ON- Intooke hon to ginetring Gaphis,

(Dic
Conr-uc Hion Eipe, penbek end r

kngneering e o ing

7 The Lepeuentaton e an et n taining de eie kke epe, ge

ea drts, dpecihintions ede is aled

Oeing Prphr
prpa R engineer ter an e n 7 rpare
is noon as gineviny Dawing
Leeron-

kips wth art papart baed on Cartain prineipks, Smbehe Yeprestn ufon,
Sncerd Convene ons ote ionr ee.

Communiation uSro eninersS,

7n ees,
Iks e on Univexnl means

is ed
a angneg
akangnage f er intreaing he. iny neuiny w i
a keang

vgineerig hasingmporzeE
77

a a wv adirengonm) Yguenian oa
Kyineuog asing
hitha thaind
vee ientionn)beet T k ke graphic arguage por
may be
prepartd )e in one
coun
Deson Can vualzc dke odjech DYasina ben Kve.
f the kagnge es
Aged in any oher country, imupetfive
Henve ngineering l e d the "Unversa langquage krginess
Knous/edye in igineering asing Eqwdy Cateiaer te peron
helding eiponribk pariHpr in agineeing fd. h ginetr hout avegune-

knesledye oR anguage i Censiderd l e prksdmly iDifera ve.

oe Uesing in kgîneeriy Kca f7

The aihy f adng dhavigm k de imporot Ycquirtmen

oal) trchnial peple in Eigincerigetior

Chshaen o kginering aig inehds; Biding deig

et..
tine noing , eeeica daving

n ee, dgure or shed.

Ches rekrd bjers, mchinu or S ems are
et
Cxphin e printiple o qpera ton, vekon bepoeen ke to par
Uneus e
Uness e r are phedened aw krnan o , to tns he eqwived

ma in ujeeou Rading it ae key. 1Yenit, tte bmveche

in Cngineering hawing i e u in thde tanding fke otker snkjetd a we).

Jcope , de u e

Te dudtu now e kginetrigowing Reke te

H e ayt of
baic
baic erooleege 4ef tfe geomehi«l asing and i
and t e
penaargeeerio) ojesrn a hewing Cel

tewn eeton alyinecrsing drasig

Necherics) byiceing - Mahine ompeneks, Lobod flemend, Clc m

Componers, 2c kgine Gmponent 1onulje
CNc os,
Cirtui fwe ranmiarion n
Prooke tHon erpinearing elemes ttt

v ineering oad ,Sai)dings- Pan kehon), Tovwn

 Flaroing ridas and Stmuhva) dpecikntons.

Flec trial ngineewign Cireuid loyows panne) alewiqns, wirig dlogams

Transmission iney ee
Con rol slens panelr,
Jengi
Jensi
and meafuning ins tumen s, Jensos,
Insrumtnta in kug Derign
ive elenents dpeikoadions e

Comanunica an kme Cmmunia hon' Ne hoe, Ja selhe

tensmitims pitoey
and teecarhiny ee
bnad arhng
f Fenenäon) Gryance Neteh,
AGah tum. Gmpenen
Jeimpulriont etc.
dahno,
olesizns in irn
mg alo in>gamen
decipuions
in meta Muzy
axral
ete.
arine Componendr
i n i g yools,

ingZndnmors
to prpre diaint i Gond
The dauing inumwns are ed
instr
Atwatey. Ke. anuaay drwis dpera oe on dke qw
Orawim inszrumtnB.
wnenks, o Gndale adid do haxe grod quay
(
e oflowing as minimum alawing inwturers ond oder
,
hawing maJerial wdih ver Uudent mupostur

ODawing bord
hnionr
n u u n n t bor - oo daivg

S p r i bow nau

Eow- Congals DMde

der dgwves -0 and es-us
Gronacdor
y 4 Ghr)
renmh Cur
i b l e Gine

enpla e
oravsing thee?
p e ar tenuu (clhy)
enck

) ring theild

Leeriy p
bav ase ajually made p elJearGned dJ
Drawing Kurd Dasin
degedkor. Te
Ooed poerenaping,
narn dips of sooso at qhed
horijonal
Cide mede po hv ba}en Yarinlr on hah ie
doz he bwrd ) be einy Nvbing edge
ript ae aarbed. e ore Eale tf Javm in dhijpy
mawing hik wiy T-gue in o)hy
hok h d and duntk 4009 r
on ee

Jhe hey kh we. Jize dmsng brara

Derigmhon
-
geonm)
BO 1250x A0
&ient 00 A 650

2 650 X50po

THring kdge 500 x350

 NMhni -Daer Jo in menM ohasiny re and rinon
Ghueen mrininoefder s ea delhny od ahesin Eyinetri9
9 dugned to nbine de Junchons of T-Gart, de}-huarl,
Potmcor and donles The uni vhen id s used i illare up e 3s7.
d 50 o ne in Utrmctural dawing
te ne in at kire alawin9 an

to wi
The iri-dn}Jer Cinriu an anglt, ormte y am

ebe and hente a vavrit ales may be w

Clonp

Aryle

TAin rer

na trumend Bo
cirks md
fnvtment curdr dani
&yopa The Corpai ir an

Ar rles.
angeins a
end One
24 vi of heo la, kiged a) one

ee
an Yeeive
at iks end. he otkey lea is do aranged Rai
heedle be atkeIm
point
aea o a pen. n eiker ase Me nee dle we e nedk
beeouue oke in
Korg an H lad a-pen pomt. Th s
end douhe He pape
point fe ta ks ino dke aper and ke pen

