Name:oluwasiminiye marvellous julia

Matrix no:18/01/Nsc027

⏩The following are the scientist that works on cell.... They are,

Zacharias Janssen

1590

Janssen’s invention of the microscope , with the aid of his father Hans, allowed English scientist Robert
Hooke to use a primitive microscope to view the cell walls of a piece of cork in 1663.

Robert Hooke

1663 - 1665

The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He examined very thin slices of cork and saw a
multitude of tiny pores that he remarked looked like the walled compartments a monk would live in.
Because of this association, Hooke called them cells, the name they still bear. However, Hooke did not
know their real structure or function. Hooke's description of these cells was published in Micrographia.
His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells.He
was reffered to the father of cell.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

1674 - 1683

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was inspired by the glasses used by drapers to inspect the quality of cloth. He
taught himself new methods for grinding and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature which gave
magnifications up to 270x diameters, the finest known at that time.These lenses led to the building of
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes considered the first practical microscopes, and the biological
discoveries for which he is famous. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe bacteria
(1674), yeast plants, the teeming life in a drop of water, and the circulation of blood corpuscles in
capillaries. During a long life he used his lenses to make pioneer studies on an extraordinary variety of
things, both living and non-living, and reported his findings.

Theodor Schwan
1837 - 1839

Matthias Schleiden found that all plants are composed of cells, and communicated the finding to
Schwann, who had found similar structures in the cells. Other researchers confirmed the similarity, as
explained in his book, where he concluded, "All living things are composed of cells and cell products.
This became the cell theory.

Matthias Schleiden

1839

He stated that the different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells. Thus, Schleiden and
Schwann became the first to formulate what was then an informal belief as a principle of biology equal
in importance to the atomic theory of chemistry. He also recognized the importance of the cell nucleus,
and sensed its connection with cell division..

Rudolph Virchow

1855

Rudolph Virchow suggested that all cells come from pre-existing cells. His aphorism'omnis cellula e
cellula' meaning every cell from a pre-existing cell became the foundations of division, even if the
process was not fully understood then.He also stated that not all plants are made up of cells,which
eventually lead to the creation of the cell theory.

⏩CELL ORGANELLES.

.Organelles make up the subunits of a cell. There are numerous each with their own function.

These are the following Organelles of cells with their functions...

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is the organelle that encapsulates the contents of the cell. Apart
from encapsulating cell contents, the plasma membrane also plays a vital role in regulating the
movement of substances in and out of the cell.

As such, it is actively involved in such both passive and active transportation to and from the cell. These
processes also help maintain balance even when conditions outside the cell change.
The plasma membrane is made up of two layers of phospholipids (phospholipids bilayer).

Nucleus/DNA

* Some of the main components of the nucleus include the chromatic, nucleoplasm/nuclear sap and the
nucleolus.

* The nucleus houses DNA (the hereditary material) as well as various proteins and the nucleolus.

In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear membrane. It is the organelle that controls the
hereditary traits of an organism by directing such processes as protein synthesis and cell division among
others.

For prokaryotes, the DNA lacks a nuclear membrane. The genetic material is therefore bound in the
nucleotide region.

* The nucleolus plays an important role in ribosome production.

Ribosome

Ribosomes are tiny organelles that contain RNA and specific proteins within the cytoplasm. Within the
cell, ribosomes are directly involved in the manufacture of proteins by using their RNA and amino acids.

This process involves decoding the information contained in the mRNA and using amino acids to
produce the required proteins.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are some of the largest organelles within a cell.

Compared to some of the other organelles, mitochondria contain DNA which makes them
semiautonomous. Mitochondria also contain a double-membrane with the inner membrane folding to
form cristae. Also known as the powerhouse, mitochondria play an important role in respiration where
they generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from substrates in the presence of oxygen. Using their
DNA, mitochondria are able to encode for some of the components they require to perform their
functions.

* ATP stores energy in the form of chemical bonds and is released whenever it is needed for various cell
functions.

Vacuoles

A vacuole may be described as a space inside the cell that does not contain cytoplasm. It is surrounded
by a membrane and filled with a fluid. Vacuoles store various molecules including enzymes, waste
products of the cell, water, and even food material depending on the type of cell.In cases were vacuoles
contain waste products of the cell, they are also involved in the exportation of waste from the cell thus
protecting the cell from toxicity.

