ANIRUDDHA .R.

PURIGOSAVI
2.Periodic Classification Of elements
 Core Concepts :  Dobereiner’s Triads
 Can you recall  Newlands law of Octaves
1.Matter 2.Elements  Mendeleevs periodic table
3.Compounds 4.Atom  Merits And Demerits of Mendeleev periodic
table
5.Molecules 6.Classification
 Modern periodic table (Henry Moseley)
7.Atomic mass number
 Period And Group
8.Atomic Number
 Long form of modern periodic table.
9. Metals And Non metals
 Electronic configuration
10. Nucleus 11.Proton
 Atomic Radius
12.Neutron 13.Eletron
 Electronegativity
 Electropositivity
 DEFINATIONS
Matter
(Anything around us having mass and occupies space is called as matter)
Types of matter

Physical properties chemical properties

(Apperence)
solid/ liquid / Gas Elements /Compounds/ Mixtures
 Definations
Elements :- Pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
e.g :-Au , Na ,Mg ,Ag ,Hg ,K ,Li ,Be ,C ,O
Compounds :- Combination of two or more elements in definite proportion
e.g:- H2O , CO2
Mixtures :- It is the combination of two or more substance in any proportion.
Atoms :- Smallest part of element.
Molecules :- Smallest part of compound.
Atomic mass Number :- Sum of no. of Proton and Neutron.
Atomic Number :- Number of proton or electron present in atom.
Proton :- Positive partical present in a atom.
Electron :- Negative partical revolving around the nucleus .
Neutron :- A Chargeless partical present in a atom.
Classification :- Arrangement of elements according their physical and chemical properties.
 Dobereiners Triads
 In the year 1817 a German scientist Dobereiner suggested that
‘Properties Of Elements Are Related To Their Atomic Masses.’
Triads:-
Groups of three elements each, having similar chemical properties are called as
triads.
 He arranged the three elements in a triad in an increasing order of atomic mass and
showed that the atomic mass of the middle element was approximately equal to the
mean of the atomic masses of the other two elements.
 Limitations of Dobereiners :-
All the known elements could not be classified into the Dobereiner’s triads.
Triads
 Examples
Identify Dobereiner’s triads from the following groups of
elements having similar chemical properties.
1. Mg (24.3), Ca (40.1), Sr (87.6)
2. S (32.1), Se (79.0), Te (127.6)
3. Be (9.0), Mg (24.3), Ca (40.1)
 Newlands’ Law of Octaves
 In the year 1866 Newlands arranged the elements known at that time in
an increasing order of their atomic masses.
 It started with the lightest element hydrogen and ended up with
thorium.
 Law of Octaves :-
“When elements are arrange in the increasing order of their atomic
masses every eighth element had properties similar to those of the first.”
For example, sodium is the eighth element from lithium and both
have similar properties.
Also, magnesium shows similarity to beryllium
chlorine shows similarity with fluorine.
Newlands compared this similarity with the octaves in music.
Newland’s Octaves
 Limitations of Newland’s octaves
1. This law was found to be applicable only upto calcium.
2. Newlands fitted all the known elements in a table of 7 X 8 that is 56
boxes.
3. Newlands placed two elements each in some boxes to accommodate
all the known elements in the table.
E.g:- Co and Ni, Ce and La.
4. He placed some elements with different properties under the same
note in the octave.
E.g.:- 1.Newlands placed the metals Co and Ni under the note ‘Do’
along with halogens,
2. Fe is also metal but Newlands place it with nonmetals O and S
under the note ‘Ti’ .
5. Newlands’ octaves did not have provision to accommodate the newly
discovered elements. The properties of the new elements discovered later
 The Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev
(1869 to 1872 A.D.)
 Mendeleev considered the fundamental property of
elements, namely, the atomic mass, as standard and
arranged 63 elements known at that time in an increasing
order of their atomic masses.
 Then he transformed this into the periodic table of elements
in accordance with the physical and chemical properties of
these elements.
 Key factors of the Mendeleev’s periodic table
 Mendeleev organized the periodic table on the basis of the chemical
and physical properties of the elements.
 These were the molecular formulae of hydrides and oxides of the
elements, melting points, boiling points and densities of the elements
and their hydrides and oxides.
Mendeleev found that the elements with similar physical and
chemical properties repeat after a definite interval.