3
(7 Bow- GmassTe bov- bmyassis weor vasing mell Grues o
appwaimaty 5mm adius Ki opeaes on jatk-Jue printisle
bung a enaled nut at i awte n ne dkigas ke adsdig
wllbe a ene tide k e Cmpaar Te admget af d inpac
e wi}k oh i en be se o Re Yeayied dius i* mor
T auua

DDvider Je dirder is ced or dhansfemig maswemers ro one

t e dawlng do anotter par} and ato for diidig Cuvtd or

D Nanber e e eqe ps. e divider i afe

Yen on be Conyatr i f e , L* i kes do not hre tneejotnsb
c
n cin nee de poin ds a t deir ower enos. , cone dignt, a
heW*y
one e Aegi, s e inu te ad tmen t skle

Jehing e medument

o-ide ke besr divider is Jmi)lay dfete bo-onfPAS

Etep kat both Ke legs conaint needle points, and dhe diudanie
b tween ke kegs i adjw ed Enured nt utd o
GAe Cane upase and in e ame manne a Ke bio diníder Simila
to f e bos - Compars, bow- divicev ho fds a Jt ting beer and is

onvènien l o r met ing Jmaland atura le dimensions

Se-Cauars l - a warer, ngrmaltwn in numbtr, arn e

insdrunentd used to draw nes, int intd wH e horionda). l u )
Reye ae usedin Conjunt dion h the T-Savave and dkye ma ao
be wed i k ke mni o'eJjer: Tle t o ommon t p are 30 6o
Jel Sauae ane 4ps-5 Je Cuae Heye ave alhd, beave of
.

he ares a Cormers f eath Je-dauare

Tbve ave mde e hangare? Gluleid ohr
ov
plasic
derialk and ave bevelkd on ne tide . e Jye 9 a Sed Jghare
des ign o y de kegth e len r ide ainig e viyktole
 dhe
heive urd d dyao
dao
Jel lyuere my br in cem bina ion
end allo to
a line paa elto any giren one, iren
not
Vay Gar aper
r r owtid=
orau a
hne ar to ay giren Kine, eife vm a poinf on

i.
frotratdor derire usrd dor easurig and iny
isa

Grges,okr fan koretoined OHfA ke delchvares. u l rt

den Cireukr in Shape a»d mde cefhlord
or ve plas He
leriek .Gisbeve Iee akong e urrrd éege ffe dvions Y e
are urually n eoree and hnf alegreesd a e
veadabe n bod

e Erds.

ke ue rktive dimension or

l y ave ed to ohanfer
de sale w* d
a n jec on to he dasiy, for , phte be warke d
and shh
o
E
oge on fe ne on shith tte dime jon is
dation ut.

my he point oposdde te rtauired ga

a
Uap pentil, arny osied kle
eguitd to a t e awigs
Atuva
tej
Saky are

eper faenes L for beev douine ore, e drwin shee nw be

tke drawine ara Ke ariou mans aveilable or
Prpeyfaed on

dke Se ave Thumb rtacks, clps and ad herive lape.

thh dpriag tion a be wee
Chps are mide o Seel, at

the koord. Gowe, Sal) ohawing sherks

dor ing e she on

Cnmot bexed ayk Aem, on al) ke efour omes.

o s d , adheive dape prfrrd dor fany ce shert

on e bonrd h Jnoth ckurfotre permikt inidre/kr Selvgwry
e S7 de o l ovey te enie dhewiny hee).

enc Jpeaaekly pent are nomalyWe t dmsing wort.

enct
tenct idh ferent dere of hardner ae ai letle te dte marbtd.
 he Jlestion 9aaperdicuar hardnes orgra de, ckpends upon
e Kine guhy deind
for e omsi.
Jke
The
gade H6 denoBes meoium herdness e lend. e
herdness incveeses a dhe lalue f dke merilFu bejore dke
er fncreases im lar tho Les bew meS Slfer a Vee

enameital put beore #e eler & ntvede.

Fenerls grodes 8 or Hmay be curd or hnihio a
Pentt rausing, a drey ve a sarp bhek line, For Chethiny and
rui rl, See grade enttlr are recammende d. HB gece i
Juitase or
letering.
ond áiet
KoeL A vavie ty o intey ae evailable fn e erktd,tokih
Cue wt do e0ve int o penil ine. sld pent) ease ahoud
be utd r e i n g penci ktnes ad ceening Joikd o k s on die

olags. Up aveid gnen ending, otalpb.rning in drauig k

Deedeod.

lul aladalall adalul dal Kova Conau

) 30-6o s-Gave:

HB Pal
HB enil
rde
di Erydntn
 LePerin oier impornt pariwbrs
noo and
Kiingd fiHu, d imeogioat,
on aasing is a ledeHering
a
may s e ovaing
dasing
towever ma
importent p
a

san an
Jome~mes Peor
ipoed
Acwae and neat. Ke adaing bppeaan(e le end
*d
in
tn Clen Keprb
Clea gite
LeHerig Shod, dkerehre be done praperly r Cd be
Ketersipg do he

de phin and cimgle ayle

wrom yle Old

olone e hnd and cperdi

tm and
dernbe
in letering drtw Conri
Ne aawi 2nunen Can
d a be

aided. Kiciency en e ar kePerig

heme i Chold be
pRctite.
aheived yGarja and condinout

Gqohr leHers.
Jinge dtole leHe
Lndan Jtanderok 8Ts(1S
Jime Spe letee The Euvau ef
Eginetrng2
Jiage- Umke le ering for e

609-990) recommeyds wwl C Ciyee

ke Hurs and are
are w
Oiing.ee are ke Copl6i come
ufnerin dhasngt.
uodke
Shebe dhod nel e tten do mtan kid dke
The ord ingle
Aeder Choud be made ore thote ohov XjH Ke penci

atulymeans ket ke dkebnas odke Kine of che kiler

Ghouid Juth ar
be obtaioed in one dtrehe odhe penci. Ke
dke eho houle be eawn dn f to rigbt
hovigoo hl livei bo Hom
an Yerdizal or inthoed lins m op to
 Verial
nchned Ae lev ale luon te de righ?, dte thpe deig
5 Koith ke horigontal
lerer i decrted i heig. The
yh dige f a

heig gf e keHes and humerak havina ah be

Sele ed o 5 35, 5, +, 10, 4 and 20 m alcoreing ke oret

aasing

Ke laio o heiyh to idh \kri but in Ate 9f mas

ke ke Hexs i it i6:5

e Peri
eHering Kenera dene in apital leHers Oerend Jye
leer are uwd Jor dilkrend pupoed
Tke main itk ae geenly 6 mm to &mun diye, Sub-
niHen in

i in m to 6mm de, ohile oes, dimension duy t in 3 n do

5mn 7e.
ivnmre dkicknes,
otkic he Hexs
wed main
bnnan odke kefes. ye are nah for
e m h ae as

Fnt-drsigs.

ke ow(ne kue keky ave

is dara sit dhe aid

ingdowwen and hen led in wih nk.

fo t dhe
 At Congi der
Tdo peetie Jiyle- Ghve ait deHes, w

dew ad write in gryh Shetd).

ke ktPer heigh) as 1Omm(y o
Janard 6'5 ado Ku implry dke
AAeiy
/Omn an d atper

ke Her dge ao:8

Capi hal aho o eigh? to oiddh Y 10:8
0:0

A K K
k

MNO
VWX
K K

Y
For O Crawinyheeds Ne maioyolo d hiys ee

Boc in Dden ,Aite Colge teme Shee Nane.

rawine Jeneiri aN oAer Deloils in iHk Bouk ano de name

dte dveiny le Smn key6
Jer des e pekmd dz of he ahaing de s Mcommended
e EureR o ndan Jhandrda (8-7.s) a (gien éeho as per
Joan daral

Shee Deuiynaion inion de Cnm)

7
Ao
A 53h 8tl
ehtr

420 X514 e Ske ued or

A aur ohaing wove
294 K 420
s
210 x 241

As +I4 X 210

Ao

Bordernes cler worting Grte is obtesed by dawing bovder

hneg. oe doe t bepk n he khand die r dhe pupore ¥*7:
or bindling neauay do be prejerred or Sord na
Aen prin an
bintt oithoat kin, egl pate may ke poorídd on all idk/
Eorder omn/3 Sides

rkdge.
adaosing heet r denvar?

om
 bom
dtk Golk mut e prvidled
in he
i he lprte e
he border bw.
Ud.
sheet aik im te border
sgh hand Cner dke dawng

ke ak bock a h e B.IrS *
ronmenoe
Ke Jize of ets
al leignrtions o ke daoing
05 m X65mmor
*
SAL DIMENSIoNS ARE IN MM
Sm

A-I T:S, RAJAMPE TA

Sm_
5R OLL NO

bmm ECLASs (1 8.TEcH CE

ETITLE OF 3 m
30 S HEET NO:

THE SHEET (Em) sDA TE

|5
SCAAE:
NAME OF THE STUDENT (Sm)ARKS 20

25 105 55

Note busldingr
ales or) Scele drasings Some nts mtkint par
laryer alle dhan Keir Re al Sige a ne

as
regnd to daw or
daly
per orinal dimendi
ons S% se we

alore here YRising hee k as

dealas
dealey and u) Jiye
Beduting soke, Enlrging
10
De duing &les 2 I5

20 5 0 10O0
300

Enlarging dates 50
S

full de tu
enay,
7The ftke boebr hond Condain ateas? ke belbw parf
mtthod ojethvn
Name dke m 4 mbel r
2GHe af dke ahawing 5. a a ing No.
3. Jale A appovtd UA
 Aines Varitu o of bnu aed in geneal eyinerin a
ae dhownbelous,

jne Oecrhp ion Ppahca Hon

Con snos Rick Vuule oxd hnts, Edges,

Masn Yepran ~adisns in
iogran

mesney lhinu, linansnlims,

pjethn kints,
Lan-der îns

Connw ddîn Kings feval veW and

3)
ree han a
Secions.
Condin nD Ain sng brea ne

Dashed &in Hiden o)iny a

Eel
6 Chain d*in Gre ine

I7ttdrit
Chan Ain,ick
aEndS, chage Cuving pbny.
ireeisn
cfosn dAi Ow iney o- adjacend
dovale-dhe d pATS,admae 4 Eadrume
Pogihisns mvasle par8

mentiooin kruy dawing hedker a dale drawing or

or A
a dreaod
grend
moing, hesides thowing dhe dne thpe af an obje mod ieppy
Ens oh, breadth, hezb), Siges and pauiions o l e grooves ete,
and ah denir rektdng do dhe manuhudure fdn) obfect.

