RECYCLED PAPER MACHE AND EGG TRAYS AS A

SUSTAINABLE INSULATION MATERIAL

_______________________________________

A Research Proposal

Presented to the

Department of Architecture, College of Engineering and Design

Silliman University

Dumaguete City

_______________________________________

1
 In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for course in

Archt 27

By:

DIVINO, PERSEUS WILBERT N.

MARTIN, ADRIENNE

TUMIMBANG, YRA KAINA SHANE C.

December 2022

2
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis/dissertation proposal entitled RECYCLED PAPER MACHE AND EGG TRAYS AS

A SUSTAINABLE INSULATION MATERIAL submitted by PERSEUS WILBERT N.

DIVINO, ADRIENNE MARTIN, YRA KAINA SHANE C. TUMIMBANG for the degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE has been examined and approved for

PROPOSAL HEARING/DEFENSE

Research Committee

Ar. Josef Michael B. Cambangay

Adviser

Martin, Adrienne G. Divino, Perseus Wilbert N.

Member Member

Tumimbang, Yra Kaina Shane C.

Member

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to all the parties involved that

helped bring this research paper into reality. This research would not have been possible without

the many individuals and groups that not only provided data and information to proceed with the

research but also for the moral and emotional support given.

Their greatest thanks go to Ar. Josef Michael B. Cambangay, the instructor for Archt 27 -

Tropical Design, for not only granting the opportunity to perform this research but also for the

guidance and teaching he has provided in regard to tropical design. The entire research would

never be brought to fruition without the assistance and agreement of the Ybanez Family for

allowing the researchers to perform their study on their residence. The researchers would also

like to thank those before them who have studied and researched the topics related to the airflow

of a building within the tropical environment. They would also like to acknowledge the

respondents of the research for their helpful inputs regarding the current state of the researched

residential building.

To finish the acknowledgment, the researchers would like to show light on the many

families and communities experiencing and living in tropical climates. Without them, there

would be no reason or to propose the study and to that, and the researchers appreciate what they

represent in the research. The researchers extend their sincerest gratitude to all the parties and

people involved in the research in one way or another, mentioned above.

4
 ABSTRACT

The objective of this research experiment is to test the effectiveness of recycled paper

mache and egg trays as a sustainable insulation material for thermal insulation. The type of

research used in this study is the scientific approach. By the use of this method, the researchers

were prompted to do tests and experimentation such as doing indoor temperature recordings for 5

days at 30-minute intervals during days when direct sunlight hits the wall attached with the

insulation materials (recycled paper mache and egg trays) that the researchers made. Results

showed that there is a significant difference between outdoor temperature and indoor

temperature. Average indoor temperature during the recordings was at 26.5 celsius, which is

within the comfortable room temperature in the Philippines. This shows that the chosen

insulation material was effective.

5
 Keywords: Thermal Insulation Material, Sustainable Insulation Material

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Rationale of the Study…………………………………………8

1.2. Statement of the Problem……………………………………...9

1.2.1. Research Objective………………………….10

1.2.2. Sub objectives……………………………….10

1.3. Significance of the Study……………………………………………………….10

1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study…………………………………………….11

1.5. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………13

1.6. Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………14

1.7. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………..15

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………..……………………………………16

6
3.
METHODOLOGY…………………………………...…………………………………..19

3.1. Research Environment…………………………………………………………20

3.2. Research Respondent………………………………………………………….20

3.3. Research Instrument…………………………………………………………...21

3.4. Research Procedures…………………………………………………………...23

3.4.1. Data Gathering…………………………………………………………..23

3.4.2. Treatment of Data……………………………………………………….26

4. DATA PRESENTATION AND

ANALYSIS…………………………………………..….27

4.1. Discussion of Results

5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS….….35

5.1. Summary of Findings……….………………………………………………….35

5.2. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………35

5.3. Recommendations……………………………………………………………..35

6.
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………...…………………………………………………37

7
7. APPENDICES

Appendix A…………………………………………………………………….38

Appendix B…………………………………………………………………….39

Appendix C…………………………………………………………………….40

8. . List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….…….44

8
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Rationale of the Study

For a tropical country like the Philippines, insulation is important to reduce the indoor

temperature of buildings or structures in order to provide thermal comfort to its occupants. At the

same time, as the population of our world continues to grow, it has become evident that natural

resources are becoming scarce. Global warming is becoming more of a challenge on a daily basis

the more we feel its immediate effects. So as future architects, it is important that we be mindful

of the building materials that we decide to incorporate into our designs. It is also important to use

all means possible in order to effectively reduce energy consumption by incorporating proper

methods of building.

