Pulse Modulation © Carrier is a train of pulses Example: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse width modulation (PWM) , Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) ‘Types of Pulse Modulation: © The immediate result of sampling is a pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) signal © PAM isan analog scheme in which the amplitude of the pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling © Another analog pulse-forming technique is known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM). This is also known as pulse-width modulation (PWM) © Pulse-position modulation is closcly related to PDM Pulse Amplitude Modulation: In PAM, amplitude of pulses is varied in accordance with instantancous value of modulating signal. PAM Generation: The carrier is in the form of narrow pulses having frequency fc. The uniform sampling takes place in multiplier to generate PAM signal. Samples are placed Ts sec away from each other. Scanned wth CamSeannerModulating signal; mw Fig.12. PAM Modulator The circuit is simple emitter follower. In the absence of the clock signal, the output follows input. The modulating signal is applied as the input signal. Another input to the base of the transistor is the clock signal. The frequency of the clock signal is made equal to the desired carrier pulse train frequency. The amplitude of the clock signal is chosen the high level is at ground level(Qv) and low level at some negative voltage sufficient 10 bring the transistor in cutoff region. When clock is high, circuit operates as emitter follower and the output follows in the input modulating signal. ‘When clock signal is low, transistor is cutoff and output is zero. ‘Thus the output is the desired PAM signal. PAM Demodulator: The PAM demodulator circuit which is just an envelope detector followed by a second order op-amp low pass filter (to have good filtering characteristics) is as shown below bear += Fig.13. PAM Demodulator ‘Scanned with CamScannerPulse Width Modulation: In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant but the width of each pulse is varied lance with instantancous value of the analog signal, * In PWMinformation is contained in width variation. This is similar to FM. * In pulse width modulation (PWM), the width of each pulse is made directly Proportional to the amplitude of the information signal. Pulse Position Modulation: * In this type, the sampled waveform has fixed amplitude and width whereas the position of exch pulse is varied as per instantaneous value of the analog signal. PPM signal is further modification ofa PWM signal. PPM & PWM Modulator: Analog input n generator PPM output Fig.14. PWM & PPM Modulator +The PPM signal can be generated from PWM signal. + The PWM pulses obtained at the comparator output are applied toa mano stable multi vibrator which is negative edge triggered. ‘Scanned with CamScanner+ Hence for each trailing edge of PWM signal, the monostable output goes high. It remains high for a fixed time decided by its RC components. + Thus as the trailing edges of the PWM signal keeps shifting in proportion with the modulating signal, the PPM pulses also keep shifting. + Therefore all the PPM pulses have the same amplitude and width. The information is conveyed via changing position of pulses. Kig.15. PWM & PPM Modulation waveforms PWM Demodulator: Fig. 16. PWM Demodulator ‘Scanned with CamScanner* = Transistor T! works as an inverter, During time interval A-B when the PWM signal is high the input to transistor T2 is low. © Therefore, during this time interval T2 is cut-off and capacitor C is charged through an R-C combination, During time interval B-C when PWM signal is low, the input to transistor T2 is high, and it gets saturated, © The capacitor C discharges rapidly through T2.The collector voltage of T2 during B- Cis low. © Thus, the waveform at the collector of T2is similar to saw-tooth waveform whose envelope is the modulating signal. Passing it through 2™ order ap-amp Low Pass Filter, gives demodulated signal. PPM Demodulator: Demodulated output PPM signal Fig.17. PPM Demodulator The gaps between the pulses of a PPM signal contain the information regarding the modulating signal. © During gap A-B between the pulses the transistor is cut-off and the capacitor C gets charged through R-C combination. During the pulse duration B-C the capacitor discharges through transistor and the collector voltage becomes low. ¢ Thus, waveform across collector is saw-tooth waveform whose envelope is the modulating signal. Passing it through 2” order ap-amp Low Pass Filter, gives demodulated signal. ‘Scanned with CamScannerUNIT IV PART |__ FOR TDM AND FDM COMPARISON REFER IN CLASS NOTES UNIT IV PART Il _ FOR NOISE IN PCM AND DM REFER CLASS NOTES Scanned wth CamScanner