MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Why?
• Atthe beginning of each new section of material,
we’ll take a few minutes to explore why we care
about or need to know that topic
SECTION 2.1 - Functions
• The topic of this section is functions
♦ Functions All Around Us ♦ Definition of a Function ♦ • Whatis a function?
Evaluating a Function ♦ The Domain of a Function ♦ Four • Why do we care about functions?
Ways to Represent a Function • How do mathematicians use functions?

Apply
• Atthe beginning of each new section of material,
we’ll take a look at how that topic is applied in the
real world

• Thecircumference of a circle is a function of the

radius of that circle.
1. Draw a picture of a machine that visually illustrates this
relationship.
2. Write a rule that illustrates this relationship, using
algebraic notation.
3. If the Earth’s radius is 3960 miles, how long is its
equator?

Functions All Around Us

• Height is a function of age
• Temperature is a function of date
• Cost of mailing a package is a function of weight
• Number of bacteria in a culture is a function of time
• Weight of an astronaut is a function of her elevation
• Price of a commodity is a function of the demand
for that commodity
• Temperature of water from the faucet is a function
of time

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Definition of a Function Notation and Terminology

DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION • f(x), read “f of x”, is the value of the function f at x
A function is a rule that assigns to each element x in
a set A exactly one element, called f(x), in a set B. • Thex values in set A are called the domain of the
function
•x is called the independent variable

• Thef(x) values in set B are called the range of the

function
Machine diagram of f
•f is called the dependent variable
• We often write y = f(x) and thus y is the dependent variable
whose values consist of the range
Arrow diagram of f

Example 1 Example 2
Does the arrow diagram below represent a function? a) Express the rule in function notation.
i. Square, then add 2

ii. Add 1, take the square root, then divide by 6

b) Express the function (or rule) in words.

𝑥
i. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3−9
3
ii. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥+1

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Evaluating a Function Example 3

• In
the definition of a function, the independent 1
variable x plays the role of a placeholder Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 and 𝑔 𝑥 = . Find:
𝑥−2

• To
evaluate a function at a number, we substitute the a) f(2) g) f(2x)
number for the placeholder b) f(−2) h) g(x2)
• Careful! c) g(2) i) f(a+h)
• Useparentheses when substituting into each placeholder d) g(−2) 𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓(𝑎)
j)
• Remember the order of operations when simplifying ℎ
e) f(a) 𝑔 𝑎+ℎ −𝑔(𝑎)
k)
f) g(t) ℎ

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 4
• A piecewise defined function is defined by different
formulas on different parts of its domain

• Evaluate thepiecewise defined function at the

indicated values
3𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0
𝑓 𝑥 = � + 1 if 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)2 if 𝑥 > 2
a) f(−5)
b) f(0)
c) f(5)

Example 5
• Thenet change in the value of a function f as the
input changes from a to b (where a ≤ b) is given by
f(b) − f(a)

• Find the
net change in the value of the function
ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 + 5 from −3 to 6.

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

The Domain of a Function Example 6

• The domain of a function is the set of all inputs for Find the domain of each function.
the function
• More specifically, it is the set of all real number a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 4
inputs for which the function is defined as a real b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 6
number output 3
c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 6
• Identifying the domain requires either set-builder or
1
interval notation d) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+7
• Careful! −6
• When finding the domain of a function, watch for restricted e) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8
functions like square roots and rational expressions
𝑥
f) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 −16

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Four Ways to Represent Functions

• We can describe a specific function in the following
four ways:
• Verbally (by a description in words)
• Algebraically (by an explicit formula)
• Visually (by a graph)
• Numerically (by a table of values)

• Certain functions are described more naturally by

one form over the others
• All four representations will be used throughout this
course

Example 7
The surface area S of a sphere is a function of its
radius r given by 𝑆 𝑟 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 .

a) Find S(2) and S(3).

b) What do your answers in Part (a) represent?

Example 8
An Internet bookstore charges $15 shipping for
orders under $100, but provides free shipping for
orders of $100 or more. The cost C of an order is a
function of the total price x of the books purchased,
given by
𝑥 + 15 if 𝑥 < 100
𝐶 𝑥 =�
𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 100

a) Find C(85) and C(100).

b) What do your answers in Part (a) represent?

