Index

Index terms
50 year return gust 214

Links

A
A-weighted filter acceleration potential accelerometer access active pitch control active power active stall active stall control actuator disc 529 125 486 374 351 439 475 355 42 103 125 471 506 506 142 151 36 358 220 407 378 339 286 484 531 443 262 476 476 302 486 505 304 309 145 152 147 149 150 51 104 80 105 84 109 96 110 358 142 154

actuators electric hydraulic added mass added turbulence aerodynamic braking system aerodynamic damping aerodynamic design aerodynamic noise aeroelastic instability

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609

610

Index terms
aerofoil 41 72 115 154 aerofoil data empirical air density air pressure measurement air temperature measurement air-gap all-weather access anemometer angle of attack 168 231 209 194 196 366 375 192 471 60 95 111 121 148 168 47 62 118 513 5 336 433 34 589 519 534 181 242 475 520 436 63 96 12 133 153 48 76 151 200 52 74 119 156 231 341 379 196 194

Links
60 75 120 160 394 204 202 203 205 63 93 140 161 65 112 148 164

201 64 100 115 139 160 50 88

202 72 103 116 140 164 54 113

204 73 104 119 142 165 59 117

angular momentum

annual Energy Calculation annual growth rate annual mean wind speed annulus gear ARMAX model assessment landscape of wind-farm noise assisted stall auto correlation function

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611

Index terms
automatic voltage controller (AVC) average wind speed axial flow induction factor 571 185 43 67 83 108 48 232 255 200 46 68 87 119 56

Links

59 75 93 121 97

63 78 95 133 132

65 80 98 145

axial induced velocity azimuth azimuthal binning

B
back-scattering background response balance-of-plant ball-screw band-pass filter Batchelor bearing distortion bearing friction bearing life benefit/cost ratio Bernoullis equation Bessel functions Betz limit bilinear approximation bilinear or Tustin approximation Biot-Savart law bird strikes birds, impact on blade chord 541 221 511 352 488 242 421 506 421 550 44 83 6 508 507 41 108 547 546 378 52 109 54 114 83 105 105 151 45 152 153 154 432 302 322

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612

Index terms
blade element theory blade feathering blade geometry optimum parameter blade pitch set angle blade pitching rate blade resonance blade root fixings blade structural design blade structure blade twist distribution blade weight blade-tower clearance blade-passing frequency bolt fatigue stresses bolt load increment bolted flange joint bound vorticity boundary layer 60 126 351 377 379 71 173 421 407 379 417 377 379 378 74 333 218 372 461 462 461 57 13 139 162 360 447 450 447 445 442 18 140 164 339 373 426 410 405 72 180 61 137

Links
78 141 103 147 115 154

76 181

90 184

454

488

59 156 165

63 160 167

66 161 170

brake, parking brake design high-speed shaft low-speed shaft torque brake disc temperature rise brake duty

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613

Index terms
brake pads brake, mechanical braking, two level braking loads braking system, aerodynamic broad range variable speed Brush buckling 444 360 450 427 358 362 1 381 405 431 443 441

Links

476

505

413

456

464

C
cables callipers Campbell diagram capacitor, power factor correction capacity factor carrier to interference ratio (C/I) cash flow CENELEC centrifugal force centrifugal loads centrifugal relief centrifugal stiffening centrifugal stresses certification chord distribution, optimized circulation 369 443 267 559 551 542 553 191 271 236 236 259 443 210 338 52 91 112 163 494 472 67 96 148 70 103 150 78 104 151 86 108 152 267 449 283 358 259

closed-loop closed-loop controller

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614

Index terms
coefficient of performance coherence functions Coleman combined periodic and random components commercial structure competitive auctions complex terrain compliance component cost composites coning connection charges deep and shallow constant life diagram constant speed operation contact stress control, supervisory control system controller, closed-loop controller gain controller objective cooling Coriolis Coriolis forces Coriolis parameter cost function cost modeling Cp tracking Cp performance curve 343 249 27 104 113 253 553 555 37 485 330 381 237 601 387 25 196 429 472 471 472 493 478 437 18 12 19 502 329 483 173 174 333 16 494 502 391 78 334 107 126

Links

108 133

111 137

112

342

177

178

189

20

177

183

185

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615

Index terms
CQ performance curve critical buckling stress critical load case for tower base cross correlation function cross-correlations cross-over frequency cross-spectrum normalized cut-in wind speed cut-out wind speed cycle counting, fatigue cyclic pitch control 65 413 300 241 317 26 497 27 318 179 188 293 492 187 248 323 176 417

