quiz 6: Identity Operators

What happens if the following code is run?
color.py
colors = "blue, red, green, black, white, yellow"
print("YELLOW" in colors)
print("red" in colors)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "True True" to the output.
b. The code prints "True False" to the output.
c. The code prints "False False" to the output.
d. The code prints "False True" to the output.
e. The code has no output.

Exercise 1: Search fruits

Write two statements that check whether the fruits "orange and grape " are
on the list.

fruits = "apple, banana, orange, mango, strawberry"

# enter your code
Output: The code checks orange and grape.
Is orange on the list? The answer is: True
Is grape on the list? The answer is: False

Exercise 2: Applying for a Job

Write a code that determines whether candidates are accepted or rejected
based on their years of experience. If the user's experience is five years or
more, the user gets a positive result; otherwise, the answer is negative or
rejected.
Output
Five years of experience. Is he accepted? True
Seven years of experience. Is he accepted? True
Four years of experience. Is he accepted? False

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1

The program prints the first 17 % 3 . 17 divided by 3 is 5, and

the remainder is 2.

The second part prints 29 // 6. 29 divided by 6 is 4, and the

remainder is ignored.
The third part is 4 ** 2, which means 4 * 4 = 16.
The correct answer is c.

Output
2 4 16

Answer Quiz 2
x=5

The initial value of the variable x is 5.

x += 3 increments the value of x by 3 and it becomes 8.
 x -= 2 decrements the value of x by 2. Remember that the last
value of the variable x is 8, not 5. So, 8 -2 = 6.
The correct answer is d.

Output
6

Answer Quiz 3
x =5, y = 6

The first statement print(x == y) returns false because x is 5 and

is not equal to y, which is 6.
The second statement print(y >= 5) returns true because y is 6,
and that is greater than x.
The third statement, print(y != 3), returns true because y is 6,
and it is not equal to 3.
The fourth statement print (y <= 6). Remember that y is not
smaller than 6, but it is equal to 6. Therefore, it returns true.
The fifth statement print(y < 4) returns false because y is not
smaller than 4.
The correct answer is a.
Output
False
True
True
True
False

Answer Quiz 4
nr1 = 3, nr2 = 4, nr3 = 5.

The first statement print(nr1 < nr2 and nr3 != 5) checks whether
nr1 is smaller than nr2, which is true, but the second one checks
whether nr3 is not equal to 5, which is false. Using the logical
operator "and," all the statements should return true; otherwise,
 the result will be false.
The second statement print(nr1 < nr2 or nr3 != 5) is precisely
the same as the previous statement, but this time, the logical
operator "or" is used, and by using or if one statement returns
true, the result is true.
The correct answer is b.

Output
False
True

Answer Quiz 5
brand1 = "IBM", brand2 = "Dell", brand 3 = brand1.

The first statement print(brand1 is brand2) checks whether the

two brands are identical; therefore, it returns false because they
are not.
The second statement print(brand3 is brand1) checks whether
brand3 is brand1, which they are, and they point to the exact
location in the memory because the statement brand3 = brand1
is mentioned at the beginning of the code.
The third statement, print(brand3 == brand1), checks whether
brand3 equals brand1, which is true.
The correct answer is b.

Output
False
True
True

Answer Quiz 6
colors = "blue, red, green, black, white, yellow"

The first statement print("Yellow" in colors) checks whether the

color Yellow is on the list, but remember that Python is case-
sensitive. Yellow starts with the capital letter Y; therefore, the
 answer is false.
The second statement is print("red" in colors), which checks
whether the color red is on the list and that is true.
The correct answer is d.
Output
False
True

Answer Exercise 1
fruit.py
fruits = "apple, banana, orange, mango, strawberry"
print("Is orange on the list? The answer is:","orange" in fruits)
print("Is grape on the list? The answer is:","grape" in fruits)

Output
Is orange on the list? The answer is: True
Is grape on the list? The answer is: False

Answer Exercise 2
job.py
print("Five years of experience. Is he accepted?", 5 >= 5)
print("Seven years of experience. Is he accepted?", 7 >= 5)
print("Four years of experience. Is he accepted?", 4 >= 5)

Output
Five years of experience. Is he accepted? True
Seven years of experience. Is he accepted? True
Four years of experience. Is he accepted? False
4. User Input and Strings
User Input
In the previous chapters, we worked with variable values. In many cases, we
don't have the values of the variables; instead, we need to ask the users to enter
their data. Most well-known web applications ask users for their names,
birthdates, occupations, etc.
You can also ask users in Python to enter their data using the function input(),
as shown in the following examples.

Example 1: User Input

In this example, we allowed the user to enter his information and assign his
data values to the variables we already declared for those data.

Notice
When you test the following program, the program first allows you to enter
your first name. Each time you enter your data, you must press the enter
button on your keyboard to insert the rest.

register.py
'''
assign the values that the user enters to the
variables first name, last name, age, and occupation
'''
first_name = input("Enter your first name: ")
last_name = input("Enter your last name: ")
age = input("Enter your age: ")
occupation = input("Enter your occupation: ")
# use "\n" for new line
print("\n..... Info of",first_name, last_name, ".....")
# use \t for tab
print("Name: \t\t\t", first_name, last_name)
print("Age: \t\t\t", age)
print("Occupation: \t", occupation)
Output
Enter your first name: George
Enter your last name: Smith
Enter your age: 34
Enter your occupation: Programmer
..... Info of George Smith .....
Name: George Smith
Age: 34
Occupation: Programmer

Example 2: Create a Triangle

Write a program that asks the user to enter a character. Once the user inserts
the character and presses the Enter button, the program draws a triangle with
the entered symbol, as shown below.
In this output, the user enters the number "8", and the program draws a triangle
with the number.
Output of the code
Enter a character: 8
8
88
888
8888
88888
888888
8888888

triangle.py
symbol = input("Enter a character: ")
print(symbol * 1)
print(symbol * 2)
print(symbol * 3)
print(symbol * 4)
print(symbol * 5)
print(symbol * 6)
print(symbol * 7)

Example 3A: Calculate Weights

Three individuals try to use an elevator with a maximum weight capacity of
551 pounds (250 kg). The weights of the three individuals are as follows:
The first person weighs 199 pounds (90 kg).
The second person weighs 192 pounds (87 kg).
The third person weighs 177 pounds (80 kg).
Write a program that calculates the total weight of all three individuals and
informs them whether they can use the elevator simultaneously, considering
the maximum weight capacity.
calculator.py
weight1 = input("Enter the weight of the first person: ")
weight2 = input("Enter the weight of the second person: ")
weight3 = input("Enter the weight of the third person: ")
# calculate the total weight
total_weight = weight1 + weight2 + weight3
print("The total weight is: ", total_weight, "pounds")

The program output is 199192177 pounds, as shown below, which is incorrect.

Output of the program
Enter the weight of the first person: 199
Enter the weight of the second person: 192
Enter the weight of the third person: 177
The total weight is: 199192177 pounds

Earlier in this book, I explained that sometimes it is necessary to convert

variable types from one type to another.
The output is "199192177", a combination of the three entered numbers by the
user: 199, 192, and 177.
As explained before, the result of the sum of three strings is concatenating
them together. Python considers the three numbers as strings.
Let's check the variable types of numbers entered by the user.
Example 3B: Checking the Variable Types
As I explained in this book, you can print any variable type in Python using
the function type. To display it, you should use the function type combined
with the print function as print(type(weight)), as shown in the code.

calculator.py
weight1 = input("Enter the weight of the first person: ")
weight2 = input("Enter the weight of the second person: ")
weight3 = input("Enter the weight of the third person: ")
# check the variable types
print(type(weight1))
print(type(weight2))
print(type(weight3))
# calculate the total weight
total_weight = weight1 + weight2 + weight3
print("The total weight is: ", total_weight, "pounds")

It is clear from the output that Python sees all three variables, weight1,
weight2, and weight3, as strings.

Output
Enter the weight of the first person: 199
Enter the weight of the second person: 192
Enter the weight of the third person: 177
<class 'str'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'str'>
The total weight is: 199192177 pounds

As already explained in this book, you can convert the string type in Python to
an integer by using the function int as int(weight1), as shown in the code.

Example 3C: Converting Strings to Integers

In the following code, the string variables of weights are converted to integers.
Therefore, the correct result is calculated by the program.
calculator.py
weight1 = input("Enter the weight of the first person: ")
weight1 = input("Enter the weight of the first person: ")
weight2 = input("Enter the weight of the second person: ")
weight3 = input("Enter the weight of the third person: ")
# converting the variable from strings to integers
weight1 = int(weight1)
weight2 = int(weight2)
weight3 = int(weight3)
# calculate the total weight
total_weight = weight1 + weight2 + weight3
print("The total weight is: ", total_weight, "pounds")

The output clearly shows that the total weight is 568 pounds, which exceeds
the maximum weight of 551 pounds allowed in the elevator.

Output
Enter the weight of the first person: 199
Enter the weight of the second person: 192
Enter the weight of the third person: 177
The total weight is: 568 pounds

Notice
The user input is a string, even if the user enters a number. Therefore,
converting the input to an "int" type for integers or a "float" type for decimal
numbers is crucial. Otherwise, the result of the arithmetic operation would be
incorrect.

Strings and Substrings

There are many reasons for programmers to manipulate strings, such as
limiting the number of characters a user enters for a comment, removing
unwanted words in messages entered by users, finding a word or a sentence
within a text, etc.

String Index
Each character within a string has a positive and negative index position
number.

The positive index starts with 0 from the left side.

The negative index starts with -1 from the right side.
In the following book title, "Learn Java," each letter, including the space, has
two different index position numbers, as shown below.

The first letter, "L," has 0 and a negative index of -10.

The letter "e" has a positive index number of 1 and a negative
index of -9.
The space has the indexes of 5 and -5.
The letter "v" has the indexes 8 and -2.

title = "Learn Java"

The positive and the negative index number of each letter
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
L e a r n J a v a
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

We use the index number enclosed by brackets to determine each letter within
a string.
For example, if we want to print the letter n of the title, we use the statement
print(title[4]) or print(title[-6]) as shown in the following code.

Example 4: String Index

string_index.py
title = "Learn Java"
print(title[0]) # prints L
print (title[-10]) # prints L
print (title[3]) # prints r
print(title[-7]) # prints r
print (title[8]) # prints v
print (title[-2]) # prints v

Output of the code

L
L
r
r
v
v

Substring
It is also possible to display a substring or a part of the string by indicating
from which index position number to start and the end index position of the
substring.
By printing a substring of a string, we also use the enclosed brackets; a colon
separates the start and the end index ":" examples are title[6:9] and title[0:5].
In the previous example, we can separate the substring "Java" by determining
the first index position number and leaving the end index position empty as
title[6:]; it is also possible to use title[6:10].

Notice
The start index is inclusive, but the end index is exclusive. Therefore, we use
the end index of 10, which doesn't exist but indicates excluding 10. It is
recommended to leave it empty if you want to reach the end of the characters.

The positive and the negative index number of each letter

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
L e a r n J a v a
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Example 5: Substring of a String

substring.py
title = "Learn Java"
'''
if the end position is empty, it indicates
reaching the end of the string.
'''
print(title[6:]) # prints Java
print(title[6:10]) # prints Java
print (title[-4:]) # prints Java
print (title[-4:10]) # prints Java
'''
if the first position is empty, it indicates
starting from the beginning of the string
'''
print(title[:5]) # prints Learn
print(title[0:5]) # prints Learn
print(title[:-5]) # prints Learn
print(title[-10:5]) # prints Learn
'''
If both the initial and final positions
are empty, it implies the entire title.
'''
print(title[:]) # prints the whole title
print (title[0:10]) # prints the whole title

Output
Java
Java
Java
Java
Learn
Learn
Learn
Learn
Learn Java
Learn Java
Using Operators With Strings
As shown in the following examples, Python comparison operators could also
be used with strings such as "==" and "!=".

Example 6: Compare Strings

compare_strings.py
# returns true
print("California" == "California")
# returns false, Python is case-sensitive
print("New York" == "New york")
# returns true, because they are not equal
print("United States" != "United states")
# returns false, the leftside lacks space between the words.
print("Hi" +"There" == "Hi There")
# returns true, space in the end of Hi
print("Hi " +"There" == "Hi There")
# returns true, space in the beginning of There
print("Hi" +" There" == "Hi There")

Output
True
False
True
False
True
True

Example 7A: Find Substrings Within a String

Write a program that enables users to search in a country list whether it
contains the country they seek. The program's answer is "true" if the country is
on the list. However, the program's answer would be false if the country is not
on the list.
In the following output, the user seeks India, which is on the list. Therefore,
the program's answer is "true."
Current List: United States, United Kingdom, Germany, India, Brazil, Spain, Italy, Canada, Japan,
Mexico

Enter a country name: India

Is India on the list? True

In the following output, the user seeks France, which is not on the list.
Therefore, the program's answer is "false".
Current List: United States, United Kingdom, Germany, India, Brazil, Spain, Italy, Canada, Japan,
Mexico

Enter a country name: France

Is France on the list? False

Notice
The provided list represents the top 10 nations worldwide where, to date, my
books are the most popular, ranked by their level of popularity.

Here below is the code.

find_country.py
countries = "United States, United Kingdom, Germany, India, Brazil, Spain, Italy, Canada, Japan,
Mexico"
print("Current List: ", countries)
country = input("\nEnter a country name: ")
print("Is ", country, "on the list? ", country in countries)

The following challenge needs to be solved.

Challenge
If you enter an existing country on the list using different letter cases, the
program's answer would be "false, " which is undesirable.
In the following output of the same previous code, the user enters "germany"
starting with a lowercase, but the program mentions that "germany" is not on
the list. That is because Python is case-sensitive.
Current List: United States, United Kingdom, Germany, India, Brazil, Spain, Italy, Canada, Japan,
Mexico

Enter a country name: germany

Is germany on the list? False
Question
How can we instruct the program to disregard letter cases when the user
enters input with incorrect casing?

The answer to the question is in the following topic of the string functions.
That will teach you how to manipulate strings in that case and many others.

String Functions
The following functions are essential for programmers to manipulate strings.
Table 1: String Functions
Functions that take an action or update the string.
Function Description
capitalize() Capitalizes the initial character.
count() Counts the numbers of a specified value in a string.
find() Locates the position of a specified value in a string.
index() Locates the position of a specified value in a string.
lower() Converts the entire string to lowercase.
replace() Replaces a specified value with another in the string.
swapcase() Swaps the case of characters; lowercase becomes uppercase
and vice versa.
title() Capitalizes the first character of each word.
upper() Converts the entire string to uppercase.
len() Determines the length (number of characters) of the string.

