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Maths 3. Number Theory

It second year

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24 views31 pages

Maths 3. Number Theory

It second year

Uploaded by

vedteredesai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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4 . Nomper d } vaitoos I1eIe 4 23T8y 224 a ener ea ae aie Fmeqra\ golutton ) 7 hy (we ore regefred Jo Find only 2) vSI9g evo dea, Prey Bind Geo & (ited, 287 5) - Step 1: We Pr ™ algottnm 1169 | 2378 ban God Step 22 To avis exampl le b=937¢ and a = 1764 A by osing Avision algertthm we ger, beaq te 2878 = 1769 (1) 4 "N64 = 609 (2) + [551] — Goq = ls51\]—@® 5810) 4158] —@ O51 = be (4) 4 ba] —@ 29(2) + To] by Evcldean Algoxtthm dhe \ semeindes 45 the cep & oe = est Non- 270 ‘Tes and 287g Fs 09, From equaiton @ 24 * 981-52 (aq) From equation @ 551 ~ [609 - 5510+] (4) 55) ~ 6eq (4) + 551 (a) 609(9) aq = 28 = 55) (16) From egvatton @ 29 = [1764-609 (39) (16) - 604 Ca) = 'T64(10) ~ 604 (20) - 609 (209) 29 = -1T69(10) - 604 (24) From equation @O 29 = 1769 (10) - [eazy - '769.(0)] (29) : = M64 (10) - 237g 04) + 1764 (29) > ee te) = 2378 (2) Rearranging ‘ "769 (39) + 2a7¢ (- 24) = 24 On + by ae Resrrenging the }erms we aes 1764 (a9) +2.97¢ (-29) 299, which 9s of she Goren oxtby se . where a=iigq and bs ¥087Z & ¢729 [4m ovr case 29 45 the GcD of W764, 2378) an id New the Zolotfon of dhe eqvation 4s, as 35 yt aq general Sooifon we Step 3: Tn order to Pend the Proteed a8 Follows Note: IF (224s) 4s ene golosfon -thun the other SoluHons ore given by ee m4 (baye ye ye Ca)e Se : eve x°= 39, Ye 724 al - (2228) : ee x+(va)e] = 344+ got (t-2 (ke belongs 42 Smeners) aa" Gaye 7-9-8) = lop G+) 9 Find all Integral solutions of aA feng = 1 —> We will First Pod Gep of 333 and 107 ven eveltdean algorithm 333] 7o7 | 2 660 41 [333 ]8 322 sT-S5f__ Gee ene ° 9>333 b= 707 o by MVisFon algoaitym +e 44% ————— By Eveltdean AMgerthm , (333 ,707)= 4 Now edo find the soloiton of ax +by =e 833x 4 Tory = I Prom eqvatton @ Ve al- 5 (a) From equadion © = Al -|(esa - ar(a)] (2) = Al ~ 333 (3) + 41 (64) ‘= 41 (65) - 333(8) From equation © l= [07 ~ 333 (2)|5) - 333 (8) = 101(¢5)- 333 (10) - 833 (2) 1 = ToT (65) - 333132) Reorranging tre terms we ger, 707 (65) + 333(13@) =| This 95 cb the form ax +by=c where @2 333(-138)-707(69)= 1, @7333 , b=707, Czd= 4d The goludfon o& the eqvation B33X ¢TOTb= S me 138, Yes Te Find the genera) soliton sh axe ye fe one golotion of oxyby=c then +e othes Solutions fe given by (dae. a> Cat fl * Were 2 ax + by = K(a,b) eq vation + Find all Integra) Seloston oh the €4 > g ly + (aay = * —> To order to Pina the Gep of 24 ond 32 we shal) be using testhe evelidean algorithm 24/isg 1S “120 Tate sf 245] ne ° To this equation, 9224, be 13g be qt "8 >24(s)+ Lg] —@ ae Oy tl-@ oe es) 4 Tol From the above using evdlidean algostthm the lost pen - Zer0 vemainder 4S the Gcp. ies (24 , lae)ag UBING Reverse 5 ‘d ComPotatfons, From egvation ® 6s 24. 