As an example, choosing sustainable building materials such as recycled paper for

insulation means less energy use and therefore can reduce carbon emissions. This will in turn

cause minimal impact on the environment not only during its manufacturing but also all

throughout its whole lifecycle.

The reason for this study is to further analyze the effectiveness of using recycled paper

materials as a sustainable alternative to provide insulation for buildings in hot and humid

climates.

9
 THE PROBLEM

1.2. Statement of the problem

Most buildings in cities today use mechanical cooling systems to cool indoor spaces. In

order to support this demand, high electrical energy production is required. This is a huge

contributing factor to the increase of CO2 in our environment, which results in a rise in

temperature and in turn, contributes more to global warming.

A study conducted by S. Pongsuwan (2009) states that a few of the many benefits of

using insulation materials in a building is reduction of energy consumption, increase in thermal

comfort, and reduction of energy costs. With proper insulation, cooling requirements are then

reduced to up to 10 times and in turn improved mean radiant temperature by as much as up to

30% and thereby increasing thermal comfort for human occupants.

How effective is using recycled paper as an alternative and sustainable insulation material

when it comes to increasing thermal comfort in an indoor space? A number of parameters should

then be considered such as the amount of paper material used, the thickness of the insulation, air

temperature and solar radiation, time of day, and heat load calculations that would include the

resistance value of building materials and insulation materials, the thermal resistance value of the

wall or roof, heat flow through wall or roof, solar radiation through openings, and the rate of heat

flow through the wall and roof. By considering all of these, we would be able to calculate for the

overall heat load of our building materials and insulation materials and preemptively determine

10
the reduction of indoor temperature and the effectiveness of the insulation being tested in this

study.

1.2.1. Research Objective

The objective of this research experiment is to test the effectiveness of recycled paper

mache and egg trays as a sustainable insulation material for thermal insulation.

1.2.2. Sub objectives

a. To create an insulation material at home out of recycled materials and materials

that can be easily obtained.

b. To reduce indoor temperature by a significant amount with the use of

aforementioned insulation materials.

c. To prove that created insulation material is a valid option as a sustainable

alternative that has low to zero negative impacts on the environment.

1.3. Significance of the Study

This study’s findings will prove the effectiveness of using sustainable and renewable

insulation materials in providing insulation that would in turn reduce CO2 emissions, reduce

energy consumption, and reduce electricity costs.

This study will benefit society as a whole considering that global warming is something

that affects the whole world and future of humanity. The impact of global warming is

11
increasingly felt overtime as changes in weather and temperatures have become apparent over

the years.

By presenting the data and results of this study, future researchers would be able to

strengthen the subject of this experiment and could possibly think of more innovative ways to

improve on the production of this alternative insulation material. Future architects would in turn

consider this more sustainable option as they continue on designing buildings and structures in a

greener approach.

1.4. Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focuses on the efficacy of recycled paper strips turned into paper mache

plastered in between the wall and a ply board as a sustainable insulation material in attaining a

comfortable temperature in the area it covers as compared to a wall without insulation. The data

collection was conducted in a one-meter width by one-meter height portion of wall as per

required, in a room in a residence which is owned by the family of one of the researchers and is

located at Sampaguita Drive, Batinguel, Dumaguete City. The data collected was done in a

scientific approach. A record of the changes in the experiment as well as documentation was

done in the duration of 5 days and in a set routine and number of hours which later on will be

used for the heat load computation. This research study covers determining the effectiveness

using recycled paper strips including calculating for the heat capacity using all the insulating

values of the materials just on the wall and the internal-external temperature. This study will no

longer touch the roof insulation.

12
1.5. Theoretical Framework

Figure 1.1 Theoretical Framework

13
1.6. Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.2 Conceptual framework

14
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Air Temperature - measure of how hot or cold the air is, expressed in degrees Fahrenheit or
Celsius

Air Space - formed between structural components faced with either reflective or non-reflecting
materials, an effective insulator at atmospheric as well as at low temperatures.

Building Envelope - all of the elements of the outer shell that maintain a dry, heated, or cooled
indoor environment and facilitate its climate control. It includes the roof, doors, windows, floors,
and walls.