Example 7B: Ignore Cases

In the previous code challenge, an issue arose when a user entered a country
from the list with different case letters, resulting in not being found. In this
updated example, we address this using the lower() function, which converts
all user-input letters to lowercase. We also convert all country names on the
list to lowercase. By doing so, we can effectively compare the user's input and
country list in lowercase. This trick eliminates all the uppercase and compares
two country names that contain only lowercase.
We will translate the above explanation into Python code.
find_country.py
countries = "United States, United Kingdom, Germany, India, Brazil, Spain, Italy, Canada, Japan,
Mexico"
print("Current List: ", countries)
country = input("\nEnter a country name: ")
# convert the country entered by the user to lower case letters
country_lowercase = country.lower()
# convert the countries list to lower case letters
countries_lowercase = countries.lower()
# display the list and the user input in lower case
print("User input in lower case: ", country.lower())
print(countries.lower())
print("Is ", country, "on the list? ", country_lowercase in countries_lowercase)

The user enters "GeRMany", which is on the list, but the program ignores the
letter case and returns true this time.
Current List: United States, United Kingdom, Germany, India, Brazil, Spain, Italy, Canada, Japan,
Mexico

Enter a country name: GeRMany

User input in lower case: germany
united states, united kingdom, germany, india, brazil, spain, italy, canada, japan, mexico
Is GeRMany on the list? True

Example 8: Using String Functions

The following code example clarifies using the above string functions list.
string_functions.py
text = "i am from Spain"
# prints I, converts the first "i" to capital I
print(text.capitalize())
# prints 2, the position of the first letter "a"
print(text.count("a"))
# prints 10, the position of the first letter of Spain in the text
print(text.find("Spain"))
# prints 6, the position of the first r letter
print(text.index("r"))
# prints the text in lowercase
print(text.lower())
# replaces the country Spain with the US
print(text.replace("Spain", "US"))
# swaps all the letter cases of the text
print(text.swapcase())
# converts the first letter of the words to upper case
print(text.title())
# prints the length of the text, including the spaces
print(len(text))

Output
I am from spain
2
10
6
i am from spain
i am from US
I AM FROM sPAIN
I Am From Spain
15

Table 2: Functions Return True or False

String functions that return either true or false.
Function Description
endswith() Validates whether the string ends with a particular value.
isalnum() Verifies if all characters in the string are alphanumeric.
isalpha() Checks if all characters in the string belong to the alphabet.
isdigit() Checks if all characters in the string are numeric.
islower() Validates if all characters in the string are in lowercase.
isnumeric() Verifies if all characters in the string are numeric.
istitle() Checks if the string follows the title format rules.
isupper() Validates if all characters in the string are in uppercase.
startswith() Examines if the string initiates with a specific value.

Example 9: Boolean Functions

boolean_functions.py
string1 = "Energy flows where attention goes"
string2 = "Tu1212HIJ"
string3 = "HiEveryBody"
string4 = "0137843626572"
string5 = "heis"
string6 = "8847463"
string7 = "Energy Flows Where Attention Goes"
string8 = "ENERGY FLOWS WHERE ATTENTION GOES"
# returns true because string1 starts with En
print(string1.startswith("En"))
# returns true because string1 ends with es
print(string1.endswith("es"))
# returns true because string2 contains only alphanumeric
print(string2.isalnum())
# returns true because string3 contains only alphabet
print(string3.isalpha())
# returns true because string4 contains only numbers
print(string4.isdigit())
# returns true, because string5 contains only lowercase letters
print(string5.islower())
# returns true, because string6 contains only numbers
print(string6.isnumeric())
# returns true, because all the words in string7 starts with uppercase
print(string7.istitle())
# returns true, because string8 contains only uppercase
print(string8.isupper())

Output
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True

Notice
As a programmer, it is crucial to understand code and to have an expectation regarding the output.
However, experts can see what the code does faster, but training yourself for that is essential; therefore,
I offer quizzes in most of my books.

Quiz 1: Conversion
When executed, this code prompts the user to input the bread price, then the
milk prices, and then calculates the total by summing both prices. Assuming
the user enters prices of $2.50 for bread and $3.50 for milk, what will be the
outcome of running this code?
calculator.py
bread_price = input("Enter the price of bread: ")
milk_price = input("Enter the price of milk: ")
total_price = bread_price + milk_price
print(total_price)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "6.0" to the output.
b. The code prints "2.503.50" to the output.
c. The code prints "6" to the output.
d. The code causes an error.
e. The code has no output.

Quiz 2: Conversion
Which shape do you expect to be created with the letter "X" in the output of the following program?

shape.py
symbol = " X "
print(symbol * 10)
print(symbol * 10)
print(symbol * 10)
print(symbol * 10)
print(symbol * 10)
print(symbol * 10)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints a "triangle" to the output.
b. The code prints a "circle" to the output.
c. The code prints a "rectangle" to the output.
d. The code prints an "unknown shape" to the output.
e. The code causes an error.
f. The code has no output.

Quiz 3: String Manipulation

Which of the following statements converts the word 'price' in the code text to
'amount'?
The expected output of the program is: Python course amount: $2400

string_manipulation.py
text = "Python course price: $2400"
# insert the statement here

Select the correct answer:

a. The method print(text.replace('price', 'amount'))
b. The method print(text.convert('price', 'amount'))
c. The method print(text.change('price', 'amount'))
d. The method print(text.swap('price', 'amount'))
e. The method print(text.switch('price', 'amount'))

Quiz 4: String Index

What happens if the following code is run?
substring.py
title = "Python for beginners"
print(title[7])

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "7" to the output.
b. The code prints "f" to the output.
c. The code prints "n" to the output.
d. The code prints "o" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Exercise 1: String Index

Write a program that prints the following from this quote.
1. Print the word "journey" from the text using the position of the letters.
2. Print the word "journey" in uppercase using the function upper.
2. Print the whole quote in uppercase.
3. Print the number of the characters in the quote, including spaces.
4. Check whether the quote contains only alphanumeric using the function
isalnum().

string_function.py
quote = "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step"
# add your code

The expected output of the program is shown below.

journey
JOURNEY
A JOURNEY OF A THOUSAND MILES BEGINS WITH A SINGLE STEP
55
False

Exercise 2: Find Historical Figures

Write a program that allows users to enter the name of a historical figure. The
program seeks the names in the list "Darwin, Einstein, Lincoln, Gandhi,
Bonaparte, Tolstoy." If the name is on the list, the program returns true;
otherwise, it is false, as shown in the outputs.

find.py
historical_figures = "Darwin, Einstein, Lincoln, Gandhi, Bonaparte, Tolstoy"
# add your code

In the following output, the user enters LINCOLN.

Enter a name of a historical figure: LINCOLN
Is the name LINCOLN on the list? True

In the following output, the user enters Newton.

Enter a name of a historical figure: Newton
Is the name Newton on the list? False

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1
As explained earlier, a user input is a string even if the user enters a number.

If you join two strings with a "+" sign, the second string will be
appended to the end of the first one.
The prices are 2.50 and 3.50.
Therefore, the answer is 2.503.50.
The correct answer is b.

Output
Enter the price of bread: 2.50
Enter the price of milk: 3.50
2.503.50

Answer Quiz 2
When a string is multiplied by a number in Python, the string is replicated by
that specified number. In the example, the character 'X' is multiplied by ten
and subsequently printed. As a result, the character 'X' is printed ten times
across six rows, forming a rectangular shape. Therefore, the correct answer is
option c.

Output
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X

Answer Quiz 3
As shown in the table of string functions, the function replace is used to
replace a substring. In this case, the word "price" is replaced with the word
"amount".
The correct answer is a.

Answer Quiz 4
The title "Python for Beginners" contains 20 characters, including
two spaces.
The statement print(title[7]) prints the character in the seventh
position, starting with the zero position. Therefore, it prints the
letter "f" to the output, as shown below.

The correct answer is b.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
P y t h o n f o r B e g i n n e r s

Answer Exercise 1
Here below is the code required by the exercise.
string_functions.py
quote = "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step"
# add your code
print(quote[2:9])
print(quote[2:9].upper())
print(quote.upper())
print(len(quote))
print(quote.isalnum())

Output
journey
JOURNEY
A JOURNEY OF A THOUSAND MILES BEGINS WITH A SINGLE STEP
55
False

Answer Exercise 2
find.py
historical_figures = "Darwin, Einstein, Lincoln, Gandhi, Bonaparte, Tolstoy"
# add your code
hf = input("Enter a name of a historical figure: ")
hf_ignore_case = hf.lower()
hf_list_ignor_case = historical_figures.lower()
print("Is the name", hf, "on the list? ", hf_ignore_case in hf_list_ignor_case)

Output
Enter a name of a historical figure: EINSTEIN
Is the name EINSTEIN on the list? True
5. Conditional Statements
So far, the statements of the previous programs were executed from the top
to the bottom. Sometimes, we need only a statement executed if it meets a
specific condition; otherwise, the program should ignore it.
For example, a particular shopping website offers a discount to subscribed
customers, but an unsubscribed customer should pay the total price of a
specific Item. In Python and other programming languages, conditional
statements are used to determine whether a particular part of the code is
executed or ignored.
Conditional statements are if statements, if else statements, and if elif
statements.

If... Statements
If the condition meets specific requirements, the statements within the if-
block are executed.
The if-block starts with if followed by the condition, then ends with a colon
":"
The if condition is followed by its block statements, which are recognized
by a tab space, as shown in the code below.

if is_subscribed: # the if condition

price -= 5 # the if block

The statements within the if-block could be one or more statements. Once
the if condition returns true, all the statements within the if-block are
executed.

Example 1A: Discount Calculation

In the following example, if a customer subscribes, he receives a discount
of $5. Otherwise, he doesn't. The boolean variable is_subscribed is false;
therefore, the statement if is_subscribed returns false, and the if-block is
ignored.
The program prints the full price of $24.
The sep="" is added to the second print function to remove the space
between the $ sign and the price.
discount.py
price = 24
# the following customer is not subscribed
is_subscribed = False
if is_subscribed: # the if condition
price -= 5 # the if block
print("Price: $", price)
print('Price: $', price, sep="")

The output of the program

Price: $ 24
Price: $24

Example 1B: Discount Calculation

Let's set the value of the variable is_subscribed to true and execute the
program again. This time, the if-statement returns true; therefore, the if-
block is executed. The statement price -= 5 decreases the value of the price
by 5. The output of the program is $19
discount.py
price = 24
# the following customer is subscribed
is_subscribed = True
if is_subscribed: # the if condition
price -= 5 # the if block
'''
the statement sep="" to remove the space
between the $ sign and the price
'''
print('Price: $', price, sep="")

The output of the program

Price: $19
If...else Statements
If the condition meets specific requirements, the statements within the if
block are executed. If the "if condition" returns false, you can tell Python to
execute another block using the else statement shown in the following code.

Example 2A: Secret Number

Write a program that allows users to guess a secret number from 1 to 10. If
the user's guess number is correct, the program confirms that the guess
number is correct; otherwise, it is incorrect.
secret.py
secret_number = 8
guess_nr = input("Guess a number from (1 to 10): ")
# the guessnumber should be converted to a number
guess_nr = int(guess_nr)
if guess_nr == secret_number:
print("Number", guess_nr, "is correct")
else:
print("Number", guess_nr, "is incorrect")

Output 1: The user enters the number 5 in the following output.

Guess a number from (1 to 10): 5
Number 5 is incorrect

Output 2: The user enters the number 8 in the following output.

Guess a number from (1 to 10): 8
Number 8 is correct

If-If... else Statements

If a conditional statement includes multiple if-statements, each statement
that is evaluated to be true will be executed. The if-statements could be
ended with an else-statement. The execution of the else statement depends
on the outcome of the last if statement. If the final if-statement evaluates to
true, the else-statement is ignored; however, if the last if-statement is false,
the else-statement is executed.

Example 3A: Wage

A company pays the employee a basic salary of $3200 plus a combination
of extra if he meets the following criteria.

If he is certified, he receives a monthly extra amount of $200.

If he is 40 years or older, he gets an extra $500.
If he has four or more years of experience, he receives an extra
$600.
In this example, the employee receives a basic wage of $3200. The boolean
variable is_certified is True. Therefore, he gets an extra amount of $200.
The employee in our example has four years of experience. Consequently,
he receives an additional amount of $500. He is 43 years old and gets an
extra $600. If you run the following program, the total wage of the
employee

wage.py
basic_wage = 3200
is_certified = True
years_experience = 4
age = 43
total_wage = basic_wage
if is_certified:
total_wage += 200
if years_experience >= 4:
total_wage += 500
if age >= 40:
total_wage += 600
print("Total wage: $",total_wage, sep='')

Output: If you run the program, the output below is shown.

Total wage: $4500

Example 3B: Wage

Change the variable values of the previous example as shown below. What
is your expected output of the following program?

The basic wage is still $3200; the programmer is not certified; therefore, he
will not receive the extra $200. However, he gets the additional $500
because he has five years of experience. He is 34 years old; therefore, he
doesn't receive the extra $500 because he is under 40. His salary would be
3200 + 500 = 3700.
wage.py
basic_wage = 3200
is_certified = True
years_experience = 4
age = 43
total_wage = basic_wage
if is_certified:
total_wage += 200
if years_experience >= 4:
total_wage += 500
if age >= 40:
total_wage += 600
print("Total wage: $",total_wage, sep='')

The output of the program is shown below.

Total wage: $3700

If-elif... else Statements

By working with if-elif statements, the program starts with the first if
statement. If the first if is evaluated as true, the block associated with it is
executed, and the rest of the elif statements are ignored.
However, if the first if statement returns false, the program goes further
with the following elif statement. If the next elif is evaluated as true, its
block code is executed, and the rest of the elif statements are ignored.
By the series of if-elif statements, only the first statement that returns true is
executed.

Example 3C: Wage

We use the previous example code but change the if-statement to elif
statements. In the following code, the employee is certified, so the first if-
statement returns true. Therefore, the if-block is executed, and the employee
receives an extra $200 above the basic salary.
As shown in the code, the employee has five years of experience, but the
rest of the code is ignored. That is because, by the elif statement, only the
first statement that returns true is executed.
wage.py
basic_wage = 3200
is_certified = True
years_experience = 5
age = 34
total_wage = basic_wage
if is_certified:
total_wage += 200
elif years_experience >= 4:
total_wage += 500
elif age >= 40:
total_wage += 600
print("Total wage: $",total_wage, sep='')

The output of the program is shown below.

Total wage: $3400

Quiz 1: Car Price

What happens if the following code is run?
car_price.py
price_car = 9500
is_customer = True
age = 50
if is_customer:
price_car -= 500
if age > 50:
price_car -= 200
print(price_car)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "9000" to the output.
b. The code prints "8800" to the output.
c. The code prints "9500" to the output.
d. The code prints "500" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 2: Car Price

What happens if the following code is run?
car_price.py
price_car = 9500
is_customer = True
age = 55
if age > 50:
price_car -= 200
elif is_customer:
price_car -= 300
print(price_car)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "9500" to the output.
b. The code prints "9300" to the output.
c. The code prints "9000" to the output.
d. The code prints "9200" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 3: If Statements
What happens if the following code is run?
if_else.py
grade = 6
display = ""
if grade == 6:
display += "X "
if grade > 5:
display += "N "
if grade > 9:
display += "P "
else:
display += "K "
print(display)
Select the correct answer:
a. The code prints "X N" to the output.
b. The code prints "X " to the output.
c. The code prints "X K" to the output.
d. The code prints "X N K " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 4: If Elif Statements

What happens if the following code is run?
if_elif.py
grade = 6
display = ""
if grade == 5:
display += "X "
elif grade > 5:
display += "N "
elif grade == 6:
display += "P "
else:
display += "K "
print(display)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "X K" to the output.
b. The code prints "N K " to the output.
c. The code prints "N " to the output.
d. The code prints "N P " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 5: If Elif Statements

What happens if the following code is run?
if_elif.py
grade = 3
display = ""
if grade == 5:
display += "X "
elif grade > 5:
display += "N "
elif grade == 6:
display += "P "
else:
display += "K "
print(display)
Select the correct answer:
a. The code prints "X K" to the output.
b. The code prints "K " to the output.
c. The code prints "X N " to the output.
d. The code prints "N K " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 6: Logical Operator

What happens if the following code is run?
laptop.py
ram = 16
harddisk = 150
screen = 17
price = 600
if ram >= 16 and harddisk >= 200:
price += 200
if ram >= 16 or harddisk >= 200:
price += 100
if ram >= 8 and harddisk >= 100 and screen >= 20:
price += 150
else:
price -= 150
print(price)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "800" to the output.
b. The code prints "900" to the output.
c. The code prints "550" to the output.
d. The code prints "700" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 7: Logical Operator

What happens if the following code is run?
laptop.py
ram = 16
harddisk = 150
screen = 17
price = 600
if ram >= 16 and harddisk >= 150:
price += 200
elif ram >= 16 or harddisk >= 200:
price += 100
elif ram >= 8 and harddisk >= 100 and screen >= 17:
price += 150
else:
price -= 150
print(price)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "800" to the output.
b. The code prints "900" to the output.
c. The code prints "550" to the output.
d. The code prints "700" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Exercise 1: Convert Euro to Dollars

Create a program that enables users to enter a specified amount in Euros,
and the program should then convert this amount into dollars, considering
the exchange rate of 1 Euro is equivalent to $1.10.
Output 1: The user enters an amount of 100 euro
Enter an amount in Euros: 100
The amount of 100.0 is $110.00

Output 2: The user enters an amount of 120 euro

Enter an amount in Euros: 120
The amount of 120.0 is $132.00
Exercise 2: Volleyball Team
A volleyball team is actively seeking young players to join their team. To be
eligible, a player must meet the following criteria:

Height: 185 cm (72.9 inches) or taller.