18) Prom equation @ 6= a4-[r39- 24(s)]) > oh - 13a - 94 (5) Gz an(6)_ sae Reamanging dhe derms, € 2u(6)4 128(-1)-6 Ths 15 of the Pain on 4 by ce where ¢ is the deo of (a,b) ‘That Is we ean conclude 226 5 4=-1 15 dhe Bolton of aux 4 logy +6 Tn order to Pind the genera) Solution, TE (xe yt) Js one selotton then the other Zelotfon 75 given “Oy, xe aot (ba)t ye yor-(%a)t where ts Geo & (a,b) Hes 6, Yor xs 64 (Bes L> 6+ 23t go Ge de lat fe 2 6493t ond ys ~V-4t 4s Ane gereral Solotion Poy ayn +188y - 6 ——® But we were asked do Find athe Sclotton -fox 24x + 12a = 12 Le Meliiply eqvarion * by 3. 24(2%) 4 188(34) = 8 Let K = #2 ax Y= ay te X= 3 (61234) ¥=3(!-44) Tis Is the gerera) golutfon fos guar \oBy =!8- 2K MopuLAR ARTHMETIC Men » CoNGRLENCE e 46 Qvectey } a,b ym be Integers whese m1 18 qser aa a ow ay that a 7S eongsvent Ao & modvlo mm O then we ean Say [a= b(woany] iF m alvides a-b and a 1s eongrvent dob modr- ts denoted by Rovay Examples: nee Mod 5 az Ge eee oo lon Dm Sy EXAMPLES + 1S 22(mod is) | 132-1 (mod 1) BS \s-2 aes RAs hin Nove : 1f a 4s scka to be not congreent 40 b module m, WF iro does not aide a-b i 15 denoted by G¢b (mad rm) Example: 4 #1 (moda) 2/4-) 2/3 , a#3 gt) Find m such Anat 1h fs congrwent te 2 mod m 14 = 2. (med m) AS ME a (mod m) that sy ™ Sheold Aiviae t= 2 m /iw-2 mio Divisors of 12 ave , Gm) met, 2,3, 4,96, 12. §-2+ Find m seem that 1381 = 0 (mod m) [oh et © (med m) that fs, mm /133) —! nm / 133) Metsu, 121,133) Q-3- Find m guch +hat 66=33 (mod m) — > 45 66233 (mod m) that fs, i 7 /66-33 m/33 mes ey SK ProperTIES OF ConlGgvence MopvLo m SU rere Ree eee eee eee 1) PeFlexive 2 < = (ae (##) 22 \(mod 9) — (Frees +) & @)*s 1 (med or) —O a= blmed m) ak = OF (mod m) BOs hh (mon 0 -® fhe am oy pe = 1Cmea 4) +4 Cmod 1) ~ 4 (med 2) — (Frm © and @) (a,b)medm = [Ca moa ™) + (bmea m™) |@rrned 5) G-Fid the verofades wnen 74 41°" — HF we have do find the remainder when 7+ AI? fo Bind & vw seem that 4162 b (med 1) that is 41 = 6 (med 7) \ —a 2 ar 42 VF (mod 1) —O) \ 7 i 4 = @ (med 1) axgot) we have 41 2 ay . = (ay. ay) —= (we) Fave Ge, Ar? = | (mod 7) (47)*2 137 mada —O 4i' = e(med 71) —@ From (e+) 41s) (moda) (6 mea » (2, b)mod m # [(amod m):(b med mo) ] (med m) 6§ = 6(mod 1) t. The semeinder & =F 6 f “LINENR Congevence (TrveRsis tr oS ) Re Inverse & a (rod m) fo giver by, &X =} (mod m), ® Selve the [fneuy Gongwence 682 = I (mod 23) > 63x Ello (meg 23) he. 23/632 — uy 632 - oe ney — (1 os btmed) them ms ab) we have , 63%- Nos aay —(e a/o then b= ak) 