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Why?
• The topic of this section is graphing functions
• Whatis a graph?
SECTION 2.2 – Graphs of • Why do we care about graphs?

Functions • How do mathematicians use graphs?

♦ Graphing by Plotting Points ♦ Graphing with a

Graphing Calculator ♦ Graphing Piecewise Functions ♦
Vertical Line Test ♦ Equations that Define Functions

Apply
Below is a graph that shows daily high temperature
as a function of the date.

1. Identify the domain and range of this function.

2. If the input is 31, what is the output?
3. Write a complete sentence that interprets your answer in
Problem 2.

Graphing Terminology
• Two perpendicular real number lines that intersect at
0 on each form the coordinate plane

• Thehorizontal number line is the x-axis; the vertical

number line is the y-axis; the point at which they
meet is the origin

• The
two number lines divide the plane into four
quadrants

• Inthe ordered pair (𝑎, 𝑏) the first number a is the

x-coordinate and the second number b is the y-
coordinate

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Graphing by Point Plotting Example 1

THE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION Sketch a graph of each function by making a table of
If f is a function with domain A, then the graph of f values.
is the set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 plotted in a
coordinate plane. In other words, the graph of f is the a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+3
set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) such that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥); that is, the
graph of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥−2

1
• To graph a function by point plotting: c) 𝐶 𝑡 =−
𝑡+1
1. Make a table of values
2. Plot the points given by the table
3. Join these points with a smooth curve

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Graphing with a Calculator Example 2

1
• A convenient wayto graph a function is to use a Graph the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 2 in each
graphing calculator 32
viewing window below, and select the one that
produces the most appropriate graph of the function.
• The challenge is to make sure the important features
of the graph appear within the viewing window
a) −1,1 by −1,1
• Knowing the typical shape of common functions
will help with setting the viewing window b) −2,2 by −2,2
• Power functions c) −5,5 by −5,5
• Root functions
• Rational functions
d) −10,10 by −10,10
• Absolute value functions

Graphing Piecewise Functions Example 3

• A piecewise function isdefined by different Sketch the graph of each piecewise function.
formulas on different parts of its domain

• Thusthe graph of such a function consists of 1 − 𝑥 if 𝑥 < −2

a) 𝑓 𝑥 =�
separate pieces 5 if 𝑥 ≥ −2

• Notation:
• The symbols < or > are exclusive, and are denoted with −𝑥 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
open circles on the graph b) 𝑔 𝑥 = � 4 if 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 3
• The symbols ≤ or ≥ are inclusive, and are denoted with 𝑥−3 if 𝑥 > 3
closed dots on the graph

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 4
The graph of a piecewise function is given below.
Find a formula for the function in the indicated form.

Example 5
Identify the domain and range of the piecewise
function.

The Vertical Line Test Example 6

THE VERTICAL LINE TEST
Use the Vertical
A curve in the coordinate plane is the graph of a Line Test to
function if and only if no vertical line intersects the determine whether
curve more than once. or not the curve is
a graph of a
function of x.

Graph of a function Not a graph of a function

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Equations that Define Functions Example 7

• Any equation in the variables x and y defines a Determine whether the equation defines y as a
relationship between these variables function of x.

• To see if that relationship defines y as a function of

x: a) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 = 4
1. Solve the equation for y
2. Decide if the equation defines a rule, or function, that b) 𝑥 + 𝑦2 = 9
gives one value of y for each value of x
3. If it does, express the rule in function notation c) 𝑥 = 𝑦3
4. If it doesn’t, leave the relation in the original form

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Why?
SECTION 2.3 – Getting • The
topic of this section is getting information
from graphs of functions
Information from the • Whatinformation can we gather from a graph?

Graph of a Function • Why do we need to be able to “read” a graph?

• How will we read graphs in Calculus?

♦ Values of a Function; Domain and Range ♦ Comparing

Function Values: Solving Equations and Inequalities
Graphically ♦ Increasing and Decreasing Functions ♦
Local Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function

Apply
The Normal Curve is a graph that can provide a lot of
information to a statistician.

1. What number lies under the peak of this curve?

2. Determine the numbers where the curve changes from
cupping downward to cupping upward.
3. What is the area under the curve to the left of 52?