Age: Between 18 and 25 years old.
Experience: A minimum of two years in the field.
The program selects players meeting these requirements. Otherwise, they
are rejected.
volleyball.py
height = input("Enter the height of the player: ")
# convert the height to an integer
height = int(height)
# add your code

The expected output of the program is shown below. The user enters a
height of 185 cm, an age of 19 years, and an experience of 2 years. The
program selects the player.
Enter the height of the player: 185
Enter the age of the player: 19
Enter years of experience: 2
The player is accepted.

The expected output of the program is shown below. The user enters a
height of 188 cm, an age of 26 years, and an experience of 3 years. The
program rejects the player because his age doesn't meet the requirements.
Enter the height of the player: 188
Enter the age of the player: 26
Enter years of experience: 3
The player is rejected.

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1

The first if statement checks if the variable is_customer is true,

which is true as it is initialized as true.

The block is executed, and the statement price_car -= 500

decreases the value of the car price by $500. The price of the
car becomes 9500 - 500 = 9000.
The second if statement checks whether the customer's age is
greater than 50, which is not because the customer is 50;
therefore, the block is ignored.
The first statement decreased the price of the car by 500.
Therefore, the car's price becomes 9000.
The correct answer is a.
Output
9000

Answer Quiz 2

The first if-statement checks whether the customer is older than

50 years, which is true because the customer is 55.

The block is executed, and the price of the car is decreased by

$200.
9500 - 200 = 9300.
The second elif statement checks whether the variable customer
is set to true, which is true. However, the block is not executed
because by the elif statement, only the first statement that
returns true is executed, and the rest of the conditions are
ignored.
The correct answer is b.

Output
9300
Answer Quiz 3
The variable display is an empty string.

The first if-statement checks whether the grade is equal to six,

which is correct. Therefore, its body is executed, and the letter
"X" is appended to the display variable.
The second if-statement checks whether the grade is larger than
five, which is true. Therefore, the "N" is also appended to the
display variable.
The third if-statement checks whether the grade is larger than
nine, which is not true; therefore, the block is ignored.
The last if-statement returns false; therefore, the else statement
is executed, and the letter "K" is appended to the display
variable.
The value of the display variable becomes "X N K."
The correct answer is d.

Output
XNK

Answer Quiz 4

The first if-statement checks whether the grade is equal to five,

which is false. Therefore, the block is ignored.

The second elif-statement checks whether the grade is larger

than five, which is true. The block is executed, and the value
"N" is added to the variable display.
By elif-statements, all the rest of the statements are ignored
when the first true condition is found.
The correct answer is c.
Output
N
Answer Quiz 5

The first if-statement checks whether the grade is equal to five,

which is false.
The second elif-statement checks whether the grade is larger
than five, which is false.
The third elif-statement checks whether the grade is equal to
six, which is false.
All the elif-statements were false; therefore, the else statement
is executed and adds the letter "K" to the value of the display
variable.
The correct answer is b.

Output
K

Answer Quiz 6

The first if-statement checks whether the RAM is equal to or

larger than 16, which returns true, but the hard disk is not equal
to or larger than 200. Therefore, the block is ignored by logical
operation because all the operands must return true; otherwise,
the condition returns false.

The second if-statement returns true because by the logical

operator "or," the statement returns true if one operand is true.
In this case, the ram is equal to or larger than 16. The price is
incremented by 100.
For the third if-statement, the logical operator "and" is used.
The last operand checks whether the screen is equal to or larger
than 20, which is false. Therefore, the whole conditional
statement returns false.
The else-statement is executed because the last if-statement
returns false. The price is decreased by 150.
The price = 600 + 100 - 150 = 550
The correct answer is c.
Output
550

Answer Quiz 7

The first if-statement checks whether the ram is equal to or

larger than 16, which returns true; the hard disk is also equal to
or larger than 150, which is true. Therefore, the block is
executed, and the price is incremented by 200 and becomes
800.

By elif-statements, the rest of the statements are ignored when

the first true condition is reached.
The correct answer is a.

Output
800

Answer Exercise 1
currency.py
amount_euro = input("Enter an amount in Euros: ")
# convert the euro amount to float
amount_euro = float(amount_euro)
amount_dollar = amount_euro * 1.10
print("The amount of",amount_euro, "is $%.2f" %amount_dollar)

Output
Enter an amount in Euros: 200
The amount of 200.0 is $220.00

Answer Exercise 2
volleyball.py
height = input("Enter the height of the player: ")
# convert the height to an integer
height = int(height)
age = input("Enter the age of the player: ")
# convert the age to an integer
age = int(age)
experience = input("Enter years of experience: ")
# convert the experience to an integer
experience = int(experience)
if height >= 185 and age >= 18 and age <= 25 and experience >= 2:
print("The player is accepted.")
else:
print("The player is rejected. ")

Output
Enter the height of the player: 190
Enter the age of the player: 24
Enter years of experience: 1
The player is rejected.
6. Loops Statements
A loop controls the repetition of a specific statement(s) by determining the
number of times executed. A loop contains a head and a body, with the head
specifying the frequency of statement execution within the loop's body.
In Python, the loop's body is positioned beneath the head and should be
indented with a "tab" to the right, as shown in the code below.

The While Loop

A while loop iterates through the execution of its body as long as the specified
condition evaluates as true.

Example 1: While Loop

The following code illustrates the while loop.

nr = 1
while nr < 5: # head of the loop
print(nr, 'is smaller than 5') # body: statement 1
nr += 1 # body: statement 2
print("number is: ", nr) # doesn't belong to the loop

The value "1" is assigned to the variable "nr" in the example. The
body is executed as long as the while condition returns true.
The initial value of the variable nr is 1. The head of the loop
checks whether the value 1 is smaller than 5, and it is. Therefore,
the loop's head condition returns true.
The body's statements of the while-loop are executed, and print "1
is smaller than 5."
The statement "nr += 1" increments the value of the variable nr by
one. Therefore, the value of nr becomes 2.
The program returns to the head and checks whether the value 2 is
smaller than 5. The answer is true; therefore, the loop's body is
executed, and the statement "2 is smaller than 5" is printed.
When the value of variable nr reaches "5", the head of the loop
checks whether "5" is smaller than "5," and that returns false
 because it is not. Therefore, the execution of the loop's body is
terminated.
The output of the program is.
1 is smaller than 5
2 is smaller than 5
3 is smaller than 5
4 is smaller than 5
number is: 5

The While True statement

The statement "while True" is used in Python to execute one or more
statements continuously.

Example 2: The While True Statement

The following program prints "How old are you?" repeatedly because the
while true statement returns always true.
while True:
print("How old are you?")

Here is the output of the program.

....
How old are you?
How old are you?
How old are you?
How old are you?
How old are you?
How old are you?
How old are you?
How old are you?
continues..............

The Break keyword

The break statement is used to terminate a loop.

Example 3: The Break Statement

If you run the following example, the statement "How old are you?" is printed
once. As soon as the break statement is reached, the loop is terminated.

while True:
 print("How old are you?")
break

The output of the code.

How old are you?

The Continue keyword

The continue keyword skips the current iteration in a loop and continues to the
next iteration.

Example 4: The Continue Statement

If you run the following code, the value of the variable nr is printed. If the
value of the variable nr is reached 4, 6, and 8, the statement "continue" skips
those numbers, as shown below.

nr = 0
while nr < 10:
nr += 1
if(nr == 4 or nr == 6 or nr == 8):
continue # skip
print(nr)

The output of the code.

1
2
3
5
7
9
10

The Pass keyword

In conditional statements and loops, the body of the loop or the body of the
conditional statement cannot be left empty. The pass statement ensures the
code doesn't generate an error and allows the programmer to write the required
code later.

Example 5: The Pass Statement

If you run the following example, the statement "pass" ensures that Python
doesn't mention an error. In that way programmers can later change the pass to
any statements they wish.

nr = 0
while nr < 5:
if nr == 3:
print(nr)
else:
pass
nr += 1

The output of the code.

3

The For Loop

The range() function in Python determines how often a for-loop is executed
based on specific values. You can pass one, two, or three parameters to the
range function. The value of the one-parameter determines when the loop must
stop.
Passing One Parameter to range(stop)
Example Description
range(9) Starts by default with 0, ends with 8 (9 is not included), and the
start by default increments by one. So, the reeks numbers are 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
range(4) starts by default with 0, ends with 3 (4 is not included), and the
start by default increments by one. So, the reeks numbers are: 0,
1, 2, 3.

Example 6: Range Function With One Parameter

In the following code, only one parameter, 4, is passed to the function range().
for number in range(4):
print(number)
The output of the code.
0
1
2
3

Passing Two Parameter to range(start, stop)

By passing two parameters through the function range(start, stop),

The first parameter is the "start" or the initial value of the variable
The second parameter is the value where the loop should stop.
The start value is incremented each time by one by default.

Example Description
range(3, 7) It starts with 3, ends with 6 (7 is not included), and the start each
time by default increments by one. So, the reeks numbers are: 3,
4, 5, 6.
range(5, 8) It starts with 5, ends with 7 (8 is not included), and the start by
default increments by one. So, the reeks numbers are: 5, 6, 7.

Example 7: Range Function With Two Parameter

The code of the following example prints

From the start, which is 5.

To the stop, which is 9 (9 is not included).
By default, the start value increments by one.

for number in range(5, 9):

print(number)

The output of the program is.

5
6
7
8

Passing Three Parameter to range(start, stop, increment)

By passing three parameters through the function range(start, stop, increment)

The first parameter is the "start" or the initial value of the variable
The second parameter is the value where the loop should stop.
The third parameter's value determines with which number each
time the variable starts is incremented.

Examples Description
range(3, 10, Starts with 3, ends with 9 (10 is not included), and the start
2) each time is incremented by 2. So, the reeks numbers are: 3, 5,
7, 9.
range(2, 11, Starts with two and ends with 10 (11 is not included), and the
3) start each time is incremented by 3. So, the reeks numbers are:
2, 5, 8. The end number is eight because if we increment eight
by 3, we reach 11, which is not included.

Example 8: Range With 3 Parameters

If the following code is run, the output is 2, 5, 8.
for number in range(2, 11, 3):
print(number)

The output of the code.

2
5
8

Quiz 1: While Loop

What happens if the following code is run?

while_loop.py
id = 6
while id < 10:
print(id, end=' ') # statement 1
id += 1 # statement 2
Select the correct answer:
a. The code prints "1 2 3 4 " to the output.
b. The code prints "10 " to the output.
c. The code prints "6 7 8 9 " to the output.
d. The code prints "6 7 8 " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 2: While Loop

We remove statement 2 from the previous example and rerun the code.
What happens if the following code is run?

while_loop.py
id = 6
while id < 10:
print(id, end=' ') # statement 1

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "1 2 3 4 " to the output.
b. The code prints "6 7 8 9 " to the output.
c. The code prints "6 7 8 9 10" to the output.
d. The code continually prints 6 to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 3: Break Statement

What happens if the following code is run?
break_statement.py
nr = 2
while True:
nr += 1
print(nr, end=' ')
if nr >= 5:
break

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "2 3 4 5 " to the output.
b. The code prints "3 4 5 " to the output.
c. The code prints "2 3 4 " to the output.
d. The code prints "2 3 " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 4: Continue Statements

What happens if the following code is run?

continue_statement.py
nr = 1
while nr < 6:
nr += 1
# if the rest = 0 as a result of dividing the nr by 2.
if nr % 2 == 0:
continue
else:
print(nr, end=' ')

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "1 2 3 4 5 6 " to the output.
b. The code prints "3 4 5 " to the output.
c. The code prints "3 5 " to the output.
d. The code prints "2 3 " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 5: Pass Statements

What happens if the following code is run?

pass.py
nr = 0
while nr < 10:
if nr >= 5 or nr < 3:
pass
 else:
print(nr, end = ' ')
nr += 1

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "0 1 2 3 4 5 " to the output.
b. The code prints "3 4 5 " to the output.
c. The code prints "3 4 " to the output.
d. The code prints "2 3 4 " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 6: For Loop Range One Parameter

What happens if the following code is run?

for_loop.py
for number in range (5):
print(number, end = ' ')

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "0 1 2 3 " to the output.
b. The code prints "0 1 2 " to the output.
c. The code prints "0 1 2 3 4 " to the output.
d. The code prints "0 1 2 3 4 5 " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 7: For Loop Range Two Parameter

What happens if the following code is run?

range_2param.py
for number in range (8, 10):
print(number, end = ' ')

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "8 9 10 " to the output.
b. The code prints "0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 " to the output.
c. The code prints "7 8 9 " to the output.
d. The code prints "8 9 " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 8: For Loop Range Three Parameter

What happens if the following code is run?

range_3param.py
for number in range (2, 10, 7):
print(number, end = ' ')

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "2 3 4 5 6" to the output.
b. The code prints "2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 " to the output.
c. The code prints "2 3 4 5 6 7 " to the output.
d. The code prints "2 9 " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Exercise 1: While Loop

The following program prints the numbers from 1 to 10. Add a combination of if-statement and a
continue-statement to skip 5, 6, and 7.

while_loop.py
nr = 0
while nr < 10:
nr += 1
# add your code here
print(nr, end=", ")

Current output
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

The expected output after adding your code

1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10,
Exercise 2: For Loop
Update the following program by changing the values of the three zero
parameters of the numbers in the range function to print the output "10, 13, 16,
19", as shown below.
for_loop.py
# change the parameters of the range function to achieve the result
for number in range(0, 0, 0):
print(number, end=' ')

The expected output

10 13 16 19

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1
The initial value of the variable id is 6.

The statement "while id < 10" means as long as "id" is smaller

than 10, the body of the loop must be executed.
The statement 1 prints the initial value of id, which is 6.
Statement 2 increments the value of id by one.
The value of id becomes 7. The while loop checks whether seven
is smaller than ten, which is. Therefore, 7 is printed to the output.
The previous repetition continues until the value of id becomes 10.
In that case, 10 is not smaller than 10; therefore, the loop is
terminated.
The correct answer is c.
Output
6789

Answer Quiz 2
The initial value of the variable id is 6.
 The statement "while id < 10" checks whether the value of id is
smaller than 10, which is smaller. Therefore, the value 6 is printed
to the output.
The next time, the value 6 hasn't changed; therefore, 6 is printed
again to the output.
Since the value 6 doesn't change, printing 6 to the output
continues.
The program doesn't stop with printing 6 to the output because the
while loop repeatedly checks whether 6 is smaller than 10, and it
is.
The correct answer is d.

Output
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
66666

Answer Quiz 3
The initial value of the variable nr is 2.

The "while True" statement returns always true as long as there is

no statement that stops it.
The statement nr+= 1 increments the value of the nr variable by
one, its value becomes 3, and it is printed to the output.
The number is printed until it reaches 5.
The statement if nr >= 5 checks whether the number is larger or
equal to 5. Then, the break statement terminates the loop.
The correct answer is b.

Output
345

Answer Quiz 4
The initial value of the variable nr is 1.