Building Material - used for construction and provide the make-up of habitats and structures
including homes

Insulation Material - materials with a particularly high resistance to heat flow

Thermal Comfort - conditions wherein the average person does not experience the feeling of
discomfort

Heat Flow - movement of heat from a high temperature to low temperature

Heat Load - the amount of heat energy that would need to be added to a space to maintain the
temperature in an acceptable range

Heat Storage Capacity - tell us how much thermal energy is stored in a material

Solar Radiation - electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun

Thermal Resistance - measure of the ability of the material to resist heat flow

Time Lag - time delay due to the thermal mass, with materials having larger heat storage
capacity slowing down the temperature change

15
U-value - overall coefficient of heat transmission

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Insulation in Hot -Humid Climate Building

“Building is a climate modifier for humans.” Primarily buildings serve as shelter, security, living

space, privacy, a place to store belongings, and a space to comfortably live and work. While

buildings serve different societal needs, it also functions as shading and protection from different

external sources of radiation, heat, and temperature changes brought by the climate and weather,

these factors are also however absorbed in the occupancy zones of the interior spaces. In order to

attain thermal comfort inside the building, especially in hot humid climates, most cities today

rely on mechanical air-conditioning systems for thermal comfort in the interior environment. It is

true that with these systems, temperature and humidity are alleviated and thermal comfort is

attained inside. Yet, this affects the climate and the environment outside due to it requiring

renewable electrical energy in the process to make up for the demand emitting CO2 in the

surroundings and subsequently causing the rise of temperature.A major contributing factor to

global warming causing climate change symptoms. Exterior wall insulation reduces heat

absorption by a wall by roughly nine times. The mass and insulation of the roof might delay the

peak load of infiltrating the structure with heat. This kind of insulation can prevent heat transfer

from the exterior. Low Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) results from a building, enhancing the

comfort of occupants and to stop heat transfer around 10 times more effectively than a typical

16
building. This permits a decrease in the necessary size of the air-conditioning system and lowers

annual costs for energy. The use of insulation reduces the amount of heat added to the

environment and enhances the picture for future energy. Thus, the use of insulation can solve the

energy issue and environmental issues. (Pongsuwan, 2009)

Sustainability in Insulation Materials

According to Almssad & Almusaed (2016), the selection of readily recyclable, renewable,

locally accessible, and ecologically acceptable raw materials is crucial from the standpoint of

sustainable development. Due to these intriguing qualities, cost-effective, biodegradable,

long-lasting eco-friendly green construction materials are expected to meet the world's needs for

thermal rehabilitation.

A goal for the building industry is to combine comfortable construction that is both sustainable

and inexpensive with the comfort levels demanded today. In the context of green product

manufacturing processes, there are various factors to take into account, including CO2 emissions

to the atmosphere, energy and water consumptions, and affordability. Reusing and choosing

green construction materials (which must be available, local, and renewable), retrofitting, and

opting for low-tech. The world's needs for thermal rehabilitation are to be satisfied with the

affordable, durable, biodegradable, and environmentally beneficial green construction materials.

Pineapple leaves, wheat straw, rice straw, rice husk/hull, coconut fiber, bagasse, date palm fiber,

corn cob, and sheep wool are some of the researched materials. The thermal data gathered from

17
several eco-buildings at the Kerkenes Eco-Center in Turkey was examined. The advantages and

disadvantages of traditional and innovative insulating materials' thermal performances were

compared. After being included into the structure of the outer building envelope, the majority of

organic materials' low thermal conductivity and fibrous features have significantly improved

their thermal insulation properties. Physically, natural organic materials differ from typical

silicate materials in that they have a larger specific heat capacity and a higher moisture

sensitivity methods and techniques are further factors that contribute to green building solutions

or practices. Huge efforts have been made globally by the research community to meet the

comfort requirements necessary today in order to discover alternative sustainable building

materials as well as low-technology approaches that produce more inexpensive and sustainable

constructions. Thus, the industry can adopt the solutions that are produced, resulting in a more

sustainable society. (Almssad & Almusaed, 2016, 5)

This paper aims to provide a different approach of providing thermal comfort without causing

harm to the environment and in consideration of energy conservation by the use of a much more

sustainable alternative as a thermal insulation material.

18
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The type of research used in this study is the scientific approach. By the use of this
method, the researchers were prompted to do tests and experimentation. The diagram below
shows the flow of the research.

Figure 3.1 Diagram of the flow of the research

19
Research Environment

Figure 3.2. An image of the location of the 2-story residential building taken by Google Map

Figure 3.3. An image of the second floor level balcony taken from the ground floor.

20
 The study was conducted in an unoccupied room at a second floor level in the residence
owned by the family of one of the researchers, Perseus Divino and was located at Sampaguita
Drive, Batinguel, Dumaguete City. The experimentation covered 1 meter by width and 1 meter
by height of the portion of the wall which is facing southeast. A balcony was set in front
connecting the room to access the view outside and this element also made it easy for the
collection of data in the exterior environment needed for the calculations.

