clear all

close all

close all hidden

% Clearing all input and output from the Command Window display giving us a clean screen. clc

% Opening the file 'TEOTH.mp3' in the read access mode. fid = fopen ('TEOTH.mp3','r');

% % % m

Generating the input signal 'm(t)' by reading the binary data in 16 bit integer format from the specified file and writing it into a matrix 'm(t)'. = fread (fid,'int16');

% Defining the count for efficiency. count = 8500;

% Calculating maximum value of the input signal 'm(t)'. Mp = max (m)

% Setting number of bits in a symbol. bits = 8;

% Defining the number of levels of uniform quantization. levels = 2^bits;

% Calculating the step size of the quantization. step_size = (2*Mp)/levels

Fs = 8000; Ts = 1; No_Samples = (2*Fs)+Ts;

time = [1:Fs/64];

% Calculating the bit rate. bit_rate = 8000*bits;

% Quantizing the input signal 'm(t)'. for k = 1:No_Samples, samp_in(k) = m(k*Ts); quant_in(k) = samp_in(k)/step_size;

error(k) = (samp_in(k) - quant_in(k))/No_Samples; end

signS = sign (m); quant_out = quant_in; for i = 1:count, S(i) = abs (quant_in(i)) + 0.5; quant_out(i) = signS(i)*round(S(i))*step_size; end

% Calculating the quantization noise 'Nq'. Nq = ((Mp)^2)/(3*((levels)^2))

% Calculating signal to noise ratio 'SNR'. SNR = 1.5*((levels)^2) Gms = log10(SNR)

subplot(4,1,1); plot(time,m(time)); title('Message Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('m(t)'); grid on;

subplot(4,1,2); stem(time,quant_in(time),'r'); title('Quantized Speech Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Levels'); grid on; subplot(4,1,3); plot(time,quant_out(time)); title('PCM Speech Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('PC Signal'); grid on;

subplot(4,1,4); plot(time,error(time)); title('Error Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Error(t)'); grid on;

% Removing all variables, functions, and MEX-files from memory, leaving the % workspace empty. clear all

% Removing all variables, functions, and MEX-files from memory, leaving the % workspace empty.

clear all

% Deleting all figures whose handles are not hidden. close all

% Deleting all figures including those with hidden handles. close all hidden

% Clearing all input and output from the Command Window display giving us a clean screen. clc % Opening the file ... [m,Fs] = wavread('F:\test.wav'); %counting how many samples are there samples_count = (size(m)); % Calculating maximum value of the input signal 'm(t)'. Mp = max (m); % Setting number of bits in a symbol. bits = 6; % Defining the number of levels of uniform quantization. levels = 2^bits; % Calculating the step size of the quantization. step_size = (2*Mp)/levels; %No_ofSamples -> getting all the samples from the file, but for % 2seconds max if (samples_count(1) > 2*Fs ) No_Samples = (2*Fs); else No_Samples = samples_count(1); end No_Samples = samples_count(1); %Creating the time vector -> this shows the sample index so far time = [1:No_Samples]; % Quantizing the input signal 'm(t)'. for k = 1:No_Samples, samp_in(k) = m(k); quant_in(k) = round(samp_in(k)/step_size)*step_size; error(k) = (samp_in(k) - quant_in(k)); end % Calculating for k = 1:No_Samples, reconstructed(k) = quant_in(k)+step_size/2; end % Plotting the input signal 'm(t)'. %figure; subplot(5,1,1);

plot(time/Fs*1000,m(time)); %note that time depends on the sampling frequency title('Original Signal'); xlabel('Time (ms)'); ylabel('m(t)'); grid on;

% Plotting the quantized signal 'quant_in(t)'. %figure; subplot(5,1,2); stem(time/Fs*1000,quant_in(time),'r'); title('Quantized Speech Signal'); xlabel('Time(ms)'); ylabel('Levels'); grid on; % Plotting the error signal 'error(t)'. subplot(5,1,3); plot(time/Fs*1000,error(time)); title('Quantization Error'); xlabel('Time(ms)'); ylabel('Error(t)'); grid on; % Plotting the error signal 'error(t)'. subplot(5,1,3); plot(time/Fs*1000,error(time)); title('Quantization error signal'); xlabel('Time(ms)'); ylabel('r(t)'); grid on; % Plotting the reconstructed signal 'error(t)'. subplot(5,1,4); plot(time/Fs*1000,reconstructed(time)); title('Reconstructed signal'); xlabel('Time(ms)'); ylabel('r(t)'); grid on;

% Plotting the error signal %figure; subplot(5,1,5); plot(time/Fs*1000,reconstructed(time)-samp_in(time)); title('Error'); xlabel('Time(ms)'); ylabel('PC Signal'); grid on; %calculate the Singla to Noise ration btw the original and the %reconstructed signal %power of original signal Ps = sum(samp_in.*samp_in/2); %power of noise noise = reconstructed - samp_in; Pn = sum(noise.*noise/2); %signal to noise ratio SNR = 10*log(Ps/Pn)