The statement "while nr < 6" returns true because the value of nr is
1.
The statement "nr+=1" increments the value of nr by one, and its
value becomes 2.
The statement "if nr % 2 == 0" checks whether the value of nr
divided by two doesn't have a remainder. In that case, the continue
statement skips it. Therefore, the values 2 and 4 are skipped
because if you divide 2 or 4 by 2, the remainder is zero.
The code prints 3 5 to the standard output.
The correct answer is c.

Output
35

Answer Quiz 5
The initial value of the variable nr is 0.

The statement "while nr < 10" checks whether the nr, which is 0, is
smaller than 10, and it is.
The statement "if nr >= 5 or nr < 3" checks the nr values if it is
smaller than 3 and the numbers equal or larger than 5.
In other cases, the value of the nr is printed to the output.
The correct answer is c.
Output
34
Answer Quiz 6
The for loop in range (5) repeats the execution of the loop's body
from 0 to 4. Remember that 5 is exclusive, and the start is 0 by
default.

The correct answer is c.

Output
01234

Answer Quiz 7
The for loop range (8, 10) starts with 8 and stops at 10.

The range includes 8 and 9.

The correct answer is d.
Output
89

Answer Quiz 8
The for loop range (2, 10, 7) starts with 2 stops at 10 and
increments the value by 7 each time.

The range numbers are 2 and 9, and it stops there because

otherwise, it exceeds the value of 10.
The correct answer is d.

Output
29

Answer Exercise 1
while_loop.py
nr = 0
while nr < 10:
nr += 1
if(nr > 4 and nr < 8):
continue
print(nr, end=", ")

Output
1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10,

Answer Exercise 2
while_loop.py
for number in range(10, 20, 3):
print(number, end=' ')

Output
10 13 16 19
7. Lists in Python
A list is a data structure that stores multiple elements. In the real world, we
often need lists of similar objects, for example, a list of cars, a list of students,
a list of computers, and a list of items.
Python allows the creation of a list, as shown in the code below. By declaring a
list, you have to choose an appropriate name for the list.
In the following example, we have declared a list to store cars; therefore, we
call the list cars. Brackets enclose elements of a list in Python.

Example 1A: Declaring and Displaying a List

It is clear in the following example that each element inside the list has an
index position. The index of the brand Volvo, for example, is 2.
The position of an element inside a list is indexed from 0.

0 1 2 3 4
Audi Tesla Volvo BMW Toyota

Declaring a List
In Python, you can create a list by following the next steps.

Choose an appropriate name for the list; in this case, the name cars
is appropriate.
Open a bracket and start with the elements you want in the list.
Separate the element's names with a comma.

Displaying Elements of a List Individually

Displaying starts with the print function.

The name of the list ended with open and closed brackets.
Pass the index of the element to the bracket.
Use the name of the list and the index of "1" to print the brand Tesla in the list,
as shown below.
print(cars[1])

Example 1A: Displaying a List Element

The following example shows how to display elements of a list individually.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# display elements of the list
print(cars[0]) # prints Audi
print(cars[1]) # prints Tesla
print(cars[2]) # prints Volvo
print(cars[3]) # prints BMW
print(cars[4]) # prints Toyota

The output of the previous code is.

Audi
Tesla
Volvo
BMW
Toyota

Displaying All The Elements of a List

If you have a massive number of elements on the list, displaying them
individually would take a lot of time and a lot of lines of code. Sometimes, it is
better to display list elements using a loop, as shown in the following example.

Example 1B: Displaying All the List Elements

In the following code, we use a loop to display all the list elements.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# display all the list elements
for element in cars:
print(element)
The output of the code is the same as the previous example.
Audi
Tesla
Volvo
BMW
Toyota

List Modification
In the real world, a list doesn't remain the same. For example, a list of
students. Some students could leave the university, and some students could
join later. Think about how a student's address or other data can be changed in
the future. Therefore, it is necessary to have functions that allow adding,
removing, and updating list elements. We need even more functions to know
how many elements are in the list or how to sort the elements of a list
alphabetically..etc.

Table 1: Adding Elements to a List

Function Description
Adding elements
append() Adds an element at the end of the list
insert() Adds an element at the specified position
extend() Add the elements of a list to the end of the current list

Table 2: Removing Elements From a List

Function Description
Removing elements
pop() Removes the element at the specified position
remove() Removes the first item with the specified value
clear() Removes all the elements from the list

Table 3: Other List Functions

Function Description
Other list functions
len() Returns the number of elements of the list
copy() Returns a copy of the list
count() Returns the number of elements with the specified value
index() Returns the index of the first element with the specified value
reverse() Reverses the order of the list
sort() Sorts the list

Adding Elements to a List

We use the available functions such as append, insert, and extend to add
elements to the list "cars."

Example 2: Add an Element to the End

We use the function append to add an element to the last position or the end of
the list.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# append() adds an element at the end of the list
cars.append("Cadillac")
# display all the elements of the list
for element in cars:
print(element, end = ' ')

The output clearly shows that Cadillac is added to the end of the list.
Audi Tesla Volvo BMW Toyota Cadillac

Example 3: Add an Element to a Specific Position

We use the function insert to add an element to a specific position of a list. We
also specify the index where the new element should be placed.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# add "Jaguar" at the fourth position in the list
cars.insert(3, "Jaguar")
# display all the elements of the list
for element in cars:
print(element, end = ' ')

In the ouput we see clearly that the brand Jaguar is added to the third position
or the index position 3 of the list.
Audi Tesla Volvo Jaguar BMW Toyota

Example 4: Add a List Element to a List

We can concatenate all list elements to another one using the extend function.
In the following example, we add the elements of the sports cars list to the cars
list using the function extend.
cars.py
'''
merging two lists
'''
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
sport_cars = ["Aston Martin", "Ferrari", "Bugatti"]
# function extend() Adds the sport cars list
# to the end of the list cars
cars.extend(sport_cars)
# display all the elements of the list
for element in cars:
print(element, end=' ')

The output of the code shows that the sport cars are added to the list cars.
Audi Tesla Volvo BMW Toyota Aston Martin Ferrari Bugatti
Removing Elements From a List
The following examples show how to remove elements from a list using the
pop, remove, and clear functions.

Example 5: Removing Elements

We use the function remove to remove the element "Volvo" from the list.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# remove the element "Volvo" from the list
cars.remove("Volvo")
# display all the elements of the list
for element in cars:
print(element, end=' ')

The output of the code shows that the element Volvo is removed from the list.
Audi Tesla BMW Toyota

Example 6: Removing Elements by Its Position

We use the function pop to remove the element on the index position "3". As
shown in the code below, the brand "BMW" is in the third position, starting
with zero.

cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# remove the element "Volvo" from the list
cars.pop(3)
# display all the elements of the list
for element in cars:
print(element, end=' ')

The output of the code shows that the element BMW is removed from the list.
Audi Tesla Volvo Toyota
Example 7: Removing All the Elements
We use the function clear to remove all the elements of a list.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# the clear function removes all the elements of the list
cars.clear()
# display all the elements of the list
for element in cars:
print(element, end=' ')

The output of the code shows nothing because the function clear has removed
all the cars from the list.

Example 8: Number of Elements

We use the function len to determine how many elements are on the list.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# the number elements of the cars list
nr_elements = len(cars)
print(nr_elements)

The output of the code shows that the number of the elements is "5".
5

Example 9: Sort Alphabetically

We use the function sort to sort elements of a list alphabetically, and the
function reverse is used to reverse the sort.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
cars.sort()
print("\n-----sorted alphabetically-------")
for element in cars:
print(element, end=' ')
print("\n\n-----reverse-------")
cars.reverse()
# display all the cars
for element in cars:
print(element, end=' ')

The output of the code.

-----sorted alphabetically-------
Audi BMW Tesla Toyota Volvo

-----reverse-------
Volvo Toyota Tesla BMW Audi

Example 10: List Copy

We use the function copy to copy a list. In the following example, we created a
copy of the list of cars and sorted them alphabetically.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# copy() returns a copy of the list
cars_copy = cars.copy()
cars_copy.sort()
# display all the elements of cars list
for element in cars:
print(element)
print("----------")
# display all the elements of the cars copy list
# sorted alphabetically
for element in cars_copy:
print(element)

The output of the code.

Audi
Tesla
Volvo
BMW
Toyota
----------
Audi
BMW
Tesla
Toyota
Volvo

Example 11: Numbers of a Specific Element

We use the function count to return the number of a specific element in the list.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Toyota", "Tesla", "Audi", "Volvo", "BMW", "Audi", "Toyota"]
# returns the number of Audi elements
print(cars.count("Audi"))
# returns the number of Tesla elements
print(cars.count("Tesla"))
# returns the number of Toyota elements
print(cars.count("Toyota"))

The output of the code.

3
1
2

Example 12: Position of an Element

We use the function index to find the position of a specific element.
cars.py
# declare a list
cars = ["Audi", "Tesla", "Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"]
# find out the index position of Tesla
index_element = cars.index("Tesla")
# the index position of Tesla is one
print(index_element)

The output is "1" because the Tesla brand is in the index position of 1.
1

Quiz 1: Display Freelancer

What happens if the following code is run?
freelancers.py
freelancers = ["Edward", "Jeff", "Robert", "Daniel", "John"]
freelancers.sort()
print(freelancers[0])

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "Edward" to the output.
b. The code prints "John" to the output.
c. The code prints "Jeff" to the output.
d. The code prints "Daniel" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 2: Display Freelancers

What happens if the following code is run?
freelancers.py
freelancers = ["Edward", "Jeff", "Robert", "John", "Daniel"]
i=0
for element in freelancers:
if i == 2 or i == 4:
print(element, end = ' ')
i += 1

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "Robert Daniel " to the output.
b. The code prints "Jeff John " to the output.
c. The code prints "Robert " to the output.
d. The code prints "Edward Daniel " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 3: Modifying Freelancers List

What happens if the following code is run?
freelancers.py
freelancers = ["Edward", "Jeff", "Robert", "John", "Daniel"]
freelancers.pop(2)
freelancers.append("Emma")
for element in freelancers:
print(element, end = ' ')

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "Edward Jeff John Daniel Emma " to the output.
b. The code prints "Emma Edward John Daniel " to the output.
c. The code prints "Edward Jeff John Daniel " to the output.
d. The code prints "Edward Jeff Robert John Daniel Emma " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 4: Modifying Freelancers List

What happens if the following code is run?
freelancers.py
freelancers = ["Edward", "Jeff", "Robert", "John", "Daniel"]
freelancers.remove("Daniel")
freelancers.remove("Robert")
freelancers.remove("Jeff")
freelancers.remove("Edward")
freelancers.insert(0, "Emma")
for element in freelancers:
print(element, end = ' ')

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "Emma John " to the output.
b. The code prints "Emma Edward Jeff Robert John Daniel " to the output.
c. The code prints "Edward Jeff Robert John Daniel Emma " to the output.
d. The code prints "Edward Jeff Robert John Daniel " to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 5: Copy Freelancers List

What happens if the following code is run?
freelancers.py
freelancers = ["Edward", "Jeff", "Robert", "John", "Daniel"]
freelancers2 = freelancers.copy()
freelancers2.sort()
print(freelancers2[1], freelancers[1])
Select the correct answer:
a. The code prints "Jeff Jeff" to the output.
b. The code prints "Edward Daniel" to the output.
c. The code prints "Edward Jeff" to the output.
d. The code prints "Daniel Edward" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Exercise 1: Modify Pet's List

Write a program that declares a list of pets with the following elements.

Dog, Cat, Snake, Rabbit, Fish

Remove "Snake" from the list by using the function pop.
Remove the element "Fish" from the list using the remove
function.
Add the new element Lizard" at the end of the list element.
The expected output of the program is shown below.
['Dog', 'Cat', 'Rabbit', 'Lizard']

Exercise 2: Sort Pet's List

Write a program that declares a list of pets with the following elements.

Dog, Cat, Snake, Rabbit, Fish.

Sort the elements alphabetically using the function sort.
Display the number of the elements by using the function len.
The expected output of the program is shown below.
Sorted alphabetically: ['Cat', 'Dog', 'Fish', 'Rabbit', 'Snake']
Elements number: 5

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1
After sorting the list, the order is changed to ['Daniel', 'Edward',
'Jeff', 'John', 'Robert']
The statement print(freelancers[0]) prints the first element which
Daniel.

The correct answer is d.

Output
Daniel

Answer Quiz 2
The for loop iterates through the elements of the loop.
The if i == 2 or i == 4 selects the elements with the index 2 and 4,
which are Robert and Daniel.

The correct answer is a.

Output
Robert Daniel

Answer Quiz 3
The statement freelancers.pop(2) removes the freelancer Robert
from the list, because his index is 2.
The statement freelancers.append("Emma") adds Emma to the end
of the list.
The correct answer is a.

Output
Edward Jeff John Daniel Emma
Answer Quiz 4
The statement freelancers.remove("Daniel") removes Daniel from
the list.
The remove statements removes also Robert, Jeff and Edward
from the list.
The statement freelancers.insert(0, "Emma") adds Emma to the
first position of the list.

The correct answer is a.

Output
Emma John

Answer Quiz 5
The statement freelancers2 = freelancer.copy(), copies the list
freelancers.
The statement freelancers2.sort() sorts the freelancers2 list
alphabetically.
The statement print(freelancers2[1], freelancers[1]) the
freelancers2 list is sorted alphabetically. Therefore, the name
Edward is the at the index postion 1.\
The freelancers is not sorted; therefore, the first index position is
Jeff.

The correct answer is a.

Output
Edward Jeff

Answer Exercise 1
petslist.py
pets = ["Dog", "Cat", "Snake", "Rabbit", "Fish"]
pets.pop(2)
pets.remove("Fish")
pets.append("Lizard")
print(pets)
Output
['Dog', 'Cat', 'Rabbit', 'Lizard']

Answer Exercise 2
petslist.py
pets = ["Dog", "Cat", "Snake", "Rabbit", "Fish"]
pets.sort()
print("Sorted alphabetically: ", pets)
print("Elements number: ", len(pets))

Output
Sorted alphabetically: ['Cat', 'Dog', 'Fish', 'Rabbit', 'Snake']
Elements number: 5
8. Dictionary
A dictionary in Python is a modifiable collection of a pair of keys and
values. The keys and the values are associated, such as persons and emails,
persons and their ages, an English word and its meaning in Spain or other
languages. Dictionaries don't allow duplicate entries. So, the key values pair
are unique.

Declaring a Dictionary in Python

The steps to declare a dictionary

Choose an appropriate name for the dictionary.

The pairs of key values are enclosed within a brace.
Each key and its value in the dictionary is separated with a
colon ":"
The dictionary elements are separated with a comma, as shown
in the following example.

Example 1: Finding Values by Keys

The following example declares a dictionary that consists of products as
keys and prices as values. The example shows how you can print the
dictionary and the prices of a specific product.

products.py
# declare a dictionary
# the keys are the products and the values are the prices
products = {'milk':2.55, 'eggs':3.45, 'chips':2.15, 'bread':1.85}
# print the dictionary
print(products)
# print the prices (values) of the following products(keys)
print(products['eggs'])
print(products['bread'])

The output of the code is.

