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Laser Lecture 2

LASER-Lecture-2

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Aditya Nath Mishra
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59 views7 pages

Laser Lecture 2

LASER-Lecture-2

Uploaded by

Aditya Nath Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 1.

2
This topic is mapped with CO2 and CO3 of the course

LASER
LASER stands for ‘Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation’

Rate Equations of Absorption, Spontaneous Emission and


Stimulated Emission
(a) Absorption

The probability of occurrence of absorption process from state 1 to state 2 is


proportional to the energy density u(ν) of the radiation

P12=B12u(ν)
Where, B12 is proportionality constant and is known as Einstein coefficient of absorption of
radiation
Figure 1 Mechanism of absorption process

The rate of stimulated Absorption of photons is given by

Rab = N1P12 = N1B12u(ν)


Where N1 is the population of ground state i.e. number of atoms per unit volume occupying the
ground state.

(b) Spontaneous Emission

An excited atom can stay in the higher energy state only for the time of 10-8 s. After this
time, it returns back to the lower energy state by emitting a photon.

The probability of occurrence of spontaneous emission transition from state 2 to state 1


depends only on the properties of states 2 and 1 and is given by

P21=A21
Where, A21 is proportionality constant and is known as Einstein coefficient of absorption of
radiation. Its reciprocal gives the life time of the excited state.

Figure 2 Mechanism of spontaneous emission process

The rate of spontaneous emission of photons is given by

Rsp = N2P21 = N2A21


Where, N2 is the population of excited state i.e. number of atoms per unit volume occupying
the excited state.

a) Stimulated emission

When photon of suitable frequency is made to fall on an excited atom in the higher
energy state, the atom falls back to the ground state by emitting a photon of energy which is in
phase with the stimulating (incident) photon.

The probability of occurrence of stimulated emission process from state 2 to state 1 is


proportional to the energy density u(ν) of the radiation
P’21=B21u(ν)
Where, B21 is proportionality constant and is known as Einstein coefficient of stimulated
emission of radiation

Figure 3 Mechanism of stimulated absorption process

The rate of stimulated emission of photons is given by

Rst = N2P’21 = N2B21u(ν)


Where, N2 is the population of excited state i.e. number of atoms per unit volume occupying
the excited state.

Relation Between Einstein’s Coefficients


Let N1 and N2 be the number of atoms at any instant at any instant in the state 1 and 2,
respectively. The probability of absorption for number of atoms from state 1 to 2 per unit
time i.e. rate is given by

Rab = N1P12 = N1B12u(ν)…….(1)

The total probability of transition for number of atoms from state 2 to 1, either by spontaneous
or by stimulated emission per unit time i.e rate of emissions is given by

Rsp + Rst = N2A21 + N2B21u(ν)……(2)


In thermal equilibrium at temperature T, the absorption and emission probabilities are equal
Thus equating (1) and (2)

Rab = Rsp + Rst


N1B12u(ν) = N2A21 + N2B21u(ν)……..(3)
After rearranging the terms, we obtain the expression for photon density as

u(ν) = N2A21/( N1B12- N2B21)….(4)


Divide R.H.S of above equation by N2 B12 in numerator and denominator
u(ν) = A21/ B12 ( N1/N2 - B21/B12)….(5)

According to Boltzmann’s law, the distribution of atoms among the energy states E1 and E2 at
the thermal equilibrium at temperature T is given

−𝑬𝟏/𝑲
𝑵𝟏 𝒆 𝑻
= −𝑬𝟐/𝑲
𝑵𝟐 𝒆 𝑻

where, E=E2-E1=hν
Making these substitutions in (5) we obtain

u(ν) = A21/ B12 ( ehv/KT - B21/B12)…….(6)


Comparing equation number (6) with the Planck’s radiation law for black body radiations as
given in equation (7)

u(ν) = 8πhν3/c3 ( ehv/KT - 1)……………(7)

We obtain

A21/ B12= 8πhν3/c3………………..(8)

And B21/B12=1 or B12=B21...........(9)


Equations (8) and (9) are relations between Einstein’s coefficients

Significance

1. It signifies that probability of absorption is same as that of stimulated emission


2. It signifies that B21/A21 is inversely proportional to frequency of the resonant
radiation. Therefore, higher the frequency smaller is the value of B21. That is, it is
comparatively difficult to obtain the stimulated emission of higher frequencies.

Relevant Books for this topic

1.Laud B.B., Laser and Non -Linear Optics, Edition 1st, (1991), Wiley Eastern Ltd.
https://www.amazon.in/Lasers-Non-Linear-Optics-B-B-
Laud/dp/8122430562/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=laser+and+nonlinear+optics&qid=159294
8185&s=books&sr=1-2

2. Ghatak A. (2012) Optics, McGraw Hill Education. ISBN: 978-1259004346.

https://www.amazon.in/Optics-Old-Ajoy-Ghatak/dp/1259004341

Relevant Web links for this topic

1. http://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/blog/absorption-of-radiation-spontaneous-
emission-and-stimulated-emission
2. http://www.nitttrchd.ac.in/sitenew1/app_sc/ppts/laser/Lasing%20%20Principles%20&%20Condi
tions.pdf

Relevant Videos for this topic

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2g25zn-ofck
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Kia0HHmkHY
3. https://pt.coursera.org/lecture/leds-semiconductor-lasers/einstein-coefficients-part-ii-tWhnc

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