(Poriding ku inoa dion on a

dawing aled nensio n'o7
 Dimengions ae india ded on dke draning do deine
ineqepmtie

cheroc leris is duuh a lergh, diamt ey radis, aryles and loaHons.

o

imenaoning terms And noetions

menrion I san Con in Aire, is qeming td

Lie Cen dre iny.
oes
Cadension o
Ay'o heads douihing dhe ou lines,
Con inums ine
aloa Kin
ktengin ine An angien ine is

a n ow-line. Ther Shouid

be a ap } about 1
oawn in eatensin
bunde I+
ne and an outHne or ¢fe vbjeut
beseen Ke Cattnsi on
dinenion kine.
byond he
Ends y Rbou 3m
enda omengion
obnengiov
a
end
hecd is ohted at eah
UrO he d Ana Ane
ine, an atensio9
touhes an ou
ine +s poined end propor i o a l
be prepor toml
houd
Cendre ne.. TKe Jize a n aro head a r e Aead
Lemh Rhee are ead
oodte fRittness dhe vutlines. e
drew
d a peeran
peren
1ddh.T
Tddh.
be about e e times i
maaimwm
houlo he pele
s p0ned end
made in he drethion
Mh
7 JHols
bhoeen hen
uued
used in

e e n ow head ioky
Kfuuneray ched end

Eginaigai
Condmuous ine
ine (omnet
(enoe1 Hng
ng
hen
hender A kader or a pan er is

k tke fesdurt do vokirh i; epplies.

aote or a dimeasiey iyre dot. ora do7.
in arewhend o r a
eker an
ne Cnd bhe leade demineJes
Aile dke det is paud wthin ke
aweohend tout hes e ne,
The
Ou hne gf he cket
Ke olker i d f #ke Keader is demi na ded in a horigontal
ane a e bofom kere) dke ast oke daur AePler ol dke noe-
e eacer is never daon Verhoel or horigendal oGard.i s
awn a a Conrenient angle not Key hen 30 o he Kone do
an art i Wawn
okh i huskes. hen poin ing fo a cirle or

han one taure dhouk

d e of Cammon Anders or morr
neve be made

ndnsion ine

keader inension_ine LAmms Head

2Hole, p[2

oow t a d

1:3

Lesded
 K Open (L4)
Open (z)
chJe d

clre d end ikd

d o te
oblinne

ne) open cirtle

)mension
Pheng menions
m enio ave
pating
ke hrodems
Cnidireudienl dem.
nd)
Agned
dhe ineni o s pkted pe
Ogm- o he almd dhs den ma be
nee a kny that ik
Kine in ueh
imengion

Penditar o he
d h e dauing
dfe r-hand Edge
e boem Clye or
ed n miolodle and above,
place nea a
And

be
imeniony ghou
hee he
nenon
Xine
bu Clear

S0 d dpem Ans direvionn dydt

) Uns dirce Honal dyile2n ardireaionel dudem all dintajonEI

do pkcd dRe fRes en be rad n R Coetom
drasing Sheet. Tke dimensionel Kne) are broben near dke midd|e
nStrding dimenions. TKis den main ly wed in latye dausigi
ed. okere ik Corwiniend o lead ron he
rte
aia Jk, abmobik
yAhend sde

Genere 4k,
none Shoud be ven moe Ren
r m Foension m be gien, but
once.
view okere iks use is Shoon
A imention Chould be placed on ke

ct
sem dsdem mensioning s o

ine nis line showid be draon a) lea 3 o 5on

o
dath vher
he oudirmes Rnd m
ienerons in a deriy my be phu d in ary ene of ke golbwis

Condinuow (o) Chain Cimtnioning

mtdr'on Rre amaned 'na . Aine,

the.
hoverabl dimenibn is pheco uide
Soaller dimontions. One de Jma/ler
dmeaions i gnerally omiHHa

peaive aa)lel dintnssoning.