{'milk': 2.55, 'eggs': 3.45, 'chips': 2.15, 'bread': 1.85}
3.45
1.85

Example 2A: Print the Price of a Product

This code shows how to allow users to find the price of a product by
inserting its name.
products.py
# declare a dictionary
# the keys are the products and the values are the prices
products = {'milk':2.55, 'eggs':3.45, 'chips':2.15, 'bread':1.85}
product = input("Enter the name of the product: ")
price = products[product]
print("Price of ", product, " is: $",price)

The output shows that the user has inserted the product "chips," and the
program types the price of the chips.
Enter the name of the product: chips
Price of chips is: $ 2.15

Suppose the user enters the product's name with different cases than the one
in the dictionary.
In the following output, the user types the product "Eggs" starting with
uppercase. The name Eggs in the dictionary is in lowercase. An error occurs
because Python is case-sensitive.
KeyError: 'Eggs'

Example 2B: Print the Price of a Product

We improve the previous example by converting the user input into a
lowercase using the lower() function, which is already explained in this
book.
products.py
# declare a dictionary
# the keys are the products and the values are the prices
products = {'milk':2.55, 'eggs':3.45, 'chips':2.15, 'bread':1.85}
product = input("Enter the name of the product: ")
# convert the user input to a lowercase
product = product.lower()
# the price of the product that entered by the user
price = products[product]
print("Price of", product, " is: $",price)

The output shows that the user entered the product eggs in uppercase, but
this time, it doesn't matter because we convert the product entered by users
to lowercase. When you compare two products all in lowercase, it will be
found.
The user enters the "EGGS" product in this output, and the program finds it.
Enter the name of the product: EGGS
Price of eggs is: $ 3.45

Example 3: Print the Price of a Product

How do you print all the keys, values, and pairs of keys and values using a
dictionary?
products.py
# declare a dictionary
# the keys are the products and the values are the prices
products = {'milk':2.55, 'eggs':3.45, 'chips':2.15, 'bread':1.85}
print("Keys: ", products.keys())
print("Values: ", products.values())
print("----------keys-------------")
# iterating over the keys
for element in products.keys():
print("Key: ", element)
print("----------values-------------")
# iterating over the values
for element in products.values():
print("Value: ", element)
print("----------keys & values-------------")
# iterating over the key:vlaue pairs using .items() method
for(key, value) in products.items():
print(key, ':', value)

Output
Keys: dict_keys(['milk', 'eggs', 'chips', 'bread'])
Values: dict_values([2.55, 3.45, 2.15, 1.85])
----------keys-------------
Key: milk
Key: eggs
Key: chips
Key: bread
----------values-------------
Value: 2.55
Value: 3.45
Value: 2.15
Value: 1.85
----------keys & values-------------
milk : 2.55
eggs : 3.45
chips : 2.15
bread : 1.85

Example 4: Displaying Keys and Values

The following code shows how to display all the keys and values in a
dictionary. You can also iterate through all the keys and the values together
or separately.

products.py
# declare a dictionary
# the keys are the products and the values are the prices
products = {'milk':2.55, 'eggs':3.45, 'chips':2.15, 'bread':1.85}
# display the products (key) for the items in a sorted order
for element in sorted(products.keys()):
print(element)
print("-------------")
# display the price (value) for the items in a sorted order
for element in sorted(products.values()):
print(element)

The output of the code.

bread
chips
eggs
milk
-------------
1.85
2.15
2.55
3.45

Example 5: Adding Elements to a Dictionary

Add water and coffee to the dictionary.
water price = 1.35, coffee price = 4.55.
products.py
# the keys are the products and the values are the prices
products = {'milk':2.55, 'eggs':3.45, 'chips':2.15, 'bread':1.85}
# add water with price 1.35 to the dictionary
products["water"] = 1.35
# add coffee with price 4.55 to the dictionary
products["coffee"] = 4.55
# display the products dictionary
print(products)

The output shows that both water and coffee with their prices are added to
the dictionary products.
{'milk': 2.55, 'eggs': 3.45, 'chips': 2.15, 'bread': 1.85, 'water': 1.35, 'coffee': 4.55}

Example 6: Removing Elements From a Dictionary

Remove eggs from the dictionary by using the function pop.

products.pop("eggs")
Remove the chips product by using the statement del.

del products["chips"]

products.py
the keys are the products and the values are the prices
products = {'milk':2.55, 'eggs':3.45, 'chips':2.15, 'bread':1.85}
# remove eggs by using pop function
products.pop("eggs")
# remove chips by using the del keyword
del products["chips"]
# display the products dictionary
print(products)
The output shows that eggs and chips are removed from the products.
{'milk': 2.55, 'bread': 1.85}

Quiz 1: Number of Elements

What happens if the following code is run?

Notice
the statement len(countries) prints the number of the elements within the
dictionary.
countries.py
# the keys are the countries and the values are the capitals
countries = {'United States':'Washington', 'Germany':'Berlin', 'France':'Paris', 'Spain':'Madrid'}
countries.pop("United States")
del countries["France"]
print(len(countries))

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "4" to the output.
b. The code prints "8" to the output.
c. The code prints "2" to the output.
d. The code prints "3" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 2: Number of Elements

What happens if the following code is run?

countries.py
# the keys are the countries and the values are the capitals
countries = {'United States':'Washington', 'Germany':'Berlin', 'France':'Paris', 'Spain':'Madrid'}
print(len(countries), end= " ")
countries["United Kingdom"] = "London"
countries["Brazil"] = "Brasília"
print(len(countries))

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "4 6" to the output.
b. The code prints "4 4" to the output.
c. The code prints "6" to the output.
d. The code prints "4" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 3: Printing Dictionary Elements

What happens if the following code is run?
students.py
# the keys are the names and the values are the ages
students = {"Edward":22, "Jack":34, "George":22}
for(key, value) in students.items():
print(key, ':', value)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints only the student names to the output.
b. The code prints only the student ages to the output.
c. The code prints the names and the ages to the output.
d. The code prints only the name Edward and his age to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Exercise 1: Create an English Dictionary

Write a program that allows users to enter an English word; the program
displays a synonym of the word. Remember that the user could write the
word all in uppercase, lowercase, or a combination of both. The program
should find the synonymous if it exists in the dictionary regardless of the
cases.
dictionary.py
eng_dictionary = {'Happy': 'Pleased', 'Fast': 'Quick', 'Big': 'Large', 'Smart': 'Clever'}

# add your code here

Output 1: The user enters the word "HAPPY"

Enter an English word: HAPPY
The synonymous of the word Happy is Pleased

Output 2: The user enters the word "fast"

Enter an English word: fast
The synonymous of the word Fast is Quick

Output 3: The user enters the word "bIG"

Enter an English word: biG
The synonymous of the word Big is Large

Exercise 2: Display Laptops by Price

Develop a program enabling users to input the maximum price they're
willing to spend on a laptop. The program will then exclusively display
laptops priced at or below the specified price.

laptop.py
laptops = {'Dell': 2200, 'HP': 1100, 'Acer': 800, 'IBM': 2300}
# add your code here

Output 1: The user enters the price of 2000

EntePlease enter a maximum price: 2000
----------Selected Laptops-------------
HP : 1100
Acer : 800

Output 2: The user enters the price of 1000

----------Selected Laptops-------------
Acer : 800

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1

The statement countries.pop("United States") removes the

United States from the dictionary.

The statement del countries["France] removes France from the

dictionary.
The statement print(len(countries)) prints the number of
dictionary elements. There were originally four elements in the
dictionary.
Removing two elements remains only two elements in the
dictionary.
The correct answer is c.

Output
2

Answer Quiz 2
The statement print(len(countries)) prints the number of
elements in the dictionary, which is four.

The statement countries["United Kingdom"] = "London" adds

the UK to the dictionary.
 The statement countries["Brazil"] = Brasilia adds Brazil to the
dictionary.
The last statement print(len(countries)) prints the number of
elements in the dictionary. By adding two countries, the number
becomes 6.
The correct answer is a.

Output
46

Answer Quiz 3

The for loop statement prints all the keys and the values to the
standard output.

The correct answer is c.

Output
Edward : 22
Jack : 34
George : 22

Answer Exercise 1
The statement of line 1 asks the user to enter an English word.

The statement on line 2 converts the input of the user to

lowercase.
The statement on line 3 converts the first letter of the word
entered by the user to uppercase.
All the words in the dictionary start with uppercase, and the rest
of the letters are lowercase. So, the synonym will be found if
the user only enters the word's correct spelling.
The statement on line 4 finds the key's value in the dictionary
entered by the user.

dictionary.py
eng_dictionary = {'Happy': 'Pleased', 'Fast': 'Quick', 'Big': 'Large', 'Smart': 'Clever'}
en_word = input('Enter an English word: ') #.....line 1
# convert the user input to lowercase
en_word = en_word.lower() #.....line 2
# convert the first letter to upper case
en_word = en_word.capitalize() #.....line 3
element = eng_dictionary[en_word] #.....line 4
print("The synonymous of the word " + en_word, "is", element)

Output
Enter an english word: HAPPY
The synonymous of the word Happy is Pleased

Answer Exercise 2

Line 1 asks the user to enter the maximum price he is willing to

pay for a laptop.

The line 2 converts the price to float (decimal number)

Line 3 is for loop iterating through the elements of the
dictionary.
Line 4 filters all the laptops that are more expensive than the
maximum price of the user.
Line 5 displays the keys and the values of the laptops. In this
case, the keys are the brands, and the values are their prices.

laptops.py
laptops = {'Dell': 2200, 'HP': 1100, 'Acer': 800, 'IBM': 2300}
max_price = input("Please enter a maximum price: ") #... line 1
max_price = float(max_price) #... line 2
print("----------Selected Laptops-------------")
# iterating over the key:vlaue pairs using .items() method
for(key, value) in laptops.items(): #... line 3
if(value <= max_price): #... line 4
print(key, ':', value) #... line 5

Output: The user enters the maximum price of 1200.

Please enter a maximum price: 1200
----------Selected Laptops-------------
HP : 1100
Acer : 800
9. Functions
A Python function is a reusable block of code that can be run whenever
invoked. Functions allow passing zero or more parameters and can return data.
It could be used as a template that is called whenever needed. Functions are
used in most programming languages, but some call it methods.

How to Declare a Function?

Every function consists of two main parts, the head and the body. The body of
the function is a block code that is executed whener the function is invoked
(called). To declare a function, you need to follow the next steps.

Table 1: Declaring a Function

Head of the function
Function head Description
Head of a function
def Functions in Python start with the keyword def.
Function Name A programmer can choose a proper name for the functions.
Parentheses "()" The name of the function ends with enclosed parentheses.
Arguments or Zero, one or more arguments could be passed through a
Parameters function.
(0, 1, 2 ....)
Colon ":" The head of the function ends with a colon ":"

Body of the function

Function body Description
Body One or more statements to be executed
return A function can return a value.

A function can be invoked(called) using its name and its possible arguments.

Example 1A: Company Contact

The following program displays the contact data of the company Nano Mail.
contact.py
name = "Nano Mail"
phone = "033-44556677"
email = "[email protected]"
print("Name: ", name)
print("Phone: ", phone)
print("Email: ", email)
print("------------")

The output of this code displays all the contact data of the company Nano
Mail. Suppose we need to display this contact data in many places in the
application or a website.
Output
Name: Nano Mail
Phone: 033-44556677
Email: [email protected]
------------

Copying and pasting the code to the places where you want to display the
contact data is very poor. The reason is that by updating an email address,
mobile number, or any other company data, the programmer should seek many
places to update the data in every single place.
However, by writing a function to display the data and call the function, we
can achieve the goal with one block of reusable code, as shown in the
following example. In addition, duplicating the same code in various parts of
the program unnecessarily increases its size.

Example 1B: Contact Data Function

Here is the function that could be invoked whenever we need it.
contact.py
def compnay_contact():
name = "Nano Mail"
phone = "033-44556677"
email = "[email protected]"
 print("Name: ", name)
print("Phone: ", phone)
print("Email: ", email)
print("------------")
'''
call the function twice by typing its name.
'''
compnay_contact()
compnay_contact()

In the previous example, we called the function twice; therefore, the contact
data is printed twice in the output.
contact.py
Name: Nano Mail
Phone: 033-44556677
Email: [email protected]
------------
Name: Nano Mail
Phone: 033-44556677
Email: [email protected]
------------

Function Without Arguments

A function without arguments or parameters doesn't require any input
arguments. A function name is ended with an enclosed empty parenthesis.

Example 2: Function With No Arguments

The following function, student_name, doesn't have arguments; therefore, no
arguments are passed between the parenthesis.
student_info.py
def student_data():
print("Student name is: George")
# call (invoke) the function
student_data()

By calling the function, the output prints the following.

Student name is: George

Function With One or More Arguments

Some functions require one or more arguments (parameters) to be passed into
the parenthesis. The previous functions always print the name, George. We can
make the functions more useful by printing any name the user enters; we pass
the name as an input parameter.

Example 3: Function With One Argument

The following program requires one input argument. The program allows users
to enter their names and prints the username.
student_info.py
def student_data(name):
print("Student name is: ", name)
username = input("Enter your name: ")
# call (invoke) the function
student_data(username)

The user enters the name David, and then the program prints the entered name.
Enter your name: David
Student name is: David

Example 4: Function With Two Arguments

We can expand the previous function by passing the name and age of the user
into the function as parameters.

student_info.py
def student_data(name, age):
print("Student name is: ", name)
print("Student age is: ", age)
username = input("Enter your name: ")
age = input("Enter your age: ")
# call (invoke) the function
student_data(username, age)
The users are asked to enter their names and ages.
Enter your name: Emma
Enter your age: 22
Student name is: Emma
Student age is: 22

Functions that Return Values

A function can return a value that can be a text or a calculation result, as
shown in the following example.

Example 5: Convert Currencies

The following function returns the result of calculating an amount in euros to
dollars. We assume that one euro is $ 1.10.
convert_currency.py
def convert_currency(amount_euro):
amount_dollar = amount_euro * 1.10
return amount_dollar
euro_input = input("Enter an amount in euro: ")
# convert the amount to float
euro_input = float(euro_input)
dollar_amount = convert_currency(euro_input)
# round the amount to two decimal places
print("The entered amount is: $%.2f" % dollar_amount)

The user enters an amount of 200 euros and the program converts it to dollars.
Enter an amount in euro: 200
The entered amount is: $220.00

Quiz 1: Function Calculator

What happens if the following code is run?
calculator.py
def calculator(nr1, nr2, nr3): # line 1
 result = nr1 + nr2 - nr3 # line 2
return result # line 3
print(calculator(22, 20, 10)) # line 4

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "22" to the output.
b. The code prints "20" to the output.
c. The code prints "32" to the output.
d. The code prints "52" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 2: Function Calculator

What happens if the following code is run?
calculator.py
def calculator(nr1, nr2, nr3): #line 1
result = (nr1 * nr2) + nr3 #line 2
return result #line 3
print(calculator(2, 6, 5)) #line 4

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "17" to the output.
b. The code prints "12" to the output.
c. The code prints "13" to the output.
d. The code prints "11" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 3: Function Calculator

What happens if the following code is run?
text.py
def letters(txt1, txt2, txt3): #line 1
text = txt3 + txt1 + txt2 + txt3 #line 2
return text #line 3
print(letters('S', 'T', 'Z')) #line 4

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "STZ" to the output.
b. The code prints "ZST" to the output.
c. The code prints "ZTS" to the output.
d. The code prints "ZSTZ" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Exercise 1: Calculate Net Wage

Write a function enabling users to input their gross wages and the tax rate in
their countries. The program will then calculate the net salary based on the
provided gross salary and tax rate.
Output 1: The user enters a gross salary of 4000 and a tax rate of %50
Enter your gross salary: $4000
Enter the tax rate in your country: %50
Net wage: $2000.00

Output 2: The user enters a gross salary of 4000 and a tax rate of %20
Enter your gross salary: $4000
Enter the tax rate in your country: %20
Net wage: $3200.00

Exercise 2: Find the Largest Number

Create a program using a function that enables users to input three numbers
one at a time. The program aims to identify and display the largest number of
the provided inputs.
Output 1: The user enters the numbers 3, 4, -5
Enter the first number: 3
Enter the second number: 4
Enter the third number: -5
The largest is: 4

Output 2: The user enters the numbers 34, 76, -200

Enter the first number: 34
Enter the second number: 76
Enter the third number: -200
The largest is: 76

Output 3: The user enters the numbers 26, 26, 20

Enter the first number: 26
Enter the second number: 26
Enter the third number: 20
Please enter unique numbers

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1
Line 1 declares a function with three parameters.