Values of a Function Domain and Range

• A complete graph ofa function contains all the DOMAIN AND RANGE FROM A GRAPH
information about a function The domain and range of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) can
be obtained from a graph of f as shown in the figure.
• Thus
the graph can tell us which input values The domain is the set of all x values for which f is
correspond to which output values defined, and the range is all corresponding y values.
• Whenanalyzing the graph of a function, keep in
mind the height of the graph is the value of the
function

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 1
Using the graph of g:
a) Find 𝑔(−4), 𝑔(0),
and 𝑔(2).
b) Find the domain and
range of g.
c) Find the values of x
for which 𝑔 𝑥 = 3.
d) Find the values of x for which 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ 0.
e) Find the net change in g between 𝑥 = −1 and
𝑥 = 2.

Example 2
Use a graphing calculator to draw the graph of the
function, then determine the domain and range.

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 5

b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑥2

c) ℎ 𝑥 = 4−𝑥

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Solving Equations Graphically Solving Inequalities Graphically

SOLVING EQUATIONS GRAPHICALLY SOLVING INEQUALITIES GRAPHICALLY
The solution(s) of the equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) are the The solution(s) of the inequality 𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑔(𝑥) are
values of x where the graphs of f and g intersect. the values of x where the graph of g is higher than
the graph of f.

Example 3
Using the graph:
a) Which is larger, 𝑓(6)
or 𝑔(6)?
b) Which is larger, 𝑓(3)
or 𝑔(3)?
c) Find the values of x for
which 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥).
d) Find the values of x for which 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔(𝑥).
e) Find the values of x for which 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑔(𝑥).

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Increasing and Decreasing Increasing and Decreasing

• The graph below shows the function rises, falls, DEFINITION OF INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
then rises again as we move from left to right f is increasing on an interval I if 𝑓 𝑥1 < 𝑓(𝑥2 )
• The function is said to be increasing when its graph whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in I.
rises, and decreasing when its graph falls f is decreasing on an interval I if 𝑓 𝑥1 > 𝑓(𝑥2 )
whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in I.

f is increasing on (a, b) and (c, d); f is decreasing on (b, c)

f is increasing f is decreasing

Example 4

Use the graph of the function f to:

a) Find the domain and range of f.
b) Find the intervals on which f is increasing and on
which f is decreasing.

Example 5
Use a graphing calculator to draw the graph of the
function, then determine the intervals on which the
function is increasing and decreasing.

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2/3

b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Maximum and Minimum Values Visualizing Maxima and Minima

LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF A FUNCTION
1. The function value 𝑓(𝑎) is a local maximum value
of f if 𝑓(𝑎) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for all x in some open interval
containing a. We say f has a local max at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
2. The function value 𝑓(𝑎) is a local minimum value
of f if 𝑓(𝑎) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for all x in some open interval
containing a. We say f has a local min at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

• Notethe max or min is the y-value; where it occurs

is the x-value

Example 6

Use the graph of the function f to find all of the local

maximum and minimum values, and the value of x at
which each occurs.

Example 7
Use a graphing calculator to find all of the local
maximum and minimum values, and the value of x at
which each occurs.

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2/3

b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 8
Use a graphing calculator to approximate all of the
local maximum and minimum values, and the value
of x at which each occurs. Round to two decimal
places.

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥2

1
b) 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1

Example 9
The population P in a small industrial city from 1950 to
2000 is shown in the graph below. The variable x
represents the number of years since 1950.

a) Find the intervals of increase and decrease.

b) What was the maximum population, and in what
year was it attained?

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Why?
SECTION 2.4 – Average • The
• What
topic of this section is rate of change
do they mean by rate of change?
Rate of Change of a • Why do we need to be able find a rate of change?

Function • How will rates of change be important in Calculus?

♦ Average Rate of Change ♦ Constant Rate of Change

Apply
The speed of an object (measured in miles/hour) is
graphed against time (measured in hours).
Speed (mi/hr)

Time (hr)

1. Is speed or time a rate of change?

2. When is the speed increasing, decreasing, constant?
3. How could you use this graph to find the total distance
traveled?