Shoon orn a
An omendons art

Kine. Cumula hive eno

Comnon base
Ris medhod This mtthnd
avoi ded
20
prefeabe
 Arous hox dr hould ordinny be olawn otRin dRe Kmík of ke
immrontd enue. Be+ wken the dpce ii doo na ey may be

paced outide. A do a be eple fe an a o

head.
-16

Ke Variou mehods olimengioning dilferent Sige f Grles

7 nguler dineotionsybe iv) any one dKe me h»di,

I20

G) )
i k a9eu)
or mensin hou ld aluayy dav
T Dimenrionng

*ni ls t,24, +B
Urtle Blouk and out liny
ite &order linsy ad
HB- Man epregen da dtons

Z Ormnuion At, mpinaly inej, Lesder int, tjedion Kiney

wie nv o Jfovdty kinea: oskapcio n deps,
 eometrica Congtrur dton

n Sugfneer hodS be darJr wih a nunber t geomtdio

Cons dvons a dkey a dquendy octu in Cineting oawi

a Cper eUal) deal w{k pnbkms onromerioal

are
andkiA
wayt ee d on a par geoney
Cnu Hon hah ae

Eleniel in preparadion o Egineeriny dawingt.

dinide a linc
e 109mm îno
vide a Uay) Ane A8 kepgth

100
a 3

A ANE
DT VTDE
eps
L 8 be ke gires ine o e doided in 9 eqwl pa

) Daus ke ine PB en Agh 100m

than 30 wtA AB.
anele. Kess
Yo aas aerr ine AC mting an

whn die kh / ivtcer or (onass

duihasle lugdh on ine AC and mRre hen ar t,2,4,u,s, 6,a}dl anda'
a Shouon to
digwe).
9 oin dke lat poin) q opsint 8 e bre 98 h e helo / .
raller Cale
6)Now the dvaJder n pai ne a'B end dken oero
each dke oher e d poos)) s 4 , and , da
Kines paie| to 4B GHhoy e kn 08 a G3,4,532and|

ecper it Can
ke Ane AB b beeh aividedioto e l pars. You
ow
Vevy dks bymeaing fe konhs.

Kite inga line 65

ne AB of Kunh 65 Aine Kengdh is \
uee a shegh han
envwn
w t par
oivnde in
t e d to

65

8ISECTING A LNE

D
Jdep kine oAeyth
63
65»mm
eB be de iven
l AB,
d
dmwu
aru o

adias grëaderdhan helf AB,

helf
h Cenre A ad
bok iees AB.
intertecding dk
previos
arey
and hme ad da
tR ande S
3
and O.
arcs at C
and aHing AB a E
Cand
e joimog
O
9Then AE E E : P B

CD bire ts B
at rish anye.

breuhing {e an be Seen n 9(8).

e eawin a
8vet an angle AoB 9:ven

AOB = 45

Angle A08 125

D
D
dg3) TO 8SECT AN G E

de piven anyle of 5 and 125

125
k o t RBG e
olyew a n are
h °o' a Cotr and any Yaoins

and aB atD. Yadius,

ame (onvinicn
and dRe kme
dke or ar
any

SiR Centres C and

3)

9DrRo e ne joining O an
d E,

A08 ic, LAaß = 45" aLAB=J25

O£ btek dhe anyle

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PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES-I:

CASE 1: LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP TO VP

1.A line AB 50mm long is parallel to both horizontal plane and vertical plane.The
line is 30 above HP and 20mm in front of VP ?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/1f7KdTkJqcE?si=0iW2w_KqQTbL9Ipo

CASE 2: LINE CONTAINED BY ONE PLANE & PARALLEL TO OTHER

2.A Line AB 50mm long is on HP and 30mm in front of VP. Draw its projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/aC6aKgBwZdY?si=guxWOotJ_BTklT7D

CASE 2: LINE CONTAINED BY ONE PLANE & PARALLEL TO OTHER

3. A line AB 50mm long is on VP and 20mm above HP. Draw its projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/QmyjCcLihhs?si=7CChCucMvLx1VQCq

CASE 3: LINE PERPENDICULAR TO ONE PLANE & PARALLEL TO

OTHER

4. A line AB 50mm long perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. The end points
A&B are 60 mm and 10mm above HP. The line is 20mm in front of VP. Draw its
projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/MYPCFI0BhSo?si=cAt4d3ncv7t4njPp

CASE 3: LINE PERPENDICULAR TO ONE PLANE & PARALLEL TO

OTHER

5. A line AB 55mm long is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP .The End A

&B are 65mm and 10mm in front pf VP respectively. The line is 20mm above
HP. Draw its projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/U3fKQfF9zU0?si=FahBR3SsxqR4Lu8i

SECTIONS OF SOLIDS:
Prisms
Case-1: Section plane parallel to VP
1.A cube of 35mm long edges is resting on HP on one of its faces with a vertical
face inclined at 30° to VP. It is cut by a section plane parallel to VP and 9mm
away from the axis and further away from the VP. Draw its sectional front view
and the top view?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/fdo1DBCk0ag?si=RP6cZbt4tcrgb1pi

Case-2: Section plane parallel to HP

2.A triangular prism, base 30mm side and axis 50mm long, is lying on the HP on
one of its rectangular faces with axis inclined at 30° to VP. It is cut by a horizontal
section plane at a distance of 12mm above the ground. Draw its front view and
sectional top view?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/1ZObGkrgM7s?si=xZX__ZyRU-wGb4Mo

Case-3: Section plane perpendicular to HP & inclined to VP

3.A square prism of 30mm long edges is resting on HP one of its faces with a
vertical face of height 60mm inclined at 30° to VP. It is cut by a section plane
inclined at 60° to VP and perpendicular to HP, so that the face which makes 60°
angle with the VP is cut in two equal halves .Draw the sectional front view ,top
view and true shape of the section?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/VRB04YTnhhI?si=uoM23pglspUkyfKR

PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS-II
1.A square prism having base of 35mm side and a 60mm long axis is resting on
an edge of its base on the HP and the axis is inclined at 45° to HP. Draw its
projections if the resting edge makes an angle of 30° with the VP?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/F93uf4oOKQw?si=LzJOHsnfQmb3zwPT

2.A pentagonal prism is resting on one of the corner of its base on HP. The longer
edge containing that corner is inclined at 45° to base.The axis of prism makes an
angle of 30° to VP .Draw the projections of solid taking side
30mm and axis 70mm?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/sSHbBPAlbAk?si=4aGCvZI63Ke-pZNy
3.A hexagonal pyramid having a base of 30mm side and a 60mm long axis, has
an edge of its base on the ground and the axis is inclined at 30° to HP. The edge
of the base on which it rests is inclined at 45° to VP. Draw its projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/bPl66RtBIiU?si=8ywLVgImABYgbOHX

4. A hexagonal prism having a base with 30mm side and an 80mm long axis,
rests on one of its base edges in the HP.such that the axis is inclined at 30° to HP
and 45° to VP.Draw its projections ?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/yQH2iqwClhQ?si=P1Q7ODxoVpkplPeo

5.A cyclinder having with a 50mm base diameter and a 70mm long axis has a
point of its base circle in the VP .Its axis is inclined at 30° to VP and 45° to
HP.Draw its projections ?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/9QT1e74A7cA?si=Teu1gZhRX_6MfwC4

6.Draw the projections of a cone, having a base with 50mm diameter and a 60mm
long axis, when it is resting on the ground on a point of its base circle with,
a) The axis inclined at 30° to HP & 45° to VP.
b) The axis inclined at 30° to HP& its top view inclined at 45° to VP.
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/wpSNg3uxp50?si=FuLHugnSugeuuuAu

7.A pentagonal pyramid, base 25mm side and axis 50mm long has one of its
triangular faces in the VP and the edge of the base contained by that faces makes
an angle of 30° with the HP. Draw its projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/PLozKQ9sZgU?si=jKwAtsgAmdwIj4jW

Projections of Solids-I
1.Draw the projections of a cyclinder of base 50mm diameter and axis 70 mm
long, when it is resting on HP on its base?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/BxF74D9zsso?si=-JOXn7ft3UEin47z

2. Draw the projections of a cone of base 50mm diameter and axis 70 mm long,
when it is resting on HP on its base?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/BxF74D9zsso?si=aUHkO-lRByQRAA3R
3.A square pyramid having base 40mm side and 60mm long axis is resting on its
base on HP. Draw its projections, when
a) A side of base is parallel to VP
b) A side of base is inclined at 30 degrees to VP.
C) All sides of base are equally inclined to VP.
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/ezg4MZ8LuKw?si=iFyIz0Cqzz5T_QoF

4. A square prism having base 40mm side and 60mm height is resting on its base
on the ground. Draw its projections, when
a) A vertical face is perpendicular to VP.
b) A vertical face is inclined at 30 degrees to VP.
c) All the vertical faces are equally inclined to VP.
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/H_VciK3BHH0?si=YHQGywV8oMuJfAkp

5.A cube of 40mm side is resting with a face on HP such that when one of its
vertical faces is inclined at 30° to VP?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/TobxHXZGNuE?si=3cG48N5s7MxRW7H8

AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO VP:

6.A pentagonal prism having a base with 30mm side and 60mm long axis has one
of its base in the VP. Draw its projections ,when
a) A rectangular face is parallel to 15mm above HP.
b) A rectangular face is perpendicular to HP.
c) A rectangular face is inclined at 45° to HP
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/xRfMi8-xyUU?si=pH-eqzA8Cdr_Nc4A

7.A Hexagonal prism having 30mm long edge of base and a 70mm long axis, has
its axis parallel to and 50mm above HP. Its base is parallel to VP and an edge of
base is inclined at 45° to HP. Draw its projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/h_oAVBF0338?si=WHtxGP7tJF4ygWkW

8.A Hexagonal prism having base with a 30mm side and 75mm long axis has an
edge of its base on the HP. Its axis is parallel to VP and inclined at 45° to HP.
Draw its projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/bfk0aEy6QFs?si=15VpurSZ8nkYf1V9
9.A Pentagonal prism, having base with a 30mm side and 75mm long axis, has a
corner of its base on the ground and axis is inclined at 60° to HP.Draw its
projections if the axis is parallel to VP?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/l7wlR5rr6CY?si=LgH4HP4ulg9ZRZ1L

10.A Cone having 50mm diameters and 70mm long axis, has a point of its base
circle in the VP such that the axis is inclined at 45° to VP and parallel to HP.
Draw its projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/VPNsKUr3D8c?si=3IcVFTIGl6aeL7XO

11.A Pentagonal prism having a base with 30mm side and a 75mm long axis has
one of its rectangular faces on HP and the axis is inclined at 45° to VP. Draw its
projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/1EiHUPWle1Q?si=5lBqLc9erd0y6Sym

12.A Hexagonal pyramid with a base having a 30mm side and 70mm long axis
having on a slant edge on the ground with axis parallel to VP. Draw its
projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/0dWAymGj5pM?si=9PfAgUBym1SUXjNd