Research Instruments and Materials

The materials used for making the insulation consisted of a 1-meter by 1-meter plyboard, 12
egg trays, recycled paper strips turned into paper mache by adding water and boric acid solution.

21
 Figure 3.4. Insulation Materials

The instruments used in keeping track of the indoor and outdoor temperature were a digital and
mercury-based thermometer. In preparing the model for insulation, equipment such as scissors,
cutters, buckets and dowels were utilized.

Google Maps, a web mapping platform that made navigating the chosen building for the

research and locating the cardinal points possible most specifically for documentation

22
Research Procedures

Gathering of Data

In gathering data, a model of the insulation was built. The data was collected after all the
necessary materials and equipment were set up and the mock -up built. The researchers
researched on a material that is considered local and readily available. Paper strips were what
was agreed on, as paper waste is becoming a severe problem. “Because of printing mistakes,
junk mail, billings, and packaging, the paper may comprise up to 70% of many company's total
waste.” (BaleForce Recycling Equipment, 2021). The paper used was sourced from a nearby
office which were handed out for free.

The following is the process as well as a documentation of how the model mock-up was built:

1. Once all the materials were collected, a solution of boric acid and water was mixed
together in a ratio of ½ :2. Half a teaspoon of boric acid powder and 2 cups of water. The
recycled paper strips were then added into the solution turning it into paper mache.

23
2. The mixture was laid on top of the egg trays. The solution was to keep the paper mache
sticking to the egg tray.

3. The egg trays filled with paper mache were left to dry for 2 days.

24
4. 12 egg trays with dried paper mache were placed into a 1 meter by 1 meter ply board.

5. The plyboard was turned sideways sandwiching the egg trays against the wall. A dowel
secured the board in position so that it does not collapse.

25
 After making the mock-up, the data necessary for making the calculation for the heat load
was gathered. This included getting the indoor and outdoor temperature of both walls
with no insulation and the wall with insulation. For 5 days from 8:30 to 10:30,
temperature was documented.

Treatment of Data

The data gathered was treated and used to calculate the heat load. Indoor and outdoor
temperature for the wall with insulation that was recorded for 5 days was added to get the
average temperature for both. Resistance values for the building and insulation materials were
determined and summed up. And the sol-air temperature was calculated. From here, the rate of
heat flow through the walls and roof from the outside air temperature is subtracted from the
inside air temperature. Finally, adding the heat flow through the wall and the rate of solar
radiation through openings, the total heat flow was gained.

26
 Chapter 4

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Heat Load Calculations

Temperature of Wall with Insulation

8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30

Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor

December 11, 2022 26.7℃ 34.5℃ 27.5℃ 34.6℃ 26.7℃ 34℃ 27.3℃ 34.8℃ 26℃ 35.2℃

December 12, 2022 25.7℃ 33.1℃ 25.3℃ 32.1℃ 26.8℃ 33.6℃ 26.4℃ 34℃ 26.7℃ 34.1℃

December 13, 2022 26.5℃ 34.6℃ 26.9℃ 34.7℃ 28.1℃ 35.3℃ 26.9℃ 35.1℃ 27.3℃ 33.8℃

December 14, 2022 24.7℃ 32.7℃ 25.4℃ 32.9℃ 25.7℃ 33.7℃ 25.9℃ 33.9℃ 26.5℃ 33.5℃

December 15, 2022 27℃ 34.8℃ 26.1℃ 33.2℃ 27.3℃ 34.6℃ 26.3℃ 34℃ 26.7℃ 34.3℃

Average 26.12 33.94 26.24 33.5℃ 26.96 34.24 26.56 34.36 26.64 34.18
Temperature ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃

Average Indoor 26.504℃ Average Outdoor 34.044℃

Temperature Temperature

Figure 4.1 Average Outdoor and Indoor Temperature of Wall with Insulation

27
 Wall Solar Azimuths

Site Latitude λ sin λ cos λ Solar Noon Hour Angle

Time H

Dumaguete 9.3068 N 0.162 0.987 154.39

City 612 33 36
Longitude β sin δ cos δ

123.305 E 0.394 0.919

Date Declination Local Solar Equation of

δ Time time

December 12 -23.18 10:00 AM 5m 54s

Local Time sin H cos H

10:00 AM 0.432 -0.90

2

Solar Altitude α Wall Solar Azimuth ୪

sin α = cos λ(cos δ)(cos H) + sin λ(sin δ) South ୪s West ୪w

= 0.987(0.919)(-0.902) + 0.162(0.394) 40.466 =90 + 40.466
= (-0.818) + 0.064 =130.466
α= arc sin (-0.754)
α= 48.94