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Rate of Change Average Rate of Change

change (ROC) describes how one variable
• A rate of DEFINITION OF AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE
changes with respect to another The average rate of change of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is
• For example:
• Miles per hour 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = =
• Feet per second 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑏−𝑎
• Aphids per stem
• Cost per topping The average rate of change is the slope of the secant
line between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 on the graph of f; that
• The units of a ROC are always in the form of a ratio is, the line that passes through (𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 ) and
(𝑏, 𝑓 𝑏 ).

Average ROC = Slope of Secant Example 1

Use the graph of the function to find the following
between the indicated points.

This is the
secant line
a) The net change
b) The average rate of change

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 2
For each function find the average rate of change
between the given values.

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑥 2 from 𝑥 = −2 to 𝑥 = 0

2
b) 𝑔 𝑥 = from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = ℎ
𝑥+1

c) 𝑠 𝑡 = 4 − 𝑡 2 from 𝑡 = 1 to 𝑡 = 1 + ℎ

Example 3
• To rationalize the denominator of a fraction means
to eliminate the radical in that denominator
• Ifthe denominator has two terms, we use the conjugate of
that denominator to rationalize
• Note the process is the same for rationalizing the numerator

• Find the
average ROC for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 from 𝑥 =
𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ.

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Constant Rate of Change Example 4

• Because alinear function has a constant slope, it Which graph shows a constant ROC, an increasing
therefore has a constant rate of change ROC, and a decreasing ROC?

• Thusthe average rate of change of a linear function

is always equal to the slope of that line

Example 5 Example 5 (cont.)

The graph below shows the population P in a small a) In which five-year span did the population
industrial city from 1950 to 2000. The variable x increase the fastest?
represents the number of years since 1950.
b) In which five-year span did the population grow
the slowest?

c) Find the average ROC on the following intervals.

Write a sentence to interpret each.
i. [0,20]
ii. 40,50
iii. [20,40]

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Why?
• The topic of this section is linear functions
• What are the four different directions lines can go? Do
SECTION 2.5 – Linear they all represent functions?

Functions and Models • Why do we need to be able describe lines?

• How are lines important in Calculus?

♦ Linear Functions ♦ Slope and Rate of Change Functions

♦ Making and Using Linear Models

Apply
In statistics we use linear regression to predict the
value of one variable with another via a linear model.

1. What is the slope of the line?

2. Interpret the slope as a rate of change.

Linear Functions Example 1

DEFINITION OF A LINEAR FUNCTION The graph of a linear function f is given. Find the
A linear function is a function of the form rate of change of f, and then express f in the form
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏.
The graph of a linear function is a line with slope a
and y-intercept b.

• A linear function has a constant rate of change

equivalent to the slope a
• The y-intercept b is the point (0, 𝑏) where the line
crosses the y-axis

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Making and Using Linear Models Example 2

• When a linear function is used to model the The amount of copper ore produced from a copper
relationship between two quantities, the slope of the mine in Arizona is modeled by the function
line is the rate of change of one quantity with
respect to the other 𝑓 𝑥 = 200 + 32𝑥
where x is the number of years since 2005 and 𝑓(𝑥)
• Recall that is measured in thousands of tons.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = a) What is the slope of f?
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
so the slope written as a fraction tells us how much b) Interpret the slope as a rate of change.
the y-variable changes as the x-variable changes a
certain amount

Example 3
A large koi pond is filled from a garden hose at the
rate of 10 gal/min. Initially the pond contains 300
gal of water.

a) Find a linear function V that models the volume

of water in the pond at any time t.
b) If the pond has a capacity of 1300 gal, how long
does it take to completely fill the pond?

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 4
Jacqui leaves Detroit at 2:00pm and drives at a
constant speed, traveling west on I-90. She passes
Ann Arbor, 40 mi from Detroit, at 2:50pm.

a) Find a linear function d that models the distance

(in mi) she has traveled after t minutes.
b) At what speed (in mi/hr) is Jacqui traveling?

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Why?
SECTION 2.6 – • The
topic of this section is transformations of
functions
Transformations of • Whatare the different ways we can transform a function?

Functions • Why do we need to be able to understand transformations?

• How are transformations used in Calculus?

♦ Vertical Shifting ♦ Horizontal Shifting ♦ Reflecting

Graphs ♦ Vertical Stretching and Shrinking ♦ Horizontal
Stretching and Shrinking ♦ Even and Odd Functions

Apply
Understanding how to transfer a function helps us
understand how to graph a function.