63x -2a4 2. — (=) The above eqeation Yo a Rneur Sephantin equation & tne form ax tes =. Using the method of evctiden AlgerFthn , fo ok oe woe will frist ing ime Gep eh Gas | (23,63) i using exetemdy Lc li dean algortnm, 23] 6: a AG { TH33 fy (7 we have 4723 , bs 63 and esting aly iston Algortin aq ty GdaraxQ.d ae} —O = NMae]- T= 6G 4 qs] —O oe 6 = 50) 4) -@® $= 3G) 4fe] by everiden Algortinm the lash non-zero numbes 7s the GD fiom @ Ue 6 = 6(1). Fim © iS 6- [11 -cJay F 6-190) + 660) > 6@)-11Q) from © 1 = [a3 -nI@)-10) > 93(3)- mB)- 10) Vs aay - ria) From © y= aeta)~ [62 - 2209] > 23(2)- 62(%4) + 23(8) ) = astm - 63C4) Re apran ging, Vne derms , 63(-4) 33 (“a4 Movlfply dhrou Wouk by 110. i.) 3 3 63(-4 xe) - 23(- nxn) = ixH0. X= -Ux VO RE - O7- 2024 Qu Fina ‘nverse of tase (mod BV013). —P as2 = (moa 1013) 183 [igsa-t \258x -| \F reisy \ 1V5R x ~ Tel = \ | K Peemars Live Neogery Pos an Antegey a and 4 prime Pp such tha} Berr pron Po shold nok dtvide tris Intener thes af \ [rod p), >» i Conoicary a= a (mod p) bond COROLLARY —(Neey tinroeTAnT ) a 35 ame Snverse & a(mod p) BS CogoraRE — (veer ampoernit) ar; as ane solvHor of aly = b(med p) G+ Show shat 5°* = 4 (mod 44) — using Peymat's heover? wet have , af. (raed p) , where Pp Sreld not Q- As tts : se grate 5" 2 1 (mod ni) ones +(5')? 5? —(A) sey Urea 1) 6") 2 Pitman —O oe 2. Bt = A (med n) — © = 1 (mod w)+ 4 (mod 44) = 4 (med n) Q: Find the : least postHfve vestave o& 27°" after atviaing nt \T. —> tar Go ao Find b& Such Fhak 91079 = b (mod 11) As 17 docs not divide 2. - sas i (med BID — Cal= 1 (mea ?) )0,00,0,06 (ayes = 16xX652500 +5} —— Gisoe L 2 =) (mod 11) | = 1 (mod tt) The least positive ~restdue ok aeree corer. O. Find . 7 oo — least positive vestdve of BPS when givided wy b 4 —Y Fo Pind tre vestdue b such that BP v= blmed 18) 3 then, Bo oot dtride i 3 1lm0d we) loood00 ey ggaaade4 | V2 a 12 03398 as (mod 13) — @ 4 givevsre gh FSIIEFA : oe? oe 3 et = @ (med 13) a, Restdve = 8 we ZY) Te leash PONE rengve 9 = yrooe Ee eB nerd divided by 13 " o es way tenes @D ae = (med 9). a (med nd > 3 (mea yy) DP g Prowe het @ = atin 3) —_ AS @ S does nok Aide by 3° FP ary 3' = 1 (mod 5d (s')" = 1" (med 15) —-& © e772 (ah) ay! Cz)’ 2 3 (mds) —@ fom 27 = 1" (med 9):(3 med 8) = 3 (mod 9) Bo-o1- 2024 ©. Find ane golutton of sx = 1>(ynod 11) using Comat Mes ihe these —> This ig of the Roum ax = blmodP) Re aerate ane Pp Bhoeld nok pivide O As 11 doe not divide 7 & we will bE Y using the Celonony for Fermat's the theovem Ob T gorurion & ax: mod p) that fs, te © lea ba ee the gelvtion of 1% = jaGrod 17) % given by, me IF —@ To Lind 7'2 (rod 177.) Ahoup vember he Solution will be modo Pe qs 1 (med v) TE IS (mod ) 23 (mcd wv) — M2 4 (mod in) ges (rea wn) ae 9 (wud (3) we Led 