Solar Azimuth North ୪n East ୪e

=180 + =270 +
sin Az = cos λ(sin H) / cos α
40.466 40.466
= 0.987(0.432) / 0.657
=220.466 =310.466
Az= arcsin(0.649)
Az= 40.466

28
 Figure 4.2 Table of Wall Solar Azimuths

Solar Altitude Angle = 48.94°

Wall Solar Azimuth Angle = 40.466°

Intensity of Solar Radiation (normal) = 662.54 W/m2

Tilted Roof = 11.33 m2

Roof Angle = 10 °

Absorptivity of Surface to Solar Radiation (New G.I. Sheet = 0.64

Outside Surface Conductance = 22.73

Outdoor Air Film (Moving Air 3.35 m/s) = 0.044
Inside Surface Air Film (Still Dry: Horizontal Direction at Heat Flow) = 0.120
Outside Air Temperature = 34℃
Inside Air Temperature = 26.4℃
West Wall (unshaded wall area) = 12 m2
South Wall (unshaded wall area) = 5.25 m2
Absorptivity of Surface to Solar Radiation (Concrete) = 0.60
Absorptivity of Surface to Solar Radiation (Wood) = 0.60
U-Value Calculations (Tilted Roof)

U-Value (of building element) = 1 / (Rso + Rsi + R1 + R2 …)

Building Elements R-value

Outdoor Air Film (Moving Air 3.35 m/s) 0.044

Inside Surface Air Film (Still Dry: Horizontal Direction at Heat 0.120
Flow)

Mineral fiberboard, wet moulded acoustical tile 1.064

H.R.U 1.228

U-Value (1 / 1.443) 0.814

29
 Figure 4.3 Table of U-Value Calculations (Tilted Roof)

U-Value Calculations (North Wall with Insulation)

U-Value (of building element) = 1 / (Rso + Rsi + R1 + R2 …)

Building Elements R-value

Outdoor Air Film (Moving Air 3.35 m/s) 0.044

Inside Surface Air Film (Still Dry: Horizontal Direction at Heat 0.120
Flow)

Cardboard 0.52

Plywood 1 / 4“ 0.31

Cellulose 0.52

Concrete Lightweight aggregates (Porous) 0.641

H.R.U 2.16

U-Value (1 / 1.443) 0.46

Figure 4.4 Table of U-Value Calculations (North Wall with Insulation)

U-Value Calculations (West Wall)

30
U-Value (of building element) = 1 / (Rso + Rsi + R1 + R2 …)

Building Elements R-value

Outdoor Air Film (Moving Air 3.35 m/s) 0.044

Inside Surface Air Film (Still Dry: Horizontal Direction at Heat 0.120
Flow)

Concrete Lightweight aggregates (Porous) 0.641

H.R.U 0.805

U-Value (1 / 1.443) 1.24

Figure 4.5 Table of U-Value Calculations (West Wall)

U-Value Calculations (North Wall without Insulation)

U-Value (of building element) = 1 / (Rso + Rsi + R1 + R2 …)

Building Elements R-value

Outdoor Air Film (Moving Air 3.35 m/s) 0.044

Inside Surface Air Film (Still Dry: Horizontal Direction at Heat 0.120
Flow)

Concrete Lightweight aggregates (Porous) 0.641

H.R.U 0.805

U-Value (1 / 1.443) 1.24

Figure 4.6 Table of U-Value Calculations (North Wall without Insulation)

31
Intensity of Solar Radiation on Tilted Surface

IDH = [662.54 W/m2 x cosine (48.94)] x [cos (40.466) x sin (10)] + [sin (48.94) x cos (10)] =
58.235 W/m2

Sol Air Temperature

0.64 𝑥 58.235
QSA = 22.73
+ 34 = 35. 64°

Rate of Heat Flow Through Roof

Q = 0.814 x 11.33 (35.64 - 26.4) = 85.22 W

32
 Intensity of Solar Radiation on Vertical Surface

West Wall: South Wall:

IDVN= 662.54 x cos (48.94) x sin (40.466) = IDVN= 662.54 x cos (48.94) x cos (40.466) =
282.44 W/m2 331.09 W/m2

Sol Air Temperature

West Wall: South Wall

0.60 𝑥 282.44 0.60 𝑥 331.09

QSAN = 22.73
+ 34 = 41. 46° QSAN = 22.73
+ 34 = 42. 74°

Rate of Heat Flow Through Wall

West Wall South Wall

QW = 1.24 x 12 (41. 46 - 26.4) = 224.09 W QN = 1.24 x 5.25 (42. 74 - 26.4) = 106.37 W