Consider the function 𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 7.

1. Factor out the negative.
2. Complete the square.
3. Write in the form 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +𝑘.
4. Graph both 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) in the same window.
5. Discuss what the form of 𝑔(𝑥) tells us about the
transformation from 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 to 𝑔(𝑥).

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Vertical Shifting Horizontal Shifting

DEFINITION OF VERTICAL SHIFTS OF GRAPHS DEFINITION OF HORIZONTAL SHIFTS OF GRAPHS
Suppose 𝑐 > 0. Suppose 𝑐 > 0.
To graph 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒄, shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) To graph 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒄 , shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
upward c units. to the right c units.
To graph 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒄, shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) To graph 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒄 , shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
downward c units. to the left c units.

Interactive Example Example 1

1. Go to desmos.com and click “Start Graphing” Suppose the graph of f is given. Describe how the
graph of each function can be obtained from the
2. Enter 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 graph of f.
Use the ^ key to produce the exponent
3. Click the blue box to “add a slider” for the value a) 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 +2 e) 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥+1 −2
of c
4. Click and drag the blue dot to observe how b) 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥+2 f) 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥−1 +2
changing c changes the graph
c) 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 −3
5. Edit the equation to 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑐)2
6. Click and drag the blue dot to observe how d) 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥−3
changing c changes the graph

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Reflecting Interactive Example

DEFINITION OF REFLECTING GRAPHS 1. Go to desmos.com and click “Start Graphing”
To graph 𝒚 = −𝒇 𝒙 , reflect the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 2. Enter 𝑦 = 𝑥
about the x-axis. Use the Desmos keyboard to get the √ symbol
To graph 𝒚 = 𝒇 −𝒙 , reflect the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 3. Add a new function expression line
about the y-axis.
4. Enter 𝑦 = − 𝑥
5. Add a new function expression line
6. Enter 𝑦 = −𝑥
7. Compare the reflections of the three graphs

Example 2
Suppose the graph of f is given. Describe how the
graph of each function can be obtained from the
graph of f.

a) 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥

b) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥

c) 𝑦 = −𝑓 −𝑥

d) 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 + 2

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Vertical Stretching and Shrinking Interactive Example

DEFINITION OF VERTICAL STRETCHING AND SHRINKING 1. Go to desmos.com and click “Start Graphing”
To graph 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒇(𝒙): 2. Enter 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑥
If 𝑐 > 1, stretch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) vertically by Use the Desmos keyboard to get the | | symbol
a factor of c. 3. Click the blue box to “add a slider” for the value
If 0 < 𝑐 < 1, shrink (compress) the graph of 𝑦 = of c
𝑓(𝑥) vertically by a factor of c. 4. Click and drag the blue dot to observe how
changing c changes the graph

Example 3
Suppose the graph of f is given. Describe how the
graph of each function can be obtained from the
graph of f.
1
a) 𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥
5
b) 𝑦 = 5𝑓 𝑥
1
c) 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 +1
2
d) 𝑦 = −2𝑓 𝑥

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Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking Interactive Example

DEFINITION OF HORIZONTAL STRETCHING AND SHRINKING 1. Go to desmos.com and click “Start Graphing”
To graph 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒄𝒙): 2. Enter 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
If 𝑐 > 1, shrink (compress) the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) Use the Desmos keyboard to get the | | symbol
horizontally by a factor of 1/c. 3. Click the blue box to “add a slider” for the value
If 0 < 𝑐 < 1, stretch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) of c
horizontally by a factor of 1/c. 4. Click and drag the blue dot to observe how
changing c changes the graph

Example 4
Suppose the graph of f is given. Describe how the
graph of each function can be obtained from the
graph of f.

a) 𝑦 = 𝑓 5𝑥
1
b) 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
5
c) 𝑦 = 𝑓 2𝑥 − 1
1
d) 𝑦=𝑓 − 𝑥
2

Example 5
A function f is given, and the indicated transformations
are applied to its graph (in the given order). Write an
equation for the final transformed graph.

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ; shift left 4 units and down 3 units

b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; stretch vertically by factor of 3 and

reflect about the x-axis

c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥; reflect about the y-axis, shrink

1
vertically by factor of , then shift up 2 units
2

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Example 6
The graph of f is given. Find a formula for graphs
, , , and .