2 3(mod 15 : azb(med p) Gi) = 3° (mea mM = 5 Se U (mod p) sassilifeen7)) Ts 3° (madi) = 5 (mod 11) 1% 265 (med 11) — Ba Aransivi ty —O ane foal 12 Cired 11) =z (med 11) —@ From x , xe 78 vir fem O and @ Xe olmed ia) + (mod nm) Go [med cr) = 9 (mod Ww) 2 Te Soluon ok 7X = 12Cmod In) is R24 % Everer’s Theorem » Evcee’s PHI Ponetion bet m be a postive fnteqer then eee! eucler's phi Fooction is defined as fhe the number of the Integers than ond veledively TEE to gm ond 9 Senoded by phi ob 9 (Retatively Prime axe mnumbers which have no Common visors) Examples + (5) = 4 a >» 66)20 © d@)=4 1X BOK Ss eas KID Y ale ree a OP (dec 12 BKK e D> Copouney 4 TE there ave two Yniegas am goen Swat geod & Satond ‘mM’ = 4 Anen evclas @ theorem Lrates hat om) ee = (med m) > CoroLtnry $2 Fermat's [dhe theorers con be identified as a Sob Aype Por eveters Ineorem that Fs, at's i(mod P- spelt inumbes: eaQiicl: 37 pe ght Surction is gen Py» PlPD= Pe 4) prime retise do some power excler’s D CoRoLLAPPY B- TE om and diveses divisors dren , bh are Sol Cokotrnay 2 Examples! 6 (3) = 5 0- 5) *(%) = % b(9)= $ (33) *F02 > ae ae Eromples ct Coneiney Be » 80D b0x5) = $C) $8) at =)» ue +) 11, ~5 Awo ‘integers $ (mn) = go) 6 () with 0 Common > d(yr) 2 é(y yoyx) = 460) $2 of $11) = Lo ind = 18! ( re = 130 P COROLLARY 4. — (Very ‘Frapoetarit) tre fnverse cf a(mod m) are i(med m) aXP4% 1g ane golotton of ax = b(med m) DP Cogoreary 5 ——(Very teapoetaniT) axe b (mod m) dim)-1 s . +b Fs the sotetfon 08 axe b(mod m) 9.5 Jelve 2x = amd 1) vsing evcies's theetem —> rs this eqvatton ean be compered aS 42 b (med mr) O21 be eee LD. te we ean vse aep of 7415 = Ry the the cororary R Everer'’s TMeorern to find the Zolutfon The solution of ex MH ays ptmoct wm) % giver Py, 2 (ab) The soutien will always cume IA the w)-) vio group. = hl > ns madvlo group y we will Pad, 05) = gle73) = 6(5) #@ > (rg) -2( =o ot 2. he soluvton 95 77 * a = 7! x2 ——* Fo Pind 7 (ene 1s) a's 18 (med is) ——-O Po FFad 9 (mod 's) S22 (modis) —® Prom *, x= 7 yo 13(mod 15) 2(med 1s) * 26 (mod 19) > 0 (med 1s), e+ The Solution ch dpe & Tx = Ket) 2lmodis) $5 ‘4 * Qveapratic Resipve let m be a postive Tnteger ond a be FTE de Phen ne ko tlh fe Le the Geet ae restdve of m 8 ne Congwence eguatPon 2% = a (mod m) hes A Solvlfon, “ aelotively GT We docs nol & have a solvrion then a Ts Called the quadatie non - vestdve of mm Gonjle: 2? = 7 (mod 4) EE 1d 7 (toata) ayinr x22, 4d 7{mod 9) aya’ As x24 Sodis fies dhe Gongwvente 2727 (med 4). 1. 