X7P

Write your answers (in brief ) in the space provided, and use page 4 for rough work

2 1. The 5G testbed of IIT Madras is developing the hardware for the next generation of Indian cellular systems that
operates at a center frequency of 6 GHz. The antennas they develop have an input impedance of 120 ohms, and the
source has an internal impedance of 50 ohm. To test out the system, the source and antennas are kept in the lab,
and a quarter wave transformer is used to match the source and load. What should be the optimal impedance of the
quarter wave line and what is its minimum length? Assume velocity v = 2.5 × 108 m/s wherever necessary.

Solution: Given, f = 6 GHz, Zg = 50Ω, ZL = 120Ω. A quarter wave transformer is used to match the source
and load. This means the minimum length of the TL is l = λ/4 and therefore tan(βl) = ∞. Let the characteristic
impedance of the quarter wave line be Z0 .
For matching the source and the load, we need the transformed load impedance Z(λ/4) = Zg∗ = 50Ω.

ZL + jZ0 tan(βl) Z2
Z(λ/4) = Z0 = 0 = Zg
Z0 + jZL tan(βl) ZL
p √
Therefore, the characteristic impedance of the quarter wave line is Z0 = Zg ZL = 120 × 50 ≈ 77.45Ω.
2.5×108 1 1 25
λ = v/f = 6×109 = 24 m. Therefore, length of the line is l = λ/4 = 96 m = 24 cm ≈ 1.04cm.
Final Answer : Impedance of quarter wave line : 77.45 Ohms and Min Length : 1.04 cms

3 2. You have two pieces of coaxial cable both of length 3λ/8 (call them cables P and Q). One of them is short circuited
and the other left open. Both of them are connected in parallel at the end of yet another coaxial line (call it cable
R). What will the be VSWR seen on the cable R? Show the configuration via a diagram.

Figure 1: Diagram

Solution:
Since A is OC, and B is SC, the input impedances are ZA = −jZ0 cot(βl) and ZB = −jZ0 tan(βl). Given the
lengths, we get Za = −ZB , thus the total load impedance seen at the point of connection is 1/ZL = 0, i.e. open
circuit. Thus the reflection coefficient on cable C is ΓL = 1 and VSWR = ∞ [2]. Diagram [1].

1 3. If a transmission line has a real value of characteristic impedance, it must be lossless. True or false? (circle the correct
answer) Give a reason if true, and a counter example if false.

Solution: False. If the phase of R + jωL and G + jωC is the same char imp is real.
The characteristic impedance is given by
s r s
R + jωL Z1 |Z1 |ejθ1
Z0 = = =
G + jωC Z2 |Z2 |ejθ2

where θ1 q
q and θ2 are the phase of Z1 and Z2 respectively. If the phase of Z1 and Z2 are the same, then Z0 =
|Z1 | |R+jωL|
|Z2 | = |G+jωC| which is real

2 4. Indigo airlines, as you know, has no in-flight entertainment system. They want to hire you to tell them how to
implement such a system and the first question is whether or not they have to bother about transmission line
effects. Assuming that they want to use HDMI cables and the maximum frequency of the video content is around
600 MHz, what will your answer to them? Wave propagation on the cables can be assumed to happen without loss at
 2 × 108 m/s velocity. Answer yes/no, and provide a quick reason for the same, making common sense assumptions.
You must show atleast one calculation in your reasoning to backup your answer.

Solution: Yes, as the aircraft length around 30 m is many wavelengths across. Alternatively the
transit time is comparable with the time period of the signal. The transmission line effects need to be
considered if
tr
≥ 0.1
T
where tr is the transit time given by the ratio of length (distance) to velocity and T is the period of the signal.
In the case of a signal with frequency of 600 MHz, the transmission line effect has to be considered if tr ≥ 0.16ns,
whcih corresponds to a length ≥ 3.3 cm and an aircraft is of tens of meters long.

2 5. A lossless TL with characteristic impedance Z0 has a load ZL connected at the end. It is desired to insert a single
stub at some distance l from the load end such that at this length, the real part of the admittance (reciprocal of the
impedance) is equal to 1/Z0 . Derive an expression for the desired length.

YL +jY0 tanβl
Solution: At a distance l from the load end, the admittance is given by Y (l) = Y0 +jYL tanβl . Normalised
admittance is then given by
2
YL + jtanβl (YL + jtanβl)(1 − jYL tanβl) YL + YL tan2 βl + j(tanβl − YL tanβl)
Y (l) = = 2 = 2
1 + jYL tanβl 1 + YL tan2 βl 1 + YL tan2 βl

For impedance matching, the real part of the admittance is is equal to 1/Z0 = Y0 , i.e, the real part of normalised
admittance is equal to 1.Equating the real part of normalised admittance to 1, we get YL + YL tan2 βl = 1 +
2
YL tan2 βl → YL (1 − YL )tan2 βl = 1 − YL → tan2 βl = Y1 = ZL .
L

5 6. Find the average power dissipated in each of the resistors R1 and R2 in the lossless TL circuit shown below. You
may assume R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 75Ω.

Solution: 1. Transform R2 by given length [2]

2. Find current through R1 [1]
3. Find power dissipated in R1 [1]
4. Find power dissipated in R2 [1]
Detailed Solution :
In the question R1 is 100 Ω and R2 is 75 Ω.First.We will find the effective impedace at the input of the transmission
line.
Zef f =input impedance of the transmission line terminated in 100Ω = 50( 75+j50tan(360×2.3)
50+j75tan(360×2.3) )
= 35.19+j8.62Ω
35.19+j8.62
The current through the 100Ω resistor = I1 = 0.5( 100+35.19+j8.62 ) = 0.13+j0.02A
1
Thus average power dissipated in 100Ω = P100 = 2 |I1 |2 x 100 =0.865W
The voltage across the current source = voltage across 100Ω = I1 x 100 = 13+j2
Average Power dissipated in source = Ps = 12 Re[Vs Is∗ ] = 13x0.5x0.5 =3.25W
Thus power dissipated in Zef f = Ps - P100 = 2.385W