Example 7
The graph of f is given. Sketch the graph of each
transformation.

𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 −2
𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥+1
𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑓 𝑥

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Even and Odd Functions Example 8

DEFINITION OF EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS Determine if the function is even, odd, or neither.
Let f be a function.
f is even if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) for all x in the domain of f. a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 16 − 𝑥 2
f is odd if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥) for all x in the domain of f.
b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥

c) ℎ 𝑥 = 2𝑥

d) 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑡 4 − 5𝑡 + 2

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Why?
• The topic of this section is combining functions
• Whatare the different ways we can combine functions?
SECTION 2.7 – • Why do we need to be able to recognize combinations?

Combining Functions • How are combined functions used in Calculus?

♦ Sums, Differences, Products, and Quotients ♦

Composition of Functions ♦ Applications of Composition

Apply Sums, Differences, Products, Quotients

The composition of functions helps us relate multiple DEFINITION OF THE ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS
variables in applications. Let f and g be functions with domains A and B. Then
the functions 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔, and 𝑓/𝑔 are defined as
If air is being pumped into a spherical balloon, then follows.
the volume V of air in the balloon is a function of its
radius R, say, 𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑅). 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 Domain 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
The radius R is also a function of the time t that the 𝑓−𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 Domain 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
air has been pumped in, say, 𝑅 = 𝑔(𝑡). 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 � 𝑔 𝑥 Domain 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
Thus we can think of the volume V as a function of 𝑥 = Domain 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
time t, given by the composition 𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑡 ).

Example 1
Find 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔, and 𝑓/𝑔 and their domains.

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 5, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4
3 5
b) 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥−1

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 2
𝑥−2
Consider the function ℎ 𝑥 = .
𝑥−3

a) Identify f and g such that ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑔(𝑥).

b) Find the domain of f, g, and then h.

Example 3

a) Use the graphs of f and g to find (𝑓 − 𝑔)(3),

(𝑓𝑔)(2), and (𝑓/𝑔)(2).
b) Sketch the graph of 𝑓 + 𝑔.

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Function Composition Composition of Functions

• Consider the functions DEFINITION OF THE COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 and 𝑘 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3 Given two functions f and g, the composite function
𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 (also called the composition of f and g) is
• Which one is the sum of functions?
defined by
• What would we call the other?
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ).

• Function composition is a way of combining

functions by plugging one function into another

Arrow diagram for 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈

Example 4
4
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔 𝑥 = . Find:
𝑥−2

a) 𝑓∘𝑔 6

b) 𝑔∘𝑓 6

c) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 −2

d) 𝑔∘𝑓 1

Example 5
Use the given graphs of f and g to find:

a) 𝑔(𝑓 0 )
b) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(0)
c) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(4)

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 6
Use the table of values to find:

a) 𝑔(𝑓 2 )
b) (𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(2)
c) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(6)

Domain of a Composite Function Example 7

• The domain of the composite function Find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔, 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓, and the domain of both.
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
is the intersection of the domain of 𝑔(𝑥), the a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1
“inside” function, and the domain of ℎ(𝑥), the
composite function b) 𝑓 𝑥 =
1
, 𝑔 𝑥 =−
2
𝑥+3 𝑥

• Alternate
version: c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3
The domain of 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ) is the set of all x values in
the domain of g such that 𝑔(𝑥) is in the domain of f d) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 4, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4

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Decomposing a Function Example 8

• Decomposing a function is the process of For the given function ℎ(𝑥), find 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥)
determining how a function ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ) can be such that ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ).
expressed as the composition of two functions 𝑓(𝑥)
and 𝑔(𝑥) 5
a) ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 8

• Think of
𝑔(𝑥) as the inside function and 𝑓(𝑥) as b) ℎ 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 − 4
the outside function
1
c) ℎ 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +1

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 9
An appliance dealer advertises a 10% discount on all
her washing machines. In addition, the manufacturer
offers a $100 rebate on the purchase of a washing
machine. Let x represent the sticker price of the
washing machine.
a) Suppose only the 10% discount applies. Find a
function f that models the purchase price of the
washer as a function of the sticker price x.
b) Suppose only the $100 rebate applies. Find a
function g that models the purchase price of the
washer as a function of the sticker price x.
c) Find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓. What do these functions
represent? Which is the better deal?