Overall Heat Load: Without Insulation

Qtotal= 81.22 + 224.09 + 106.37 = 411.68 watts

Figure 4.7 Table of Overall Heat Load Without Insulation

33
 Intensity of Solar Radiation on Vertical Surface

West Wall: South Wall:

IDVN= 662.54 x cos (48.94) x sin (40.466) = IDVN= 662.54 x cos (48.94) x cos (40.466) =
282.44 W/m2 331.09 W/m2

Sol Air Temperature

West Wall: South Wall

0.60 𝑥 282.44 0.60 𝑥 331.09

QSAN = 22.73
+ 34 = 41. 46° QSAN = 22.73
+ 34 = 42. 74°

Rate of Heat Flow Through Wall

West Wall South Wall

QW = 1.24 x 12 (41. 46 - 26.4) = 224.09 W QN = 0.46 x 5.25 (42. 74 - 26.4) = 38.81 W

Overall Heat Load: 10:00 AM December 12 : Dumaguete City

Qtotal= 81.22 + 224.09 + 38.81 = 344.12 watts

Figure 4.8 Table of Overall Heat Load With Insulation

The three components of the space used to calculate the heat load were that of the south wall,
roof, and the west wall. Based on the results of the collection of data and calculations, the west
wall provided the most heat load out of the 3 elements being the wall that gets the most direct
sunlight

34
35
 Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

The researchers found that the addition of an egg tray and paper mache home-made

insulation proved to better the overall heat load of space. The materials' heat resistance helped

control the space's heat load. The choice of materials was also sustainable and environmentally

friendly. In addition to those benefits, the procurement of the materials was also easy and cheap.

The combination of used cardboard egg trays and recycled shredded paper to be turned

into paper mache proved to not just be an effective insulation tool, lowering the heat load of

space, but also established itself as a sustainable recyclable choice for insulation materials. The

acquisition of the insulation materials was a simple cheap task to achieve while also being cost

efficient, needing little-to-no funds to acquire and construct the materials and actual insulation

installment. This all proves that the effectiveness of the insulation was increased with the

simplicity and uncomplicated process proving its effectiveness in lowering the heat load of the

space based on the results of the tests and calculations.

Recommendations

For future researchers who want to take up the study of sustainable and effective

insulation installments and materials, the researchers suggest trying and testing more materials

that theoretically would help the heat resistance of a surface not only in the wall components of a

room but also branch out to study ceiling and roof insulation materials that would be sustainable.

36
With the calculations of heat load being very specific to the date and precisely coordinated of the

space that is being calculated for, it would be beneficial to the overall data of insulation and heat

load if more places in more times of the years were recorded, tested and calculated for such

values to archive more information on the topic. Lastly, the researchers recommend future

researchers to be very precise with their computations and values used in computations to

provide more accurate and real results.

37
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Almssad, A., & Almusaed, A. (Eds.). (2016). Insulation Materials in Context of Sustainability.

IntechOpen. 10.5772/61361

BaleForce Recycling Equipment. (2021, July 15). Paper Waste: Why Does It Matter? BaleForce

Recycling Equipment. Retrieved December 16, 2022, from

https://baleforce.com/paper-waste-why-does-it-matter-and-how-to-manage-it/

Pongsuwan, S. (2009, January). The Miracle of Insulation in Hot-Humid Climate Building.

ThaiScience. Retrieved December 15, 2022, from

https://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/IIRE/10895217.pdf

38
 APPENDIX

Appendix A - Transmittal Letter

November 2022

Dear Respondent,

Good day, we are 2nd Year Architecture students conducting our research paper entitled
“RECYCLED PAPER MACHE AND EGG TRAYS AS A SUSTAINABLE INSULATION
MATERIAL ,” a paper seeking to know the efficiency of recycled paper strips and egg trays as
an insulation material which we, the researchers would ask for consent to do the the
experimentation at your residence. For this is in fulfillment of our Tropical Design class. We, the
authors of the research,would appreciate the kindness.

Thank you for taking the time to read this letter. Your response will mean so much to us.

