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Avitation

ppt for 10 science chapter 1 ssc board

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20 views37 pages

Avitation

ppt for 10 science chapter 1 ssc board

Uploaded by

puri.anirudha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Gravitation
• Can you recall :- Core Concept :-
• Distance • Gravitation
• Displacement • Circular motion
• Acceleration • Centripetal force
• Velocity • Kepler’s laws
• Speed • Newton’s universal law of gravitation
• Motion • Acceleration due to the gravitational
• Force force of the Earth
• Newton’s laws of motion
Definations
Distance :- Is the length of the actual path travelled by an object in motion while going
from one point to another.
Displacement :- Is the minimum distance between the starting and finishing points.

Speed = Total distance travel


time
Velocity = Displacement
time
Acceleration :- Change in velocity
Time
Scalar Quantity :-
Newton’s laws of motion
Newton’s first law of motion :-
‘An object continues to remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line unless an
external unbalanced force acts on it.’
( Law of Inertia )
Types

Motion Direction Rest

Newton’s second law of motion :-


‘The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of
momentum occurs in the direction of the force.’
P=MV
Newton’s third law of motion :-
‘Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force which acts simultaneously.’
GRAVITATION
Universal law of Gravitation
Circular motion and Centripetal force
Tie a stone to one end of a string. Take the
other end in your hand and rotate the string
so that the stone moves along a circle.
Are you applying any force on the stone?
In which direction is this force acting?
We are pulling the stone towards us i.e.
towards the centre of the circle and are applying
a force towards it.
How will you stop this force from acting?
The force stops acting if we release the string.
What will be the effect on the stone?
The stone will fly off along a straight line
Which is the tangent to the circle at the position
of the stone when the string is released.
because that is the direction of its velocity at
that instant of time
Centripetal Force :- Centrifugal Force :-
‘A force acts on any object moving ‘A force acts on any object moving
along a circle and it is directed towards along a circle and it is directed from
the centre of the circle. This is called the center out towards the object.
the Centripetal force.’ this is called the Centrifugal force.’
`Centripetal’ means centre seeking,
i.e. the object tries to go towards the i.e. the object tries to go away from
centre of the circle because of this the centre of the circle because of
force. this force.

A major difference between centrifugal


and centripetal force is the direction
of each.
Images related to Centripetal force
Difference between
Centrifugal and Centripetal forces
Johannes
Kepler
(1571 – 1630)
“By the study of the orbit of Mars, we
must either arrive at the secrets of
astronomy or forever remain in
ignorance of them.”
J.Kepler
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary motion
Kepler’s first law :
‘The orbit of a planet is an ellipse
with the Sun at one of the foci.’

Kepler’s second law :


‘The line joining the planet and the Sun
sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.’

Kepler’s third law :


‘The square of its period of revolution
around the Sun is directly Proportional to
the cube of the mean distance of a planet
from the Sun.’
1. Planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus

Sun (Focus)

c
X

Focus
Semi-major axis (a)
67,000 mi/hr

Aphelion Perihelion

Earth: a = 1.00 AU = 92, 980.000 mi


aphelion = 1.0167 AU = 94,530,000 mi
perihelion = 0.9833 AU = 91,420,000 mi
Sir Issac Newton (1642-1727)
Newton’s universal law of gravitation
‘Every object in the Universe attracts every other object with a definite force. This force is directly
proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects and is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.’

m1 m2
F d F

1.Force on both object is same.


2.These two forces are action reaction forces.
3.forces act along the line joining the objects .
Newton’s universal law of gravitation
Can a gravitational force present between these objects ?
What is the value of it ?
The value of G was first experimentally measured by Henry Cavendish.
In SI units its value is 6.673 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2.
Variation in the value of ‘g’
• A. Change along the surface of the earth
Pole (9.832 m/s2)

Equator(9.78 m/s2)
B. Change with height :-
Radius of earth 6400 km.
6410km

10km (R+h)

R
C. Change with depth
M g=GM/ r2
m
g= Gm/ r2
Mass and Weight
• Mass : • Weight :
Mass is the amount of matter The weight of an object is
present in the object. defined as the force with which
The SI unit of mass is kg. the earth attracts the object.
The force (F) on an object of
Mass is a scalar quantity. mass m on the surface of the
earth can be written using
Its value is same everywhere. equation.
Its value does not change even Weight, W = F = m g
when we go to another planet.
g= Gm/ r2
• Weight being a force, its SI unit is Newton.
The weight, being a force, is a vector quantity and its direction is towards the
centre of the earth.
As the value of g is not same everywhere, the weight of an object changes
from place to place, though its mass is constant everywhere.
Escape velocity
• We have seen than when a ball is thrown upwards, its velocity decreases because of the
gravitation of the earth.
• The velocity becomes zero after reaching a certain height and after that the ball starts
falling down. Its maximum height depends on its initial velocity.
• According to Newton’s third equation of motion is
• v2=u2+2as v = the final velocity of the ball = 0
a=-g
• 0= u2+2(-g)s
• s = – u2/ 2g maximum height of the ball
• Thus, higher the initial velocity u, the larger is the height reached by the
ball

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