Line 2 calculates the result, which is the sum of the first and
second parameters minus the third parameter.
Line 3 returns the result.
Line 4 invokes the function with the parameters 22, 20, and 10.
The program prints the result, which is 22 + 20 - 10 = 32.
The correct answer is c.
Output
32

Answer Quiz 2
Line 1 declares a function with three parameters.

Line 2 calculates the result which is (nr * nr2) + nr3

Line 3 returns the result.
Line 4 invokes the function with the parameters 2, 6, and 5.
The result is (2 * 6) + 5 = 17.
The correct answer is a.
Output
17

Answer Quiz 3
Line 1 declares a function with three parameters.

Line 2, the text variable concatenates the three parameters as

follows.
txt3 + txt1 + txt2 + txt3.
Line 3 returns the text.
 Line 4 calls the function by passing the parameters S, T, and Z.
So, the txt = Z + S + T + Z.
The correct answer is d.
Output
ZSTZ

Answer Exercise 1
net_wage.py
def net_wage(gross_salary, taxrate):
tax_amount = (taxrate / 100) * gross_salary
net_salary = gross_salary - tax_amount
return net_salary
gross_wage = input("Enter your gross salary: $")
gross_wage = float(gross_wage)
country_taxrate = input("Enter the tax rate in your country: %")
taxrate = int(country_taxrate)
net_wage = net_wage(gross_wage, taxrate)
# print the net wage rounded to the nearest decimals.
print("Net wage: $%.2f" % net_wage)

Output
Enter your gross salary: $4000
Enter the tax rate in your country: %20
Net wage: $3200.00

Answer Exercise 2
largest.py
def largest(nr1, nr2, nr3):
if nr1 > nr2 and nr1 > nr3:
print("The largest is:", nr1)
elif nr2 > nr1 and nr2 > nr3:
print("The largest is:", nr2)
elif nr3 > nr1 and nr3 > nr2:
print("The largest is:", nr3)
else:
 print("Please enter unique numbers")
# ask the user to enter three numbers, one at a time
nr1 = input("Enter the first number: ")
nr2 = input("Enter the second number: ")
nr3 = input("Enter the third number: ")
# convert the numbers to integers.
nr1 = int(nr1)
nr2 = int(nr2)
nr3 = int(nr3)
# invoke the function by entering the user's numbers.
largest(nr1, nr2, nr3)
10. Exceptions
Exceptions may occur during the execution of a program, and it is essential
to handle them appropriately, as summarized in this chapter. Ignoring an
exception can lead to the termination of the program. For example, if a
program attempts to divide a number by zero, it triggers an exception
because the result of such a division is undefined. It is crucial to implement
exception-handling mechanisms to prevent the unexpected termination of a
program.
When developing a program, three types of errors may arise: syntax,
runtime, and logical errors.

Syntax errors
The interpreter identifies syntax errors in Python before the program is
executed. These errors occur when incorrect Python language syntax is
used.

Runtime errors
If a program is free of syntax errors, it can be executed by the Python
interpreter. However, during execution, the program may terminate if a
runtime error occurs. Examples of runtime errors include division by zero
or attempting to access an element in a list that doesn't exist.

Logical errors
Logical errors pose a challenge in debugging as they occur during program
execution without causing a crash, yet they yield incorrect results.
Identifying and fixing such errors requires carefully reviewing the code to
specify and address the underlying issue.

Handling Exception
If an exception occurs, the program is terminated. Therefore, handling the
expected exceptions during the program's runtime is essential. Python, like
the other programming languages, has a method to handle exceptions by
using the following keywords.
Handling Exceptions
try... except
try... except... except
try... except... else
try... finally

Divide by Zero Exception

The result of a division by zero is unknown; therefore, it causes an
exception.

Example 1A: Divide by Zero

The following code tries to divide the number 20 by the variable "nr,"
which is zero. The program is terminated as a result of this exception.
zero_division.py
nr = 0
print(20/nr)

The output of the code is shown below.

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

Try... Except Block

The exception of the previous example can be handled using try... except
block. By handling exceptions, the following points are essential.

The code that might cause an exception should be in a try-

block.
The try keyword ends with a colon ":".
If the code doesn't cause an exception, the try-block is executed.
Otherwise, the next block, which starts with the keyword
"except," is executed.

Example 1B: Divide by Zero

Enclose the previous example with try... except blocks to avoid the
program's termination and display a message that divides by zero and
causes an exception to the user.
The try-block tries to divide 20 by zero. The program executes the
exception, which informs the user of the cause of the exception.
zero_division.py
nr = 0
try:
print(20/nr)
except:
print("The result of division by zero is unknown.")

The output of the above code.

The result of division by zero is unknown.

Example 1C: Divide by Zero

If you change the variable "nr" value from zero to "2". The program
calculates the output as shown below.

zero_division.py
nr = 2
try:
print(20/nr)
except:
print("The result of division by zero is unknown.")

The output of the above code is shown below.

10.0

Example 1D: Divide by Zero

You can also use the message automatically generated in Python using the
"ZeroDivisionError" shown below. As a programmer, you can choose a
name for the object that contains the automatically generated error message.
We chose the name Zde, but it can be another name.
zero_division.py
nr = 0
try:
print(20/nr)
except ZeroDivisionError as zde:
print(zde)

The output prints the automatically generated error message.

division by zero

Type Error
If a calculation involves a string, boolean type can cause an exception
because they are not numbers.

Example 2A: Type Error

The type error occurs if the program divides a string-type variable by a
number. The following program is terminated because the value of the
number1 variable is "40," and it is enclosed by quote. Therefore, Python
sees the variable as a string.

number1 = "40"
number2 = 10
print(number1/number2)

The output prints the automatically generated error message.

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int'

Example 2B: Type Error

The type error occurs if the program divides a string-type variable by a
number. The following program is terminated because the value of the
number1 variable is "40," and it is enclosed by quote. Therefore, Python
sees the variable as a string.
type_error.py
number1 = "40"
number2 = 10
try:
print(number1/number2)
except TypeError as te:
print(te) # automatically generated
print("The number1 variable type is a string")

The output prints the automatically generated error message and the error
that the programmer determines.
unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int'
The number1 variable type is a string

Index Error
The index error occurs if you try to access an element index that doesn't
exist.

Example 3A: Index Error

The following element contains only four brands, from index 0 to index 3.
The code tries to print the element at index eight, which doesn't exist.
index_error.py
# the list contains 4 elements
list_brand = ["HP", "Dell", "IBM", "Acer"]
# try to print index 8 which doesn't exist
print(list_brand[8])

The output prints the automatically generated error message.

IndexError: list index out of range

Example 3B: Index Error

The following list contains only four brands, from index 0 to index 3.
The code tries to print the element at index eight, which doesn't exist.
index_error.py
# the list contains 4 elements
list_brand = ["HP", "Dell", "IBM", "Acer"]
try:
print(list_brand[8])
except IndexError as ie:
print("Element index doesn't exist")
# automatically generated
print(ie)

The output prints the error message determined by the programmer.

Element index doesn't exist
list index out of range

Example 3C: Index Error

The following element contains only four brands, from index 0 to index 3.
The code tries to print the element at index 2.
index_error.py
# the list contains 4 elements
list_brand = ["HP", "Dell", "IBM", "Acer"]
try:
print(list_brand[2])
except IndexError as ie:
print("Element index doesn't exist")
# automatically generated
print(ie)

The output prints the brand at index 2, which is IBM.

IBM

Multiple Exception
Multiple exceptions are helpful if more than one exception is expected. The
more specific exceptions are located at the top, while general exceptions are
located at the bottom, as shown below.

Example 4A: Multiple Exceptions

The message displayed in the following example depends on the user input.
 For example, if the user enters 10, the "try-block" is executed,
and the program calculates 20/10 = 10.
If the user enters "0", the program calculates 20/0, which is
unknown. Therefore, the divide by zero exception occurs.
For example, if the user enters the letter "g," the ValueError
exception occurs, and the program asks the user to enter a
number.

multiple_exceptions.py
number = input("Enter a number: ")
try:
int_number = int(number)
print("The result is: ", 20/int_number)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
except ValueError:
print("Please enter a number!")

Output 1: The user enters the number "10".

Enter a number: 10
2.0

Output 2: The user enters zero.

Enter a number: 0
Cannot divide by zero

Output 3: The user enters the letter "k."

Enter a number: k
Please enter a number.

Example 4B: Multiple Exceptions

The message displayed in the following example depends on the user input.

If the user enters 3, for example, the "try-block" is executed,

and the program prints the third element starting with "0,"
which is "Acer."
 If the user enters the number"9", the program cannot find index
nine because it doesn't exist on the list. Therefore, the exception
IndexError-block is executed.
For example, if the user enters the letter "t," the ValueError
exception occurs, and the program asks the user to enter a
number.

multiple_exceptions.py
# the list contains 4 elements
list_brand = ["HP", "Dell", "IBM", "Acer"]
number = input("Enter a number: ")
try:
# convert the number to int
int_number = int(number)
print("The brand is:", list_brand[int_number])
except IndexError:
print("Element",number,"doesn't exist.")
except ValueError:
print("Please enter a number!")

Output 1: The user enters the number "3".

Enter a number: 3
The brand is: Acer

Output 2: The user enters 9.

Enter a number: 9
Element 9 doesn't exist.

Output 3: The user enters the letter "t."

Enter a number: t
Please enter a number!

Example 4C: Multiple Exceptions

In complicated cases, programmers can ensure handling all the exceptions
by using the general "exception" shown in the code.
In the following example code, all exceptions are handled in the "exception
block" regardless of the user input.
 If the user enters the number 1, the brand "Dell" is printed.
If the user enters the number 5, the index five doesn't exist;
therefore, the general exception block occurs.
If the user enters the letter "z," for example, the same exception
block occurs.
The advantage of using a general Exception is that the exception will be
handled in every scenario. The disadvantage is that the message would also
be general; a specific error message is more helpful for the user.
multiple_exceptions.py
# the list contains 4 elements
list_brand = ["HP", "Dell", "IBM", "Acer"]
number = input("Enter a number: ")
try:
# convert the number to int
int_number = int(number)
print("The brand is:", list_brand[int_number])
except Exception:
print("Something went wrong.")

Output 1: The user enters the number "1".

Enter a number: 1
The brand is: Dell

Output 2: The user enters the number 5.

Enter a number: 5
Something went wrong.

Output 3: The user enters the letter "t."

Enter a number: z
Something went wrong.

Example 4D: Multiple Exceptions

A combination of specific exceptions like ZeroDivisionError, IndexError,
ValueError, and the general exception is also allowed. In that case, the
general exception should be at the bottom of the statements if combined
with specific exceptions.
In the following example

If the user enters the number 0, the brand "HP" is printed.

If the user enters the number 7, the index seven doesn't exist;
therefore, the IndexError occurs.
For example, if the user enters the letter "x," the code doesn't
handle the value error exception. Therefore, the general
exception block is executed.

multiple_exceptions.py
# the list contains 4 elements
list_brand = ["HP", "Dell", "IBM", "Acer"]
number = input("Enter a number: ")
try:
# convert the number to int
int_number = int(number)
print("The brand is:", list_brand[int_number])
except IndexError:
print("Element doesn't exist.")
except Exception:
print("Something went wrong.")

Output 1: The user enters the number "0".

Enter a number: 0
The brand is: HP

Output 2: The user enters the number 7.

Enter a number: 7
Element doesn't exist.

Output 3: The user enters the letter "x".

Enter a number: x
Something went wrong.

The Keyword Finally

The finally-block is located at the end of the exception blocks and is always
executed. No matter what the user input is, the finally-block is executed.

Example 5: Finally Keyword

We add the finally-block to the previous example. It doesn't matter whether
the try-block or any of the except-blocks is executed. The finally-block is
always executed; see the three possible outputs of the following code.
finally_key.py
# the list contains 4 elements
list_brand = ["HP", "Dell", "IBM", "Acer"]
number = input("Enter a number: ")
try:
# convert the number to int
int_number = int(number)
print("The brand is:", list_brand[int_number])
except IndexError:
print("Element doesn't exist.")
except Exception:
print("Something went wrong.")
finally:
print("The finally-block is always executed.")

Output 1: The user enters the number "3".

Enter a number: 3
The brand is: Acer
The finally-block is always executed.

Output 2: The user enters the number "9".

Enter a number: 9
Element doesn't exist.
The finally-block is always executed.

Output 3: The user enters the letter "y."

Enter a number: y
Something went wrong.
The finally-block is always executed.
Quiz 1: Zero Division Exception
What happens if the following code is run?
except.py
try:
nr = 6/0
print("x")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("N")
except Exception:
print("P")

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "XN" to the output.
b. The code prints "XNP" to the output.
c. The code prints "N" to the output.
d. The code prints "XP" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 2: Index Exception

What happens if the following code is run?
except.py
cars = ["Audi", "Ford", "Jeep", "Volvo", "Toyota"]
try:
car = cars[7]
print("Kia ")
except IndexError:
print("Tesla ")
except Exception:
print("BMW ")

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "Kia" to the output.
b. The code prints "Volvo" to the output.
c. The code prints "Volvo Kia" to the output.
d. The code prints "Tesla" to the output.
e. The code prints "BMW" to the output.
f. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 3: Exception
What happens if the following code is run?
except.py
cars = ["Audi", "Ford", "Jeep", "Volvo", "Toyota"]
try:
car = cars["z"]
print("Kia", end = " ")
except IndexError:
print("Tesla", end = " ")
except Exception:
print("BMW", end = " ")
finally:
print("Jeep", end = " ")

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "Jeep" to the output.
b. The code prints "Tesla Jeep" to the output.
c. The code prints "Tesla" to the output.
d. The code prints "BMW Jeep" to the output.
e. The code prints "BMW" to the output.
f. The code prints nothing to the output.

Exercise 1: Index Exception

Create a program that enables users to input an index corresponding to the
list provided below:
 If the user inputs a valid index, the program will display the
item associated with that index.
If the user inputs an index that does not exist, the program will
notify the user of the non-existent index.
If the user inputs a letter or non-numeric input, a prompt will
guide them to enter a valid number.
Following the output, the user will always receive a notification
confirming the successful execution of the program.
The following are the possible outputs of the program.
except.py
items = ["Notebook", "Sunglasses", "Smartphone", "Headphones", "Backpack"]
# add your code here

Output 1: The user enters the number 3

Enter the index of an item: 3
The item at index 3 is: Headphones
The program executed successfully.

Output 2: The user enters the number 11

Enter the index of an item: 11
The index 11 is out of range.
The program executed successfully.

Output 3: The user enters the letter "y"

Enter the index of an item: y
Invalid input. Please enter a valid index.
The program executed successfully.

Exercise 2: Arithmetic Exception

Develop a program that allows users to input two numbers, specifying one
as the numerator and the other as the denominator:

Upon receiving valid numerical inputs, the program calculates

the result of the division operation between the numerator and
denominator.
 In case of incorrect input(s), the program guides the user to
enter valid numbers.
If the user inputs zero as the denominator, the program provides
guidance, informing the user that the result is indeterminate.
Output 1: The user enters the numbers 22 and 2
Enter the numerator: 22
Enter the denominator: 2
The result of 22.0 / 2.0 is: 11.0
Program executed successfully.

Output 2: The user enters the numbers 41 and 0

Enter the numerator: 41
Enter the denominator: 0
Zero is not allowed as a denominator.
Program executed successfully.

Output 3: The user enters R as a numerator.

Enter the numerator: R
Please enter a valid input.
Program executed successfully.

Output 4: The user enters 30 as a numerator and the letter "K"as a

denominator.
Enter the numerator: 30
Enter the denominator: K
Please enter a valid input.
Program executed successfully.

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1

The statement 6/0 causes a zero division error.

The program executes the ZeroDivisionError and the letter "N"
is printed to the standard output.