Warm Regards,

Perseus Wilbert N. Divino

2nd Year Architecture Student

39
 Appendix B - Documentation/Record of Data

Temperature of Wall with Insulation

8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30

Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor

December 11, 2022 26.7℃ 34.5℃ 27.5℃ 34.6℃ 26.7℃ 34℃ 27.3℃ 34.8℃ 26℃ 35.2℃

December 12, 2022 25.7℃ 33.1℃ 25.3℃ 32.1℃ 26.8℃ 33.6℃ 26.4℃ 34℃ 26.7℃ 34.1℃

December 13, 2022 26.5℃ 34.6℃ 26.9℃ 34.7℃ 28.1℃ 35.3℃ 26.9℃ 35.1℃ 27.3℃ 33.8℃

December 14, 2022 24.7℃ 32.7℃ 25.4℃ 32.9℃ 25.7℃ 33.7℃ 25.9℃ 33.9℃ 26.5℃ 33.5℃

December 15, 2022 27℃ 34.8℃ 26.1℃ 33.2℃ 27.3℃ 34.6℃ 26.3℃ 34℃ 26.7℃ 34.3℃

Average 26.12 33.94 26.24 33.5℃ 26.96 34.24 26.56 34.36 26.64 34.18
Temperature ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃ ℃

Average Indoor 26.504℃ Average Outdoor 34.044℃

Temperature Temperature

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 Appendix C

Pongsuwan, S. (2009, January). The Miracle of Insulation in Hot-Humid Climate Building.

ThaiScience. Retrieved December 15, 2022, from
https://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/IIRE/10895217.pdf

Statement of the Problem, page 12, paragraph 2

Insulation materials provide many benefits to the building, such as reducing energy consumption, increasing comfort, ease of
installation, light weight, and low cost. For instance, proper insulation in the roof should consider time lag, insulation property,
condensation, and thermal bridge. As a result, the benefits include reduced cooling requirements up to 10 times that of a
conventional building, and improving mean radiant temperature (MRT) by approximately 30% thereby increasing human
comfort. (from reference)

A study conducted by S. Pongsuwan (2009) states that few of the many benefits of using insulation materials in a building is
reduction of energy consumption, increase in thermal comfort, and reduction of energy costs. With proper insulation, cooling
requirements are then reduced to up to 10 times and in turn improved mean radiant temperature by as much as up to 30% and
thereby increasing thermal comfort for human occupants. (from paper)

Pongsuwan, S. (2009, January). The Miracle of Insulation in Hot-Humid Climate

Building. ThaiScience. Retrieved December 15, 2022, from
https://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/IIRE/10895217.pdf

Review of Related Literature, page 20, paragraph 1,2,3

Building is a climate modifier for humans. Most designers today focus on functions in the buildings and leave the
issue of human comfort conditions to engineers who use mechanical systems to modify the interior environment.
Energy and CO2 emissions are influencing factors in the global warming phenomenon. One alternative in the solution
of these problems is reducing energy consumption by using insulation materials in the building envelope. Insulation
materials provide many benefits to the building, such as reducing energy consumption, increasing comfort, ease of
installation, light weight, and low cost. For instance, proper insulation in the roof should consider time lag, insulation
property, condensation, and thermal bridge. As a result, the benefits include reduced cooling requirements up to 10
times that of a conventional building, and improving mean radiant temperature (MRT) by approximately 30% thereby

41
increasing human comfort. The results show that properly installed insulation will save half of the cooling load from
the building envelope.

“Building is a climate modifier for humans.” Primarily buildings serve as shelter, security, living space, privacy, a place
to store belongings, and a space to comfortably live and work. While buildings serve different societal needs, it also
functions as shading and protection from different external sources of radiation,heat, and temperature changes
brought by the climate and weather, these factors are also however absorbed in the occupancy zones of the interior
spaces. In order to attain thermal comfort inside the building, especially in hot humid climates, most cities today rely
on mechanical air-conditioning systems for thermal comfort in the interior environment.
It is true that with these systems, temperature and humidity is alleviated and thermal comfort is attained inside. Yet,
this affects the climate and the environment outside due to it requiring renewable electrical energy in the process to
make up for the demand emitting CO2 in the surroundings and subsequently causing the rise of temperature.A major
contributing factor to global warming causing climate change symptoms.
Exterior wall insulation reduces heat absorption by a wall by roughly nine times. The mass and insulation of the roof
might delay the peak load of infiltrating the structure with heat. This kind of insulation can prevent heat transfer from
the exterior. Low Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) results from a building, enhancing the comfort of occupants and
to stop heat transfer around 10 times more effectively than a typical building building. This permits a decrease in the
necessary size of the air-conditioning system and lowers annual costs for energy. The use of insulation reduces the
amount of heat added to the environment and enhances the picture for future energy. Thus, the use of insulation can
solve the energy issue and environmental issues. (Pongsuwan, 2009)

Almssad, A., & Almusaed, A. (Eds.). (2016). Insulation Materials in Context of

Sustainability. IntechOpen. 10.5772/61361

Review of Related Literature, page 21, paragraph 1

42
From the perspective of sustainable development, it is important to choose easily recyclable, renewable, locally
available and environmentally friendly raw materials. Considering the cost-effective, biodegradable, durable
eco-friendly green building materials, global needs are to be met on thermal rehabilitation due to these interesting
properties.