% Removing all variables, functions, and MEX-files from memory, leaving the % workspace empty. clear all

% Deleting all figures whose handles are not hidden. close all

% Deleting all figures including those with hidden handles. close all hidden

% Clearing all input and output from the Command Window display giving us a clean screen. clc

% Opening the file 'TEOTH.mp3' in the read access mode. fid = fopen ('TEOTH.mp3','r');

% % % m

Generating the input signal 'm(t)' by reading the binary data in 16 bit integer format from the specified file and writing it into a matrix 'm(t)'. = fread (fid,'int16');

% Defining the count for efficiency. count = 8500;

% Calculating maximum value of the input signal 'm(t)'. Mp = max (m)

% Setting number of bits in a symbol. bits = 8;

% Defining the number of levels of uniform quantization. levels = 2^bits;

% Calculating the step size of the quantization. step_size = (2*Mp)/levels

% Setting the sampling frequency. % because the audio signal has a maximum frequency of 4K and according to % Nyquist criteria, we get the following sampling frequency. Fs = 8000;

% Setting the sampling instant. Ts = 1;

% Setting the number of samples to be used. No_Samples = (2*Fs)+Ts;

% Define the time vector for the calculations. time = [1:Fs/64];

% Calculating the bit rate. bit_rate = 8000*bits;

% Quantizing the input signal 'm(t)'. for k = 1:No_Samples, samp_in(k) = m(k*Ts); quant_in(k) = samp_in(k)/step_size; error(k) = (samp_in(k) - quant_in(k))/No_Samples; end

% Indicating the sign of the input signal 'm(t)' and calculating the % quantized signal 'quant_out'. signS = sign (m); quant_out = quant_in; for i = 1:count, S(i) = abs (quant_in(i)) + 0.5; quant_out(i) = signS(i)*round(S(i))*step_size; end

% Calculating the quantization noise 'Nq'. Nq = ((Mp)^2)/(3*((levels)^2))

% Calculating signal to noise ratio 'SNR'. SNR = 1.5*((levels)^2) Gms = log10(SNR)

% Plotting the input signal 'm(t)'. %figure; subplot(4,1,1); plot(time,m(time)); title('Message Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('m(t)'); grid on;

% Plotting the quantized signal 'quant_in(t)'. %figure; subplot(4,1,2); stem(time,quant_in(time),'r'); title('Quantized Speech Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Levels'); grid on;

% Plotting the PCM signal 's_out(t)'. %figure; subplot(4,1,3);

plot(time,quant_out(time)); title('PCM Speech Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('PC Signal'); grid on;

% Plotting the error signal 'error(t)'. subplot(4,1,4); plot(time,error(time)); title('Error Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Error(t)'); grid on;

% Removing all variables, functions, and MEX-files from memory, leaving the % workspace empty. clear all

function [y Bitrate MSE Stepsize QNoise]=pcm(A,fm,fs,n) %A=amplitute of cosine signal %fm=frequency of cosine signal %fs=sampling frequency %n= number of bits per sample %MSE=Mean Squar error, QNoise=Quantization Noise %Example [y Bitrate MSE Stepsize QNoise]=pcm(2,3,20,3) %If you have any problem or feedback please contact me @ %%=============================================== % NIKESH BAJAJ % Asst. Prof., Lovely Professional University, India % Almameter: Aligarh Muslim University, India % +919915522564, [email protected] %%=============================================== t=0:1/(100*fm):1; x=A*cos(2*pi*fm*t); %---Sampling----ts=0:1/fs:1; xs=A*cos(2*pi*fm*ts); %xs Sampled signal %--Quantization--x1=xs+A; x1=x1/(2*A); L=(-1+2^n); % Levels x1=L*x1; xq=round(x1); r=xq/L; r=2*A*r; r=r-A; %r quantized signal %----Encoding--y=[]; for i=1:length(xq) d=dec2bin(xq(i),n); y=[y double(d)-48]; end %Calculations MSE=sum((xs-r).^2)/length(x); Bitrate=n*fs; Stepsize=2*A/L; QNoise=((Stepsize)^2)/12; subplot(4,1,1); plot(t,x,'linewidth',2) title('Sampling') ylabel('Amplitute') xlabel('Time t(in sec)') hold on stem(ts,xs,'r','linewidth',2) hold off legend('Original Signal','Sampled Signal'); subplot(4,1,2); stem(ts,x1,'linewidth',2) title('Quantization') ylabel('Levels L')

hold on stem(ts,xq,'r','linewidth',2) plot(ts,xq,'--r') plot(t,(x+A)*L/(2*A),'--b') grid hold off legend('Sampled Signal','Quantized Signal'); subplot(4,1,3); stairs([y y(length(y))],'linewidth',2) title('Encoding') ylabel('Binary Signal') xlabel('bits') axis([0 length(y) -1 2]) grid