The correct anser is c.

Output
N

Answer Quiz 2

The statement car = car[7] causes the exception IndexError;

therefore, the brand Tesla is printed to the output.

The correct answer is d.

Output
Tesla

Answer Quiz 3

The statement car = car["z"] tries to access the index "z" in the
list, which should be a number.

The general Exception occurs, and "BMW" is printed to the

output.
The finally-block is always executed; therefore, the brand
"Jeep" is also printed on the output.
The correct answer is d.

Output
BMW Jeep

Answer Exercise 1

items.py
items = ["Notebook", "Sunglasses", "Smartphone", "Headphones", "Backpack"]
try:
item_index = input("Enter the index of an item: ")
item_index = int(item_index)
print("The item at index", item_index, "is:", items[item_index])
except IndexError:
print("The index", item_index, "is out of range.")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid index.")
finally:
print("The program executed successfully.")

Output 1: The user enters the number 3

Enter the index of an item: 3
The item at index 3 is: Headphones
The program executed successfully.

Output 2: The user enters the number 11

Enter the index of an item: 11
The index 11 is out of range.
The program executed successfully.

Output 3: The user enters the letter "y"

Enter the index of an item: y
Invalid input. Please enter a valid index.
The program executed successfully.

Answer Exercise 2
calculator.py
try:
numerator = float(input("Enter the numerator: "))
denominator = float(input("Enter the denominator: "))
result = numerator / denominator
print("The result of" ,numerator,"/",denominator,"is:", result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Zero is not allowed as a denominator.")
except ValueError as ve:
print("Please enter a valid input. ")
finally:
print("Program executed successfully.")

Output 1: The user enters the numbers 22 and 2

Enter the numerator: 22
Enter the denominator: 2
The result of 22.0 / 2.0 is: 11.0
Program executed successfully.

Output 2: The user enters the numbers 41 and 0

Enter the numerator: 41
Enter the denominator: 0
Zero is not allowed as a denominator.
Program executed successfully.

Output 3: The user enters R as a numerator.

Enter the numerator: R
Please enter a valid input.
Program executed successfully.

Output 4: The user enters 30 as a numerator and the letter "K"as a

denominator.
Enter the numerator: 30
Enter the denominator: K
Please enter a valid input.
Program executed successfully.
11. Import Random
Many modules are already written in Python, and their code is available for
programmers to import. By importing a module, the code will be available
in the module where you are importing it.
You can import a module into your program by using the statements below.

import (module name): Imports all the functionalities of the

module. For example, import random and import math
from (module name) import (function name): Imports the
specific function. An example is from random import randrage

Random Randrage
You can import the random module in Python by using the keyword import.
The function "randrange" within the module random allows two parameters.
The first parameter is the start number, which is included. The stop number,
or the second one, is the number that is excluded from the random number.
Example 1: randrage(2, 7) possible random numbers are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Example 1: Import Random

If the following program is run, the randrage(1, 4) decides the range of the
generated random number. Number one is included, while number four is
excluded. A number from 1 to 4 is randomly displayed each time you run
the program. The possible numbers are 1, 2, and 3.
random_nr.py
# integers randrange(start included, stop excluded)
from random import randrange
random_nr = randrange(1, 4)
print(random_nr)

Output 1: The generated random number is 2.

2
Output 2: The generated random number is 1.
1

Example 2A: Dice

If the following program is run, the randrage(1, 7) determines the range of
the generated random number. The possible numbers that are randomly
generated are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
dice.py
# a dice range is from one to six
from random import randrange
random_nr = randrange(1, 7)
print(random_nr)

Output: The generated random number is four, and the possibilities are 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 and 6.
4

Example 2B: Two Dices

The following program declares the dice, dice1, and dice2.
Each time you run the program, two random numbers from one to six are
printed..

dice.py
# a dice range is from one to six
from random import randrange
dice1 = randrange(1, 7)
dice2 = randrange(1, 7)
print(dice1, "", dice2)

Output: The generated random numbers.

5 6
Random Choice
The choice function allows the random selection of one element within a
list.

Example 3A: Select Cards

The following program declares a list with the card elements. The choice
function allows you to select a card randomly.
cards.py
from random import choice
cards = ["clubs", "Diamonds", "Hearts", "Spades"]
selected_card = choice(cards)
print("Randomly selected card: ", selected_card)

Output: The Heart card is selected randomly.

Randomly selected card: Hearts

Example 3B: Select Cards and Card Values

The following program declares a list with the card elements and values.
The choice function allows you to select a card randomly.
cards.py
from random import choice
cards = ["clubs", "Diamonds", "Hearts", "Spades"]
card_value = ["Ace", 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, "Jack", "Queen", "King"]
selected_card = choice(cards)
selected_card_value = choice(card_value)
print("Randomly selected card: ", selected_card_value,"of",selected_card)

Output: By running the program, a card is selected randomly.

Randomly selected card: Queen of Hearts

Random Shuffle
The shuffle function allows to change the order of the list elements

Example 3C: Shuffle Cards

The following program declares a list of cards. The shuffle function
randomly changes the order of the card elements within the list, as shown in
the program's output.
shuffle.py
from random import shuffle
cards = ["clubs", "Diamonds", "Hearts", "Spades"]
# change the cards order randomly
shuffle(cards)
print(cards)
Output 1: The order of the cards is changed randomly.
['Hearts', 'clubs', 'Diamonds', 'Spades']

By rerunning the program, the order is changed again randomly.

['Spades', 'clubs', 'Diamonds', 'Hearts']

Quiz 1: Random
What happens if the following code is run?
random.py
from random import randrange
random_nr = randrange(1, 2)
print(random_nr)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "1 or 2" to the output.
b. The code prints "1" to the output.
c. The code prints "1, 2 or 3" to the output.
d. The code prints "2" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 2: Random
Which values should be passed to the randrange function
to select a random number from 10 to 20, inclusive?
random.py
from random import randrange
random_nr = randrange(0, 0)
print(random_nr)

Select the correct answer:

a. The values should be randrange(9, 21).
b. The values should be randrage(10, 21).
c. The values should be randrage(10, 20).
d. The values should be randrage(9, 20).
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Exercise 1: Lottery
Create a program allowing users to shuffle the names in the list below.
Upon executing the program, the names order is selected randomly. The
winners are determined based on the following ranking:

The first randomly selected name wins one million dollars.

The second chosen random name wins 500 thousand dollars.
The third randomly selected name wins 100 thousand dollars.

lottery.py
from random import shuffle
names = ["Emma", "David", "Jack", "George", "Ronald", "Vera", "Bruce"]
# add the rest of your code here.

The output of the program is shown below. Remember that the winners will
be randomly different each time you run the program.
The names randomly:
['Vera', 'Emma', 'Bruce', 'Ronald', 'David', 'Jack', 'George']
The winner of one million dollars is: Vera
The winner of 500 thousand dollars is: Emma
The winner of 100 thousand dollars is: Bruce
Exercise 2: Card Game
Write a program randomly assigning a card from a predefined list, using the
provided lists for both cards and their corresponding values.
cards = ["clubs", "Diamonds", "Hearts", "Spades"]
card_values = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 'Jack', 'Queen', 'King', 'Ace']
# add your code here.

The output of the program is shown below. Remember that a random card is
selected each time you run the program.
Output 1
Your selected card is: Ace of clubs

Output 2
Your selected card is: 4 of Diamonds

Output 3
Your selected card is: 4 of clubs

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1

The statement random_nr = randrage(1, 2). The start number is

"1," which is included, but the stop number is "2", which is
excluded from the generated random numbers.

The correct answer is that the number 1 is always selected.

The correct answer is b.

Answer Quiz 2

The statement randrage(10, 21). The start number is "10,"

which is included, but the stop number is "21", which is
excluded from the generated random numbers.
The range 10 to 21 generates random numbers from 10 to 20.
The correct answer is b.

Answer Exercise 1
lottery.py
from random import shuffle
names = ["Emma", "David", "Jack", "George", "Ronald", "Vera", "Bruce"]
shuffle(names)
print("The names randomly: \n",names)
print("The winner of one million dollars is:", names[0])
print("The winner of 500 thousand dollars is:", names[1])
print("The winner of 100 thousand dollars is:", names[2])

The output of the program is shown below. Remember that the winners will
be randomly different each time you run the program.
The names randomly:
['Vera', 'Emma', 'Bruce', 'Ronald', 'David', 'Jack', 'George']
The winner of one million dollars is: Vera
The winner of 500 thousand dollars is: Emma
The winner of 100 thousand dollars is: Bruce

Answer Exercise 2
from random import choice
cards = ["clubs", "Diamonds", "Hearts", "Spades"]
card_values = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 'Jack', 'Queen', 'King', 'Ace']
# select a random card
random_card = choice(cards)
# select a random card value
random_card_value = choice(card_values)
print("Your selected card is: ", random_card_value, "of", random_card)

The output of the program is shown below. Remember that a random card is
selected each time you run the program.
Output 1
Your selected card is: Ace of clubs
Output 2
Your selected card is: 4 of Diamonds

Output 3
Your selected card is: 4 of clubs
12. Date and Time
Python enables the management of date and time, including the retrieval of
the current date and time, by importing the date or the datetime module.

Example 1: Printing The Current Date

The output of the program depends on the current date.
today.py
from datetime import date
today = date.today()
print("Today: ", today)

Output of the program

Today: 2024-03-04

Example 2A: Printing a Selected Date

You can use any date you want to print; the order is year, month, and day.
selected_date.py
from datetime import date
# the order of the date is year, month, and day.
date2 = date(2023, 4, 22)
print("Date: ", date2)

Output of the program

Date: 2023-04-22

Example 2B: Printing a Selected Date

You can use any date you want to print by determining the day, month, and
year, as shown below.
selected_date.py
from datetime import date
date2 = date(day=25, month=3, year=2017)
print("Date: ", date2)

Output of the program

Date: 2017-03-25

Example 2C: Updating a Selected Date

You can update any date using the function replace, as shown in the
following example.
replace_date.py
from datetime import date
current_date = date(day=25, month=3, year=2018)
print("Selected date: ", current_date)
new_date = current_date.replace(month = 7, year=2023)
print("New date: ", new_date)

Output of the program

Selected date: 2018-03-25
New date: 2023-07-25

Table 1: Format Date Object

By using the following symbols, you can change the format of the date to
the US, Europe, or any style you wish.

Symbo Description
l
%a Sun, Mon ..
%A Sunday, Monday....
%d 01, 02, ..31
%b Jan, Feb ... Dec
%B January, February ...December
%m 01, 02, ... 12
%y 00, 02, 99
%Y 1900, 1998, 2018

Example 3A: Formatting Date

You can change the date format to the US, Europe, or any style you wish.
format_date.py
from datetime import date
current_date = date(year=2024, month=2, day=19)
format1 = current_date.strftime("%B %d %Y")
print("Format 1: ", format1)
format2 = current_date.strftime("%d-%b-%y")
print("Format 2: ", format2)
format3 = current_date.strftime("%m/%d/%Y")
print("Format 3: ", format3)

Output of the program

Format 1: February 19 2024
Format 2: 19-Feb-24
Format 2: 02/19/2024

Example 3B: Formatting The Current Date

You can change the date format of today as shown below.
format_today.py
from datetime import date
# Get the current date
today = date.today()
# Format the date (MM/DD/YYYY)
format = today.strftime("%m/%d/%Y")
print("American Format:", format)

Output of the program

American Format: 03/14/2024
Table 2: Format Time Object
Using the following symbols, you can change the time format to 24 hours
or AM or PM style.

Symbo Description
l
%H hour in 24-hour clock
%I Hour in 12-hour clock
%p AM or PM
%M minutes
%S seconds

Example 4: Formatting Time

You can change the time format to any style you wish.
format_date.py
from datetime import time
time1 = time(hour=22, minute=2, second=30)
format1 = time1.strftime("%I:%M:%S %p")
print("Format 1 (PM AM): ", format1)
format2 = time1.strftime("%H:%M:%S")
print("Format 2 (24 hours): ", format2)

Output of the program

Format 1 (PM AM): 10:02:30 PM
Format 2 (24 hours): 22:02:30

Example 5: Formatting Date and Time

You can change the format of the date and time simultaneously.
format_date.py
from datetime import datetime
current_date = datetime(year=2024, month=6, day=18, hour=23, minute=20, second=47)
format1 = current_date.strftime("%B %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p")
print("Format 1: ", format1)
format2 = current_date.strftime("%d-%b-%y %H:%M:%S")
print("Format 2: ", format2)
format3 = current_date.strftime("%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S")
print("Format 3: ", format3)

Output of the program

Format 1: June 18 2024 11:20:47 PM
Format 2: 18-Jun-24 23:20:47
Format 3: 06/18/2024 23:20:47

Quiz 1: Date
What happens if the following code is run?
today.py
from datetime import date
current_date = date(year=2024, month=7, day=10)
format = current_date.strftime("%B %d %Y")
print(format)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "2024 july 10" to the output.
b. The code prints "10 July 2024" to the output.
c. The code prints "07 10 24" to the output.
d. The code prints "July 10 2024" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Quiz 2: Date
What happens if the following code is run?
fixed_date.py
from datetime import date
current_date = date(year=2024, month=4, day=21)
format = current_date.strftime("%m %d %Y")
print(format)

Select the correct answer:

a. The code prints "04 21 2024" to the output.
b. The code prints "21 April 2024" to the output.
c. The code prints "April 21 24" to the output.
d. The code prints "April 21 2024" to the output.
e. The code prints nothing to the output.

Exercise 1: Registration Date

Upon registering on your website, the system automatically captures and
saves the registration date and time. Develop a program that allows users to
enter their names, and the program displays the user's name alongside the
current registration date and time.
Output: The user enters Jack, and the program automatically prints the
current date and time.
Enter your name: Jack
Jack's registration was recorded on
03/04/2024 At 08:20:54 PM

Exercise 2: Current Date and Time

Write a program that prints the current date and time in the following
format. Use the previous tables 1 and 2 by formatting the date and time.
Output
The current date and time is: Monday 03/04/2024 20:22:03

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1
Read the symbols %B %d %Y in the table 1 format date.
The correct answer is d.

Answer Quiz 2
Read the symbols %m %d %Y in the table 1 format date.

The correct answer is a.

Answer Exercise 1
registration.py
from datetime import datetime
# get the current date and time
now = datetime.now()
# format the date in (MM/DD/YYYY)
format = now.strftime("%m/%d/%Y At %I:%M:%S %p")
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(name,"'s registration was recorded on\n",format, sep="")

Output: The user enters David, and the program automatically prints the
current date and time.
Enter your name: David
David's registration was recorded on
03/04/2024 At 08:23:11 PM

Answer Exercise 2
current_datetime.py
from datetime import datetime
# Get the current date and time
now = datetime.now()
# Format the date in (MM/DD/YYYY)
format = now.strftime("%A %m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S")
print("The current date and time is:", format)
Output
The current date and time is: Monday 02/26/2024 19:08:26
13. Files Directories and OS
In online shopping, downloading invoices directly is a common practice.
These invoices are automatically generated by the programming language
operated by the software or website. Python facilitates the creation and
manipulation of files through some essential functions.

How to create directories?

When creating any directories, you have to define the path where you want to
make it, and you need to import the Python module os, which allows users to
handle directories. In the subsequent example, we create directories in the
exact location as the Python code. You can customize the path to your
preferred location to generate directories in alternative paths, such as the root
of the "C" or "D" drive.

Example 1A: Creating a Directory

You can create a directory by running a piece of code. The program aims not
to see some output, but the map "_generated_map" is created on the path
where the Python code "make_dir.py" exists on your computer.
By passing the path to the function mkdir in the module os, we can create a
map in that path.