* Some vacuoles also play a role in maintaining the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cell as well as
regulating pH.

Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules and microfilaments. By spreading throughout the cell (in
the cytoplasm), the cytoskeleton helps maintain the shape of the cell while also ensuring its elasticity.

* The cytoskeleton is also involved in anchoring the nucleus and supporting cell contents.

Plastids
Plastids are a type of organelle found in plant cells and algae. Like mitochondria, plastids are membrane-
bound organelles that contain nucleoids. As such, they are also semi-autonomous organelles.

There are different types of plastids that include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, gerontoplasts, and
leucoplasts.

The following are some functions of the different types of plastids:

⏩Chloroplast - Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll that captures energy from sunlight for
photosynthesis. Therefore, the chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis (the process through which
plants produce food)

⏩Chromoplasts - Chromoplasts are present in certain photosynthetic eukaryotes. They are primarily
involved in the production and storage of pigments (carotenoid pigments). These pigments are involved
in absorbing light energy as well as protecting chlorophyll in some plants.

⏩Gerontoplasts - This is a type of plastid that develops from the chloroplast during senescence in foliage
plants. Gerontoplasts play an important role in salvaging nutrients and other important material as a cell
dies.

⏩Leucoplast - Compared to the other plastids, leucoplasts are unpigmented organelles. Leucoplast is
specialized for such functions as the storage of starch (amyloplasts), lipids (elaioplasts) and proteins
(proteinoplasts).

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Found in eukaryotic cells, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the organelle that forms an interconnected
network of flattened sacs (cisternae). Like some of the other organelles found in eukaryotes, ER is
enclosed in a membrane. The ER is divided into two regions that vary in structure and function.
These include:

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - The smooth ER is named so because it lacks a ribosome on its surface.
As a result, it is more smooth in appearance as compared to the rough ER. It is involved in the synthesis
of lipids (e.g. phospholipids) and carbohydrates that are used to build the cell membrane.

Some of the other functions of the smooth ER include:

⏩Transportation of vesicles

⏩Enzyme production in the liver

⏩Contraction of muscle cells in the muscles

⏩Synthesis of hormones in the brain cells

Rough endoplasmic recticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Unlike the smooth ER, rough ER has ribosome attached to its surface. It is
involved in the manufacture of various proteins in the cell. On the other hand, the rough ER is involved
in the production of antibodies, insulin as well as transportation of proteins into the smooth ER.

Centriole

Centrioles are cylindrical organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They contain tube-shaped molecules
known as microtubules that help separate chromosomes and move them during cell division.Centrioles
are cylindrical organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They contain tube-shaped molecules known as
microtubules that help separate chromosomes and move them during cell division.

Lysosome

A lysosome is commonly referred to as sacs of enzymes. They are membranous organelles that contain
acidic enzymes (hydrolase enzymes) that serve to digest various macromolecules (e.g. lipids and nucleic
acids) in the cell.Conditions inside lysosomes have been shown to be acidic. These conditions are
maintained by the lysosome membrane thus providing favorable conditions for the enzymes to perform
their functions.Acidocalcisomes of eukaryotes are considered lysosome-related organelles.

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi apparatus are found in eukaryotic and are highly folded into cisternae (flattened sacs). They are
enclosed in a membrane that varies in thickness from different regions.In the cell, Golgi apparatus are
actively involved in the manufacturing, storage as well as transportation of products from the ER.

Other features of a cell include:

Cell Wall - Some books do not consider the cell wall to be an organelle. However, it is one of the most
important components of plant cells. The cell wall surrounds the cell membrane and serves to
strengthen and protect the cell.For instance, in the cells of plant roots, the cell wall protects the cell as
they grow deeper in the soil. The cell wall also serves as a filter that controls the movement of
molecules in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm - is also not considered as an organelle in some books. However, it is an important

component of the cell. Cell cytoplasm is composed of protoplasm in which all the other cell organelles
are suspended.Many of the cell processes (protein synthesis, respiration etc) take place in the
cytoplasm. The cytoplasm also plays an important role in the movement of various materials around the
cell.