Mendeleev periodic law.

 “Properties of elements are periodic function

of their atomic masses.”
The vertical columns in the Mendeleev’s periodic table are called groups while the
horizontal rows are called periods.
Mendeleev’s periodic table
 Merits of Mendeleev’s periodic table
1. Atomic masses of some elements were revised so as to give them proper
place in the periodic table in accordance with their properties.

For example, the previously determined atomic mass of beryllium, 14.09, was
changed to the correct value 9.4 and beryllium was placed before boron.
 2. Mendeleev kept vacant places in the periodic table for elements not discovered till
then.

Three of these unknown elements were given the names eka-boron, eka-aluminium
and eka-silicon from the known neighbours and their atomic masses were indicated as
44, 68 and 72, respectively. Not only this but their properties were also predicted.

Later on these elements were discovered and named as scandium (Sc), gallium (Ga)
and germanium (Ge) respectively. The properties of these elements matched well with
those predicted by Mendeleev.
 3.There was no place reserved for noble gases in
Mendeleev’s original periodic table.
However, when noble gases such as helium, neon and argon
were discovered towards the end of nineteenth century,
Mendeleev created the ‘zero’ group without disturbing the
original periodic table in which the noble gases were fitted very
well.
 Demerits of Mendeleev’s periodic table
 1. The whole number atomic mass of the elements cobalt (Co) and
nickel (Ni) is the same. Therefore there was an ambiguity regarding their
sequence in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
 2.Isotopes were discovered long time after Mendeleev put forth the
periodic table. As isotopes have the same chemical properties but
different atomic masses, a challenge was posed in placing them in
Mendeleev’s periodic table
 3. When elements are arranged in an increasing order of atomic
masses, the rise in atomic mass does not appear to be uniform. It was not
possible, therefore, to predict how many elements could be discovered
between two heavy elements.
Position of Hydrogen
Hydrogen shows similarity with halogens
(group VII).
For example, the molecular formula of
hydrogen is H2 while the molecular
formulae of fluorine and chlorine are F2
and Cl2, respectively.
In the same way, there is a similarity in
the chemical
properties of hydrogen and alkali metals.
 Modern Periodic Table
Englishscientist Henry Moseley (1913 )
 Modern periodic law :-
“Properties of elements are a periodic
function of their atomic numbers.”
 Facts regarding to modern periodic table
 1. Elements are arranged in an increasing order of their atomic numbers.
 2. Vertical columns are called groups. There are 18 groups.
 The chemical properties of the elements in the same group show
similarity and gradation.
 3. Horizontal rows are called periods. There are in all 7 periods.
 The properties of elements change slowly from one end to the other in a
period.
 4. Uranium has atomic number 92. All the elements beyond uranium
(with atomic numbers 93 to 118) are manmade. All these elements
are radioactive and unstable, and have a very short life.
Chemical properties of metals
Sr. Name Symbol Atomic Electronic Valency Valence
No No Configuration electron
in Shell

K L M N
1 Hydrogen H 1 1
1 1
2 Lithium Li 3 2 1
1 1
3 Sodium Na 11 2 8 1
1 1
4 Potassium K 19 2 8 8 1
1 1
 Groups and electronic configuration
Group - 17
Sr. Name Symbol Atomic Electronic Valency Valence
No No Configuration electron
in Shell

K L M N

1 Fluorine F 9 2 7 1 7
2 Chlorine Cl 17 2 8 7 1 7
3 Bromine Br 35 2 8 18 7 1 7
Periods and electronic configuration
 Periods and electronic configuration
Period -3
Sr. Name Symbol Atomic Electronic Valence No of shells
No No Configuration electron