Notice
After running the following code, check the path where your Python code
"make_dir.py" exists, and you will see that the map "_generated_map" is
automatically created there.

make_dir.py
import os
# you can choose another path
path_dir = "_generated_map"
os.mkdir(path_dir)

Example 1B: Creating a Sub-Directory

You can create a subdirectory "submap" within the directory
"_generated_map" by running the following code.

Notice
This code creates the map "_generated_map" and the subdirectory "submap."
within it. If the directory "_generated_map" is already created on your path,
you will see an error because you cannot create two directories with the same
name on the same path.

Delete the directory "_generated_map" first and run the following code.
make_dir.py
import os
path_dir = "_generated_files"
os.mkdir(path_dir)
path_subdir = path_dir + "/submap"
os.mkdir(path_subdir)

Example 1C: Checking the Existence of a Directory

It is efficient to check whether a directory exists because you can prevent
errors if it exists and you want to make another one with the same name. The
following example shows a message that the directory exists if it is available;
otherwise, it creates the directory in the given path.
make_dir.py
import os
path_dir = "_generated_map"
# check whether the directory already exists
if os.path.exists(path_dir):
print("A directory with that name already exists.")
else:
os.mkdir(path_dir)
print("The directory has been successfully created.")

Output: If the directory already exists.

A directory with that name already exists.
Output: If the directory is not created yet.
The directory has been successfully created.

How to remove directories?

When removing a directory, it is essential to specify both the path and the
directory's name. The os module is required, as the function responsible for
removing directories in Python is called rmdir and is included within the os
module.

Example 2: Removing a Directory

In the following example, if the directory in the given path doesn't exist, the
program creates one. But if the directory already exists, the program removes
it.
remove_dir.py
import os
path_dir = "_generated_map"
# check whether the directory already exists
if os.path.exists(path_dir):
# remove the directory if exists
os.rmdir(path_dir)
print("The directory is removed")
else:
# create a new directory with the given name
os.mkdir(path_dir)
print("The directory has been successfully created.")

Output: If the directory doesn't exist.

The directory has been successfully created.

Output: If the directory already exists.

The directory is removed

Creating and Working With Files

How to create, delete, read, and write files?
Table 1: File Modes
Here is a list of the different modes of opening a file:

Mode Description
x Opens the file exclusively for creation in Python 3, failing if
the file already exists.
r Opens a file in read-only mode with the file pointer
positioned at the beginning of the file.
r+ Opens a file for reading and writing, positioning the file
pointer at the beginning of the file.
w Opens a file in write-only mode, overwriting the content if
the file exists. Creates a new file if it doesn't exist.
w+ Opens a file for writing and reading, overwriting the content
if the file exists. Creates a new file for reading and writing if
it doesn't exist.
a Opens a file in append mode, positioning the file pointer at
the end if the file exists. Creates a new file for writing if it
doesn't exist.
a+ Opens a file for both appending and reading, positioning the
file pointer at the end if the file exists. Opens the file in
append mode. Creates a new file for reading and writing if it
doesn't exist.

Example 3: Create a File

The following program creates an empty "MyFile.txt" text within the given
path, the path where the Python code exists.
file_create.py
import os
path_dir = "MyFile.txt"
# check whether the file doesn't exist
if not os.path.exists(path_dir):
# create an empty text file called MyFile.txt
 file = open(path_dir, "x")
print("The file is created.")
file.close()
else:
print("The file already exists.")

The output of the program if the file doesn't exist.

The file is created.

The output of the program if the file already exists.

The file already exists.

Writing to an Existing File

You can add one of the parameters "w" or "a" to write to an existing file.

Mode Description
w (write) Overwrites any existing content of the file.
a (append) Appends text to the end of the file.

Example 4: Write to a File

The following program opens the file MyFile.txt and writes the quote1 to it.
file_writer.py
path_dir = "MyFile.txt"
file_writer = open(path_dir, "w")
quote1 = "Quote 1: There Are No Limits. "
# writes the text to the file
file_writer.write(quote1)
file_writer = open(path_dir, "a")
quote2 = "Quote2: Energy Flows Where Attention Goes."
# appends the quote2 to the end of the file content.
file_writer.write(quote2)
# close the file
file_writer.close()
The file MyFile.txt is created on the given path by running the program. Then,
both quotes are written to the file.
The file is created.

Notice
Open the created file "MyFile.txt," where the code "file_writer.py" exists.
You will see that both quotes are written into the file automatically.

Reading an Existing File

By reading a single line or the lines separately, you can call the
function readline.
Example 5A: Read a File
To read a file, we first create one named "MyFile.txt" in the root where the
Python code exists. Before reading the file, please run the following code that
creates it and writes some texts into it.
file_writer.py
path_dir = "MyFile.txt"
file_writer = open(path_dir, "w")
text = ("United States - Washington. \n"
"Germany - Berlin. \n"
"India - New Delhi. \n"
"Brazil - Brasília.\n"
"Spain - Madrid.\n")
file_writer.write(text)
file_writer.close()

The following program opens MyFile.txt and then reads the first three lines of
the file's content.

file_readline.py
# open the file to read the first three lines
file_reader = open("MyFile.txt")
print(file_reader.readline())
print(file_reader.readline())
print(file_reader.readline())
file_reader.close()

The file MyFile.txt is created on the given path by running the previous
program. The output of the following code prints the first three lines of the file
content MyFile.txt.
United States - Washington.

Germany - Berlin.

India - New Delhi.

Open File for Reading

We can read an existing file by passing the "r" parameter to the open function.
"r" - opens a file for reading only. The pointer is at the beginning of the file.

Example 5B: Read a File

The following program opens the file MyFile.txt to read it. If you write this
code in another path, copy the previously generated file MyFile.txt to the root
where this code exists on your computer.
file_read.py
path_dir = "MyFile.txt"
# open the file for reading the first line
file_reader = open(path_dir, "r")
# read the file
print(file_reader.read())
file_reader.close()

The output prints the content of the file.

United States - Washington.
Germany - Berlin.
India - New Delhi.
Brazil - Brasília.
Spain - Madrid.

Example 5C: Readline Loop

The following program opens the file MyFile.txt to read it.
file_read.py
file_reader = open(path_dir, "r")
nr = 0
while True:
nr += 1
# the next line from the file
line = file_reader.readline()
print(line)
# if the rest of the file is empty, the end of it is reached
if not line:
break
file_reader.close()

By running the program, the output prints the content of the file.
United States - Washington.

Germany - Berlin.

India - New Delhi.

Brazil - Brasília.

Spain - Madrid.

Example 6: List Files and Directories

The following program prints the list of the directories within the root where
the Python code "list_maps.py" exists.
list_maps.py
import os
print(os.listdir())

Output
['list_maps_files.py']

Example 7: Which Operating System

The following program displays the name of the operating system on your
computer. In my case, the installed operating system is "Linux." The result
depends on which operating system is installed on your computer.
os_name.py
# you need to import the module sys
import sys
print(sys.platform)

Output
linux

Example 8: Current Working Directories

The following program displays the exact path of where your Python code
"current_dir.py" exists. Remember, the output on your computer can be
different.

current_dir.py
import os
print(os.getcwd())

The following is the path's output on my computer, but yours could be

different.
workspace_python/learn_python/_13_files/examples/_08_current_root

Quiz 1: Creating Maps

What happens if the following code is run?
map.py
import os
path_dir1 = "map1"
os.mkdir(path_dir1)
path_dir2 = path_dir1 + "/map2"
os.mkdir(path_dir2)

Select all the correct answers:

a. The code creates "map1" within "map2".
b. The code creates "map2" within "map1".
c. The code creates "map1" within the execution path of this code.
d. The code creates "map1" and "map2" separately.
e. The code causes an error.

Quiz 2: Creating and Writing Into a File

When executing the following code, it generates the file 'MyFile.txt.'
What content is readable inside the file?
file.py
path_dir = "MyFile.txt"
file1 = open(path_dir, "w")
q1 = "In the middle of difficulties lies opportunities."# Einstein
q2 = "What we think, we become." # Buddha
file1.close()
file1 = open(path_dir, "w")
file1.write(q2)
file1.close()

Select all the correct answers:

a. The content of the file is only "quote1."
b. The content of the file is only "quote2."
c. The content of the file is "quote1" and "quote2."
d. The content of the file is empty.
e. The code causes an error.

Exercise 1: Movie List

Create a list within a program named 'movies.py' and write the following
movie titles in the list:
The Godfather, Wall Street, The Pianist, and The Matrix.
When you run the program, the content of the file will be displayed in the
output as follows:

Output
The Godfather
Wall Street
The Pianist
The Matrix

Exercise 2: Courses Information

Create a program that generates files for each item in a given list. The files
should be named course_1.txt, course_2.txt, and so on. Each file should
contain the text 'Course Info.' followed by the respective course information
from the given list.
courses = ["Python: $3000", "Java: $3500", "HTML: $2900", "SQL: $2800"]
After running the program, the files course_1.txt, course_2.txt, course_3.txt,
and course_4.txt.
The following shows the content of the four files that are generated
automatically.
course_1.txt
Course Info
Python: $3000

course_2.txt
Course Info
Java: $3500

course_3.txt
Course Info
HTML: $2900

course_4.txt
Course Info
SQL: $2800

Answers to the Exercises

Answer Quiz 1
The following code explains all the lines of the quiz code.
map.py
import os
path_dir1 = "map1"
# creates 'map1' in the directory where the 'map.py' code is located.
os.mkdir(path_dir1)
# the 'map2' is added to the map1 and becomes a submap of map1
path_dir2 = path_dir1 + "/map2"
# creates the map2 within map1
os.mkdir(path_dir2)

The correct answers are b and c.

Answer Quiz 2
The following code explains all the lines of the quiz code.

path_dir = "MyFile.txt"
'''
opens the file 'MyFile.txt' for writing,
creating it if it doesn't exist.
'''
file1 = open(path_dir, "w")
# A. Einstein
q1 = "In the middle of difficulties lies opportunities."
q2 = "What we think, we become." # Buddha
# writes q1 to the file
file1.write(q1)
# closes the file
file1.close()
# opens the file again
file1 = open(path_dir, "w")
# overwrites the content
file1.write(q2)
# closes the file
file1.close()

The correct answer is b.

Answer Exercise 1
Here is the code of the exercise with explanations.
movies.py
movies = "The Godfather\n" + "Wall Street\n" + "The Pianist\n" + "The Matrix\n"
path = "movie_list.txt"
# opens the file for writing and creates it if it doesn't exist
file = open(path, "w")
# writes the movies into the file
file.write(movies)
# opens the file for reading
file = open(path, "r")
# reads the file
print(file.read())
# close the file
file.close()

Answer Exercise 2
Here is the code of the exercise.
course.py
courses = ["Python: $3000", "Java: $3500", "HTML: $2900", "SQL: $2800"]
for i in range(len(courses)):
# generate the file name
path = "course_" + str(i+1) +".txt"
# open the file for writing and create it if it doesn't exist
f = open(path, "w")
# write the course information into the file
f.write("Course Info\n")
f.write(courses[i])
f.close()

After running the program, open the four created files.

course_1.txt
Course Info
Python: $3000
course_2.txt
Course Info
Java: $3500

course_3.txt
Course Info
HTML: $2900

course_4.txt
Course Info
SQL: $2800
TABLE OF INDEX
Alphabetical Index

A
arithmetic 52, 54, 63, 77, 192
Arithmetic 52, 54, 63, 77, 192
Assignment 52, 55, 56, 63
Assignment 52, 55, 56, 63

B
bool 32, 42, 43, 45
boolean 32, 42, 43, 45
Break 118, 124, 130, 223

C
Card Game 202
Cards 23, 199-203, 205
Casting 32, 42, 43, 45
Comment 40
Comments 40
Comparison 52, 58, 59, 64, 81
Conditional 59, 96, 99, 113, 119
Conditional Statements 59, 96, 119
Continue 118, 119, 124, 125, 129, 130, 132
Courses 227
Current Date 209

D
Data Types 30, 32, 33
Date 24, 27, 67, 72, 83-85, 87, 128, 166, 206-214
Dices 198
Dictionary 21, 23, 30-32, 34-36, 38, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57, 58, 72, 100, 120, 128, 131, 152-
163, 170, 200-203, 205
Directories 215-217, 224
Discount 96, 97
Dollar 20, 22, 108, 170, 202, 204
Dollars 20, 22, 108, 170, 202, 204

E
end 15, 18, 26, 29, 31, 36-38, 79, 80, 82, 87, 88, 93, 96, 99, 111, 120-128, 132, 133, 135,
137-143, 146-149, 151, 159, 160, 165, 168, 179, 183, 184, 188, 206, 219, 220, 223
errors 26, 177, 216
Escape Sequences 44, 46
Escape Sequences 44, 46
Euro 20, 108, 114, 170, 208
Exceptions 177, 178, 183-187

F
Files 27, 29, 215, 218, 224, 225
Finally 178, 188, 189, 194, 195
Float 32, 42, 43, 45
Float 32, 33, 42, 43, 45, 50, 77, 163, 170
For Loop 120, 126-128, 131, 132, 149, 162, 163
For Loop Range 126, 127, 132
Formatting Date 208
Formatting Time 210
Function 29, 40, 42, 84, 86, 87, 94, 136-138, 140, 165, 168, 170
Functions 29, 40, 42, 84, 86, 87, 94, 136-138, 140, 165, 168, 170
Functions Return 87

I
IDE 26-28
identity 52, 61
Identity 61, 65, 66
Install 1
Installing 1
int 32, 42, 43, 45
Int 15, 18, 20, 22-27, 29-58, 61-71, 73-77, 79-83, 85, 86, 88-91, 93-95, 97-109, 116-133,
135, 136, 138-162, 166-173, 177-191, 193-195, 197-202, 204-207, 209, 211-213, 218, 219, 221-225
integer 32, 42, 43, 45

K
Keys 152-159, 162, 163
Keys and Values 156

L
Lists 134, 139, 202
logical 60, 69, 112, 113, 177
logical 59, 60, 69, 106, 107, 112, 113, 177
Logical 59, 60, 106, 107, 177, 238
Loops 116, 119
Lottery 21, 22, 202, 204

M
Membership 52, 62
Methods 29
Module 29, 197
Modules 29
modulus 52-54
Modulus 52-54
Movie List 226
Multiple Exception 183
Multiple Exceptions 183
O
Operator 52, 55-66, 81
operators 52, 55-66, 81
Operators 52, 55-66, 81

P
Packages 29
Pass 31, 119-122, 125, 135, 165, 168, 169, 174, 201, 215, 222
Pass keyword 119
Printing 31, 33-35, 37, 41, 45-48, 63-66

R
Random 21-23, 197-205
Random Choice 199
Randrage 197, 198, 202-204
Range 66, 67, 70, 120-122, 126-128, 131-133, 182, 192, 195, 197-199, 201, 202, 204
Read a File 221, 222
Readline 221-223
Rounding 39
Runtime 177, 178

S
Secret Number 20, 98
sep 29, 33-38, 57, 79, 80, 97, 98, 100-102, 152, 156, 221, 225
Sort 22, 137, 138, 142, 143, 145, 147-151, 156
string 32, 42, 43, 45
String 32-36, 38, 41-44, 48, 49, 57, 58, 72, 75-82, 84, 86-88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 111, 180, 181
Substring 80
Syntax 38, 48
T
Time 22, 24, 41, 42, 69, 72, 75, 85, 93, 96, 97, 116, 121, 122, 129, 132, 136, 154, 177, 178,
197, 198, 202-207, 209, 210, 212-214
Triangle 19

U
User Input 72, 77, 85, 93, 154, 183-185, 188, 191, 192

V
Values 23, 30-32, 34-36, 38, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57, 58, 72, 100, 120, 128, 131, 152-159, 162,
163, 170, 200-203, 205
Variable 29-35, 38, 39, 45, 47, 55, 61, 72, 76
Variables 29, 30, 32, 45, 63

W
While 40, 116-119, 123-125, 127-133, 183, 197, 223