7 1S enlleol the Guadwtic residve of 9, g- Tar Boy B11 ave Quadwhic restave of 15. | Het fs do find ce such thot oc? = 12 (mod 3) 8 Se ele) ~ [Note 1€acn volve Is one question] —> AS dhe modulo giovp MONS. cs We Pehech By fulues Ge OO = Wa 205.6944) (Ojo eae el (mod 1) s ie (he a) ger Hit (ua aid) : . ee Wit at ae a FAO Crd 15 i . a ed a ee acd f We 2 Cred 43, or a pee Vor = 4 (mock 19) ne 4 Cred 3) Wr 21 (mod 8) oe. i we have 1, 4, 47, B,12, 10 am qua drat c resi bue dp, © 2,8 6, 7,8," are quadratte non-vestdve ol 1g * Leaenppe Symgor Let p be a Say prtne and &° be an tnteyer with Geo of (@, oa pha. he Legendex Syme) : : ay 2 . ZS) 4% defined as (aryaf1 te Hf a ts the guacratic @ (4) i restdve of Al oat dake. drevae -1 ok gq 3s quadvalic eno sesdve. cf et Let p be a odd prime ad a be an Gnteger with Geo pe) Shen by cocteay arieterig dhe leydns symbol 35 = g Pe med "t Hais dhe qradeatic residue ef p “POE ats the quadredic | per wesace ot P Q- Test if %H MF n mE quadvatle sesidee ot 3 > eee pl Ee 8 mar - { Hoa fs quadratic sesidve ot p \ VET os 15, Gemaane por sesidue op Mo chek if nn is quadralle residve & 3, cthet do fad 1 Suh hat ote (mod 13. OR, pls = yoo! eee ae mod 13 = 2% mod 12 = 1 (med &) By eo cucleay's cricdo?a as the legenaxe 8 yo oF AD gppetetne =) 1m is dhe quadreHe vestdue 3 ‘ i ot & Mo cheek Th & Is Gvadratic reside Ao 3 (221) : zie mod 3d = ef med = 12 mod 13 a jet ne Jegendie Symbol dae due, As + hege leg a“ of qva at nea fF sis 2 To ehece Hou ty guadrakic vesicee of 13 (32) = mod 3 trod, IG > 2 med 13 “AS the legende Byrmbo) js cl yc tee Dp rote qeadratic nesidue of Bll iS 1S A ’ >PRoreRTies oF Lenewner's Sympor. SUR a = w(mo p) => (9%) =(%) > OD) @) > et ae (enaie 4) (Yq) : Gat ‘ ea , ~ (WB) pigs ods) > (=) 1 > if pet (moa a) {o Wp -1(mod ) —) it | Wf pean 43 oY pekke~) # Taeoe’s Sympor Let ‘eo’ ond ‘me? be posttye Toiegens ett en. at (asm)= rend ome py pet. ph pe the pine Fachovization ok nh, then the (jacebi's symbe) PS Sach md gene v4 = (4 (36 HD whee (2%,) Ore Legender's Symbol + Prove Ae dota fe dhe Gundralic Reahdue of 43, oO» Find dhe Legendey's Sr Sywhol yaaa 9" by We, oy ee) yo 2 95 (nod 4) « pi). mea ae (rnd p) () +0) >) —> 42), (4) 8: Find dhe Quadratic Residue ob dhe Following. — fz! “I @) () (+) a) ——> As (pe aKaed) (i 14 ) +) —— > as (pz dete 5) 3: Find, % = > & 15 "Gy (2)(3) —> (2): Ge) Canty soe will Find ake legenders Byrnbo\ (e): (»* ‘Yano 3 —> (by ale Si cealld Criteria J LG = 2? 08 5 A : 4 tod 6 ~1 (mod 5) 1 (med 1) 4 a (De) > bed mi e245 the Boaaratic Residee of 19- Q- Fina (ss = (5 morke)) 25007 pans aes (ny (33): (2228) al et.) * (28) ( ooh oe 1904 ) * Yi oo = ft (mod 3) eles Jol az oy ine '%) eer ® Vo Fira, ( % nd, (1208) (332) NEE) Gp) <9 7 (19 2 red) * "G)-(, Is). * (2) (ag) {rs io} trated) = ((76« S ) mea >) (1e8* mods) = 7647 mod &) (769! ree 3) eel) > 1——©® Prom & , 1004 \ _ f 1v04 ve) (2) ( T6% ) ( 1s) — from O86 mY e904 Te ane Quadratic Restdve of 2507,

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