13.A Pentagonal pyramid having base with a 30mm side and 70mm long axis,
has triangular face on the ground and the axis is parallel to VP. Draw its
projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/cwq3hulPdN4?si=bdt6QwWWCM0QD1ed

PROJECTIONS OF LINES AND PLANES USING

AUXILIARY PLANE METHOD:

CASE-1: AUXILIARY PLANES - PROJECTIONS OF LINES USING

AUXILIARY PLANES

1.A straight line AB of 75mm length is inclined at 30° to HP. The end of the line
is 25mm above HP and 20mm in front VP. Draw its projections by auxiliary plane
method?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/3x1v0BLq1rg?si=01STu_R4xVDgz79T
2. A straight line PQ of 50mm length, is inclined at 45° to VP. The end P of the
line is 20mm above HP and 15mm in front VP. Draw its projections by auxiliary
plane method?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/YYfHpUK5KAY?si=Eque_L6RFywfHvxy

3. A line AB 60mm length has its end A at 20 above HP& 25mm in front of VP.
The line is inclined at 30° HP and 45° to VP. Draw its Projections by
auxiliary plane method?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/lfFMh_4kLXQ?si=Wt_8AJljM8-Zv9SY

4. A straight line AB of 50mm length is inclined at 30° to HP and its top view
make an angle 60° to XY. The end A of the line is 20mm above HP and 15 mm
in front of VP. Draw the Projections of the line by auxiliary plane method?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/jqKIfvQMI4Q?si=jwhHQiEa-ypoiooE

5. A Pentagonal plane with 40mm Side has an Edge on HP. The Surface of the
plane is inclined at 45° to HP and Perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections by
auxiliary plane method?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/AkZZzT942b4?si=c5PS3tkkIRtCscLJ

6. A Circular plate with a 60mm diameter is resting on a point of its

Circumference on the VP .The center is 40mm above the HP and the Surface is
inclined at 45° to VP & perpendicular to the HP. Draw it projections by
Auxiliary plane method?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/h7u75_DFMhc?si=Be2JiHO6FsQ6u3ys

7. A Square lamina ABCD with 50mM Side has its Corner A in the HP. Its
diagonal AC is inclined at 45° to HP. While the diagonal BD is parallel to the HP
and inclined at 30° to VP. Draw its Projections by auxiliary plane method?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/LtrVnQU1kZc?si=2-GM-wvHwXPW62D0

8. A Hexagonal plate with a 30mm Side and negligible thickness rests on an edge
in the VP. The Surface is inclined at 45° to VP and the Edge resting in the VP is
inclined al 30° to HP. Draw ids Projections by auxiliary plane method?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/g8bZGUnAdZM?si=ZZ-x2KzS4ET_GOfJ
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES INCLINED TO BOTH
REFERENCE PLANES:

1.A Square ABCD of 50mm Side has its Corner A in the HP its diagonal AC
inclined at 30° to HP and the diagonal BD inclined at 45° to the VP and parallel
to HP. Draw its Projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/aybRRBB7pTM?si=aQpu1jROqNgoUV4_

2. Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25mm Side having one of its
Sides in the HP and inclined at 60° to the VP and its Surface making an angle
of 45° with the HP?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/o1j85KI2akE?si=h5hcbqV35__aK5d9

3. A thin rectangular plate of Sides 60mm×30mm has its Shortest Side in the VP
and inclined at 30° to HP. Project its top View if its front view is a Square of
30mm long Sides?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/kLaDuR-w70A?si=Rv8SS-M9-AdqVZP3

4. A Circular plate of negligible thickness of 50mm diameter appears as an

Ellipse in front view having its major axis 50mm long and minor axis 30mm
long. Draw its top view when the major axis of the Ellipse is horizontal?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/YczCvXHGv0w?si=AiFtj45hb8CMHpdH

5. A Rhombus has its diagonals 100mm and 80mm long. Draw the projections of
the rhombus, when it is so placed that its top View appears to be a square of
diagonal 60mm long and the vertical plane through the longer diagonal makes
30° with VP?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/bG7s1FVFnNc?si=xqkzZyg3bBMZc-se

6. A Semi-Circular lamina of 64mm diameter has its Straight Edge in VP and

inclined at an angle of 45° to HP The Surface of lamina makes an angle 30° with
VP. Draw its Projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/fsrQ65iXZbE?si=tB4Lk2BCayu2uixn

7. Draw the projections of a Circle of 50 mm diameter resting in the HP on a

point A on the Circumference, its plane inclined at 45° to the HP and
a) The top View of the diameter AB making 30° angle with the VP.
b) The diameter AB making 30°angle with the VP.
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/LJrlLHMYW1I?si=OIqAfjF_8zM2hRr5

PROJECTIONS OF PLANES INCLINED TO ONE

REFERENCE PLANE:
1.A Pentagonal Plate of 45mm Side has a Circular hole of 40mm diameter in its
Center.The plane Stands on one of its Sides on the HP with its plane
perpendicular do VP and 45° inclined to HP. Draw its Projections?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/8Lx7OZk4whY?si=t6tvp2vNDVzlTin5