According to Almssad & Almusaed (2016), the selection of readily recyclable, renewable, locally accessible, and
ecologically acceptable raw materials is crucial from the standpoint of sustainable development. Due to these
intriguing qualities, cost-effective, biodegradable, long-lasting eco-friendly green construction materials are expected
to meet the world's needs for thermal rehabilitation.

Almssad, A., & Almusaed, A. (Eds.). (2016). Insulation Materials in Context of

Sustainability. IntechOpen. 10.5772/61361

Review of Related Literature, page 21, paragraph 2

In order to find alternative sustainable building materials as well as low technology methods, which result in more
affordable and more sustainable constructions, huge efforts have been applied worldwide by the research community
to comply with the comfort standards required nowadays [13]. The resulting solutions can be therefore adapted by the
industry, leading to a more sustainable society. The building industry is not immune to this reality [14]. Therefore,
once the use of these natural materials increases, the production costs will be reduced [15]. This study consists of
three steps: First, a literature survey was conducted on thermal conductivity of natural materials. Researched
materials are: pineapple leaves, wheat straw, rice straw, rice husk/hull, coconut fibre, bagasse, date palm fibre, corn
cob and sheep wool. Then, the thermal data collected from various ecological buildings at the Kerkenes Eco-Center
in Turkey were analyzed. Finally, thermal performances of conventional and unconventional insulation materials were
compared and the advantages and disadvantages of using such materials were discussed. Sustainable and

43
affordable construction, complemented with the comfort standards required nowadays, may be an objective to
achieve in the building industry. CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, energy and water consumptions, and affordability
are some parameters to take into consideration in the perspective of green product manufacturing processes. In
addition, there are other aspects that contribute to green building solutions or practices, such as reusing, opting for
green building materials (which must be renewable, local, and abundant), retrofitting, and choosing low-technology
methods and techniques.

A goal for the building industry is to combine comfortable construction that is both sustainable and inexpensive with
the comfort levels demanded today. In the context of green product manufacturing processes, there are various
factors to take into account, including CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, energy and water consumptions, and
affordability. Reusing and choosing green construction materials (which must be available, local, and renewable),
retrofitting, and opting for low-tech. The world's needs for thermal rehabilitation are to be satisfied with the affordable,
durable, biodegradable, and environmentally beneficial green construction materials. Pineapple leaves, wheat straw,
rice straw, rice husk/hull, coconut fiber, bagasse, date palm fiber, corn cob, and sheep wool are some of the
researched materials. The thermal data gathered from several eco-buildings at the Kerkenes Eco-Center in Turkey
was examined. The advantages and disadvantages of traditional and innovative insulating materials' thermal
performances were compared. After being included into the structure of the outer building envelope, the majority of
organic materials' low thermal conductivity and fibrous features have significantly improved their thermal insulation
properties. Physically, natural organic materials differ from typical silicate materials in that they have a larger specific
heat capacity and a higher moisture sensitivity methods and techniques are further factors that contribute to green
building solutions or practices. Huge efforts have been made globally by the research community to meet the comfort
requirements necessary today in order to discover alternative sustainable building materials as well as low
technology approaches that produce more inexpensive and sustainable constructions. Thus, the industry can adopt
the solutions that are produced, resulting in a more sustainable society. (Almssad & Almusaed, 2016, 5)

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Theoretical Framework

Figure 1.2 Conceptual framework

Figure 3.1 Diagram of the flow of the research

Figure 3.2 Location of the residential building

Figure 3.3 Second Floor Balcony

Figure 3.4. Insulation Materials

Figure 4.1 Average Outdoor and Indoor Temperature of Wall with Insulation

Figure 4.2 Table of Wall Solar Azimuths

Figure 4.3 Table of U-Value Calculations (Tilted Roof)

Figure 4.4 Table of U-Value Calculations (North Wall with Insulation)

Figure 4.5 Table of U-Value Calculations (West Wall)

Figure 4.6 Table of U-Value Calculations (North Wall without Insulation)

Figure 4.7 Table of Overall Heat Load Without Insulation

Figure 4.8 Table of Overall Heat Load With Insulation

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Figure 4.9 Average Outdoor and Indoor Temperature of Wall with Insulation

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