K L M
1 Sodium Na 11 2 8 1 1 3
2 Magnesium Mg 12 2 8 2 2 3
3 Aluminum Al 13 2 8 3 3 3
4 Silicon Si 14 2 8 4 4 3
5 Phosphorus P 15 2 8 5 5 3
6 Sulfur S 16 2 8 6 6 3
7 Chlorine Cl 17 2 8 7 7 3
8 Argon Ar 18 2 8 8 8 3
 Periods and electronic configuration
Period -2
Sr. Name Symbol Atomic Electronic Valence No of shells
No No Configuration electron

K L
1 Lithium Li 3 2 1 1 2
2 Beryllium Be 4 2 2 2 2
3 Boron B 5 2 3 3 2
4 Carbon C 6 2 4 4 2
5 Nitrogen N 7 2 5 5 2
6 Oxygen O 8 2 6 6 2
7 Fluorine F 9 2 7 7 2
8 Neon Ne 10 2 8 8 2
Periodic trends in the modern periodic table

“When the properties of elements in a period or a group of the modern

periodic table are compared, certain regularity is observed in their
variations. It is called the periodic trends in the modern periodic table.”
 Is their any relation between electronic configuration of an
element and its valency ?
Period -3
Sr. Name Symbol Atomic Electronic Valence Valency
N No Configuration electron

K L M
1 Sodium Na 11 2 8 1 1 1
2 Magnesium Mg 12 2 8 2 2 2
3 Aluminum Al 13 2 8 3 3 3
4 Silicon Si 14 2 8 4 4 4
5 Phosphorus P 15 2 8 5 5 3
6 Sulfur S 16 2 8 6 6 2
7 Chlorine Cl 17 2 8 7 7 1
8 Argon Ar 18 2 8 8 8 0
 Periods and Valency
Period -2
Sr. Name Symbol Atomic Electronic Valence Valency
No No Configuration electron

K L
1 Lithium Li 3 2 1 1 1
2 Beryllium Be 4 2 2 2 2
3 Boron B 5 2 3 3 3
4 Carbon C 6 2 4 4 4
5 Nitrogen N 7 2 5 5 3
6 Oxygen O 8 2 6 6 2
7 Fluorine F 9 2 7 7 1
 Atomic Size
“Atomic radius is the distance between the nucleus of the atom and its
ouermost shell.”
Atomic radius is expressed in the unit picometer (pm)
(1 pm = 10-12 m).
Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from left to right within a period Why?
 While going from left to right within a period, the atomic number
increases one by one, meaning the positive charge on the nucleus
increases by one unit at a time.
 However, the additional electron gets added to the same outermost
shell. Due to the increased nuclear charge the electrons are pulled
towards the nucleus to a greater extent and thereby the size of the atom
decreases.
 Atomic radius
 Arrange the above elements vertically downwards in
an increasing order of atomic radii.
 Which of the above elements have the biggest and
the smallest atom?
 What is the periodic trend observed in the variation
of atomic radii down a group?

 Group -I

Elements Li Na K Rb Cs

Atomic 152 186 231 244 262

Radius
Atomic radius goes on increasing while going
from top to bottom in a group.

While going down a group the atomic size goes on

increasing. This is because while going down a group a
new shell is added. Therefore the distance between the
outermost electron and the nucleus goes on increasing.
As a result of this the atomic size increases in spite of the
increased nuclear charge.
Metallic- Nonmetallic Character
 Electronegativity :-  Electropositivity :-
 The two factors namely, the Metal atoms have a
increasing nuclear charge and tendency to form a cation
decreasing atomic radius as we go
from left to right within a period, are by losing its valence
responsible for increasing the effective electron, this property is
nuclear charge. Therefore, the called electropositivity
valence electrons are held with of an element.
greater and greater attractive force.
This is called electronegativity of an
atom
Trends in Group and Period

Trend in a group :-  Trend in a period :-

 The metallic character of The nonmetallic
elements increases while character of elements
going down the group. increases while going
from left to right