Example 10
A stone is dropped in a lake, creating a circular ripple
that travels outward at a speed of 60 cm/s.

a) Find a function g that models the radius as a

function of time.
b) Find a function f that models the area of the circle
as a function of the radius.
c) Find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔. What does this function represent?

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Why?
SECTION 2.8 – One-to- • The
• What
topic of this section is inverse functions
is the relationship between a function and its inverse?
One Functions and Their • Doall functions have inverses?

Inverses • Why are inverse functions important?

• How are inverse functions used in Calculus?

♦ One-to-One Functions ♦ The Inverse of a Function ♦

Finding the Inverse of a Function ♦ Graphing the Inverse
of a Function ♦ Applications of Inverse Functions

Apply
The inverse of a function can be used to solve
applications.

If $10,000 is invested in an account that earns 5%

annual interest compounded continuously, how long
will it take for the amount to grow to $1 million?

One-to-One Functions Horizontal Line Test

DEFINITION OF A ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION THE HORIZONTAL LINE TEST
A function with domain A is called a one-to-one A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal
function if no two elements of A have the same line intersects its graph more than once.
image, that is,
𝑓 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 ) whenever 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 . • The vertical line test tells us if the graph is a graph
of a function
• If the graph is a function, then the horizontal line
test tells us if that function is also one-to-one
• Ifthe function is one-to-one, then it has an inverse that is
also a function

f is one-to-one g is not one-to-one

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 1
The graph of a function is given. Is the function also
one-to-one?

Example 2
Determine whether the function is one-to-one.

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥

b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 2

c) ℎ 𝑥 = 2 − 3𝑥

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Inverse Functions Example 3

DEFINITION OF THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION a) Assume that f is a one-to-one function.
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and i. If 𝑓 5 = 18, what is 𝑓 −1 (18)?
range B. Then its inverse function 𝒇−𝟏 has domain ii. If 𝑓 −1 4 = 2, what is 𝑓(2)?
B and range A and is defined by
𝑓 −1 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦. b) If 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥, with 𝑥 ≥ −2, find 𝑔−1 (5).

c) Use the graph to find the

indicated values.
i. 𝑔−1 (2)
ii. 𝑔−1 (5)
iii. 𝑔−1 (6)

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Inverse Function Property Example 4

DEFINITION OF THE INVERSE FUNCTION PROPERTY Determine if f and g are inverses of each other.
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and
range B. The inverse function 𝑓 −1 satisfies both of 1−𝑥 1
the following cancellation properties: a) 𝑓 𝑥 = ; 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥+1
𝒇−𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 for every x in A
(𝑥−2)3
𝒇 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒙 for every x in B b) 𝑓 𝑥 = ; 𝑔 𝑥 =
3
5𝑥 + 2
5
−1
Conversely, any function 𝑓 satisfying these
equations is the inverse of f.

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Finding the Inverse Example 5

HOW TO FIND THE INVERSE OF A ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION Find the inverse function of f.
1. Write 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
2. Interchange x and y. a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3
3. Solve this equation for y in terms of x (if
possible). 5𝑥−3
b) 𝑓 𝑥 =
4. The resulting equation is 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥). 2𝑥+1

3
c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−8

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Graphing the Inverse Function

GRAPHING THE INVERSE FUNCTION
The graph of the inverse function 𝑓 −1 is obtained by
reflecting the graph of f in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Example 6
a) Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 16 − 𝑥 2 for 𝑥 ≥ 0.

b) Use the graph of f to sketch the graph of 𝑓 −1 .

c) Find the formula for 𝑓 −1 .

Example 7
The function given in the graph is not one-to-one.

a) Restrict its domain so that the resulting function

is one-to-one.
b) Sketch the graph of the inverse function.
c) Find the formula for the inverse function.

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 MATH 1 – CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS – LECTURE NOTES

Example 8
For his services, a private investigator requires a
$500 retainer fee plus $80 per hour. Let x represent
the number of hours the investigator spends working
on a case.

a) Find a function f that models the investigator’s

fee as a function of x.
b) Find 𝑓 −1 . What does it represent?
c) Find 𝑓 −1 (1220). What does your answer
represent?

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