Unit – I

Introduction to machine learning

Course outcome: Describe basic concept of machine learning and its applications
Machine learning:
 Machine Learning (ML) is that field of computer science with the help of which computer systems can
provide sense to data in much the same way as human beings do.
 In simple words, ML is a type of artificial intelligence that extract patterns out of raw data by using an
algorithm or method. The main focus of ML is to allow computer systems learn from experience without
being explicitly programmed or human intervention.
1.1.1 Overview of Human Learning and Machine Learning

Human leaning
 Human learning is mostly a directed process, guided by other people: parents, teachers and society.

Machine learning
  Machine learning is field of study within artificial intelligence (A) that focus on developing algorithm and
techniques that tenable computer to learn and make prediction or decision without being explicitly
programmed.
 It is based on idea that computer can learn from and analyze data to identify patterns, make predictions
or actions, without being explicitly programmed for each specific task.
 In machine learning computer learns from data by building mathematical models and making predictions
or decision based on patterns and examples in the data.
How does Machine Learning work?
 A machine learning system builds prediction models, learns from previous data, and predicts the output
of new data whenever it receives it.
 The amount of data helps to build a better model that accurately predicts the output, which in turn
affects the accuracy of the predicted output.

Types of machine learning

Machine learning

Unsupervised Reinforcement
Supervised learning
learning learning

classification Clustering

Regression Association
analysis

Supervised learning
 Supervised learning is the types of machine learning in which machines are trained using well "labelled"
training data, and on basis of that data, machines predict the output. The labelled data means some
input data is already tagged with the correct output.
 (A) Regression
 Regression algorithms are used if there is a relationship between the input variable and the output
variable. It is used for the prediction of continuous variables, such as Weather forecasting, Market
Trends, etc.
(B) classification
 Classification algorithms are used when the output variable is categorical, which means there are two
classes such as Yes-No, Male-Female, True-false, etc.

Unsupervised learning
 unsupervised learning is a machine learning technique in which models are not supervised using training
dataset. Instead, models itself find the hidden patterns and insights from the given data.

(A) Clustering:
 Clustering is a method of grouping the objects into clusters such that objects with most similarities
remains into a group and has less or no similarities with the objects of another group.
 Cluster analysis finds the commonalities between the data objects and categorizes them as per the
presence and absence of those commonalities.

(B) Association:
 An association rule is an unsupervised learning method which is used for finding the relationships
between variables in the large database. It determines the set of items that occurs together in the
dataset. Association rule makes marketing strategy more effective.
 Such as people who buy X item (suppose a bread) are also tend to purchase Y (Butter/Jam) item. A typical
example of Association rule is Market Basket Analysis.
Reinforcement learning
  Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent gets a reward
for each right action and gets a penalty for each wrong action.
 The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks and improves its performance. In reinforcement
learning, the agent interacts with the environment and explores it.
 The goal of an agent is to get the most reward points, and hence, it improves its performance .
Applications of Machine learning
1) Image Recognition
2) Speech Recognition
3) Traffic prediction
4) Product recommendations
5) Self-driving cars
6) Email Spam and Malware Filtering
7) Fraud Detection
8) Stock Market trading
9) Medical Diagnosis
10) Automatic Language Translation
Tools and Technology for Machine Learning
Programming language
 Some popular language used for machine learning include Python,R and Julia.
Machine learning libraries and framework
 Library provides pre-built algorithms such as TensorFlow,PyTorch,Scikit-learn,Keras and MXnet.
Data visualization tools
 Visualization tools such as Matplotlib,Seaborn and Plotly are commonly used for data exploration and
presentation.
Cloud Computing platforms
 Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, and IBM Cloud provides scalable computing
resources for training and deploying machine learning models.
Data processing tools
 Numpy,Pandas and SciPy ared used for data processing, cleaning and future engineering.
Version control system
 Version control system such as Git are used for managing code changes, collaborating with others and
keeping track of experiment

Integrated development System

 IDE such as Jupyter,Notebook,PyCharm and Visual Studio Code are used for coding,debugging and
running machine learning models
Automated machine learning tools
  AutoMl tools such as H2O,DataRobot and Google AutoML automate process of training and optimizing
machine learning models.
Model deployment Tools
 Tools such as Docker,Kubernetes and Flask are used for deploying and serving machine learning models
in production environments.
Hardware accelerators
Specialized hardware accelerators such as GPUs ,TPUs and FPGAs can significantly speed up the training
inference of machine learning models.