2. A Composite Plane ABCD Consists of a Square of 60mm Side, with an

additional Semi-Circle Constructed on CD as diameter. Draw the Projections of
the plane When the Side AB is Vertical and the plane makes an
angle of 45° with HP?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/ItiOnO72QNw?si=d-DUPxPrDyA0EqZ3

CONVERSION OF VIEWS – ORTHO TO ISO=

(2DIMENSIONAL TO 3 DIMENSIONAL):

1.Draw the orthographic views of the given 3Dimensional figure?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/tBJ8J_pxbFs?si=7z2RwHpbU4wm5GuQ

2. Draw the orthographic views of the given 3Dimensional figure?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/oyaoJY12XXM?si=ykpHBpHE1mFg1niN

3. Draw the orthographic views of the given 3Dimensional figure?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/7KS8WukaanI?si=N9mjG3pfhcZTiLCt

4. Draw the orthographic views of the given 3Dimensional figure?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/S2l0H31VYcI?si=LG5UmzJIUqMJIJcc

5. Draw the orthographic views of the given 3Dimensional figure?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/7KS8WukaanI?si=N47gQlF9N9kYhlWC

6. Draw the orthographic views of the given 3Dimensional figure?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/S2l0H31VYcI?si=rps3_3UAgO4VU4ef

CONVERSION OF VIEWS – ISO TO ORTHO=

(3 DIMENSIONAL TO 2 DIMENSIONAL):

1. Draw the isometric view of the given 2 dimensional views?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/zFjnS2IIbJw?si=iVJkEz61aUqDyj8W

2. Draw the isometric view of the given 2 dimensional views?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/Z7MT_Y2vRTs?si=_jcxICQ16Ffa3Dhy

3. Draw the isometric view of the given 2 dimensional views?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/ditwFxTOkCw?si=TDncR1TTZ-NIYYMA

4. Draw the isometric view of the given 2 dimensional views?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/oInydAvwzdw?si=SUdiTEQSHGDVUqg-

5. Draw the isometric view of the given 2 dimensional views?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/tmTFjV3n4-c?si=hxYWePsCoHR1q39Z

6. Draw the isometric view of the given 2 dimensional views?

ANSWER: https://youtu.be/vKRsjiwR-YE?si=T3U4tW29xrZru9Fh

ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS:

1. Draw an Isometric Projection of

a) A Straight line of 50mm
b) Square plane of 40mm
C) A rectangle plane of 60mm×8omm, both in Horizontal & Vertical Planes?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/H6tA1-H1Zdo?si=vDKiYQys_7Wc8e8i

2. Draw the isometric View of an Equilateral triangle of 40mm Side with a Side
horizontal and the plane of the triangle being Vertical.
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/7Nigayp4dqs?si=ANL4rmhbUMbrRna3

3. Draw the isometric View of

a) A Pentagon of 50mm Side, Plane Vertical & Horizontal.
b) A Hexagon of 50mm side, Plane Vertical & Horizontal.
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/L_JLDzaVsfg?si=AIGT2EXDzvokS3r5

4. Draw the Isometric View of a Circle of diameter 50mm with its plane
horizontal
2Methods=
i)Coordinate Method
ii) Four Center Method
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/pOKxJymEyKA?si=KLVTKgJeYmocU--y

5. Draw the Isometric View of a Square Prism with the Side of the base 40mm
and length of axis 70mm when the axis is
1) Vertical
2) Horizontal
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/H6VjN65czpI?si=EIUdIcx8f1_bMiS8

6. Draw the Isometric View of a Hexagonal Prism, with Side of base 25mm and
axis 60mm long. The Prism is resting on its base on HP with an Edge of the base
Parallel to VP?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/i_r3mkZhyUY?si=TsQ7Mh2pRaDf-eiP

7. Draw the isometric view of a Pentagonal Pyramid with Side of base 25mm and
axis 60mm long .The Pyramid is resting on its base on HP with an Edge of the
base Parallel to VP?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/Cnz8wkXHtcU?si=mderBQeQTaLzTucu

8. A Hexagonal Pyramid with Side of base 30mm & axis 90mm long resting on
its base on HP. An Edge of the base is parallel to VP. A Horizontal section plane
passing through a point on the axis at a distance of 60mm from the base, draw
the isometric view of the frustum of the Pyramid?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/mWqjlWOF_Ok?si=x6d1VhpiARCDUFhu

9.Draw the isometric of

a) A cyclinder
b) A cone of base diameter 50mm & axis 70mm long.
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/C2cCMLddk-0?si=6x2G6csGn4mBCpbI

10. Draw the isometric projection of

a) A cyclinder
b) A cone of base diameter 50mm & axis 70mm long.
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/C2cCMLddk-0?si=6x2G6csGn4mBCpbI

11. A Square Pyramid of Side 30mm, axis length 50mm is Centrally placed on
the top of a Cube of 50mm. Draw the isometric View of Compound Solid?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/BBBRLVwJmG4?si=DZ4fShb_CP1Wx_jn

12. A Hexagonal Prism shaped Solid of base Edge 20mm and height 40mm lies
Centrally on a Cylinder of 60mm diameter and 20mm thick. Draw the isometric
View of the Solids if their axis lie on the Same plane?
ANSWER: https://youtu.be/hydM3Hn02EU?si=EKsjIfPWV2_YjYlS