Links
456 276 297 306

D
Damage Equivalent Load damper, tuned mass damping aerodynamic coefficients negative ratio structural Danish wind turbine concept data acquisition delay operator Delta 3 angle Delta 3 coupling delta winding design tip speed ratio deterministic and stochastic components, combination of 311 412 365 220 407 408 349 262 221 3 196 507 349 271 571 71 288 77 90 92 197 204 407 309 262 410 316 309 407 372 262 476 302 486 304 309 348

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616

Index terms
deterministic loads deterministic rotor loads diameter, optimum machine digital controller direct-drive generators directivity Dirlik discrete controller discrete gust models discretization dispersed generation diurnal diurnal variations doubly-fed induction generators downslope winds downwind configuration drag coefficient drag factor Dragts correction drive-train compliance dynamics model torsional flexibility DS 472 dynamic analysis codes finite-element method step-by-step dynamic factor dynamic magnification 282 281 264 301 269 271 303 228 304 332 507 366 535 290 507 215 507 568 16 12 442 13 373 63 219 300 200 366 370 427 364 372 211 222 427 201 116 253 368 280

Links
294

119

159

168

226

357

279

292

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617

Index terms
dynamic response dynamic stall 220 412 256

Links
308 313

E
E-glass earthing ecological assessment economic aspects economies of scale eddy viscosity efficiency electric actuator electrical distribution networks electrical protection electrical systems Electricity Feed-in-Law electromagnetic interference (EMI) ellipsoidal co-ordinates embedded generation emergency shut-down emergency stop EMI, prediction of EMI problems empirical aerofoil data endurance limit energy capture gains recovery period yield 77 192 361 7 331 333 335 338 343 173 199 175 202 179 378 185 384 562 545 598 329 35 438 506 570 590 559 555 538 127 568 431 473 541 540 231 429 341 394 443 142 143 441

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618

Index terms
Environmental Statement epicyclic arrangement epoxy equilibrium wake equivalent circuit, negative phase sequence equivalent load Eurocode 3 exceedance level, LA90 extreme gust extreme loads extreme values extreme wind speeds 517 433 389 142 582 403 458 530 32 214 253 30 147

Links

148

252

F
FACT database fail-safe component fatigue criticality fatigue cycle counting fatigue design of gear teeth of shafts fatigue evaluation by distortion energy method by maximum shear method fatigue load spectrum fatigue loading fatigue loads, in-plane fatigue properties of wood laminates fatigue spectra combination 424 424 212 218 399 212 385 391 311 309 404 309 287 387 459 403 293 458 428 432 459

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619

Index terms
fatigue strength fatigue stress ranges fatigue stresses fault conditions fault current faults fibre volume fraction fictitious grid field testing finance financial close fine pitch finite-element analysis finite-element methods fixed pitch fixed speed operation flapwise bending moment flexural rigidity flicker shadow flow separation forbidden zones forward-scattering foundation, mono-pile piled slab Fourier transform free yaw frequency converter frequency domain 384 310 287 212 591 218 384 589 190 549 554 351 423 283 178 360 396 414 484 527 66 161 544 541 467 466 465 244 477 362 239 441 282 68 162 400 416 581 179 479 437 192 473

Links

451 180 181

139 164

158 167

160

477 313

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620

Index terms
frequency response function Fresnel zone friction coefficient friction velocity frozen turbulence hypothesis frozen wake full-span pitch control fuzzy controllers 498 314 540 444 19 242 141 354 504 240 21

Links

252

273

G
gain margin gain schedule gamma function gear meshing gear ratio optimum gear stage gear volume gearbox cost gearbox, integrated Gedser generalized load generalized mass generator mounting generators direct-drive doubly-fed induction induction synchronous variable slip induction wound rotor induction 366 442 364 364 363 483 477 490 438 368 497 498 185 435 424 433 433 434 343 366 1 257 257 369 268 371 437 430

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621

Index terms
geographical variation geostrophic drag law geostrophic wind GL rules glass/epoxy glass/polyester Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) Glauert 12 20 18 210 465 384 384 384 51 85 103 117 387 424 441 283 236 556 214 443 562 512 31 29 215 215 241 427 effect gust speed gyroscopic loads 214 214 238 253 290 217 448 404 433 56 86 106 133 34 20 357

Links
37 387 389 403

66 99 107 137

67 101 112

84 102 113

Goodman diagram Goodman relation Graetz Bridge gravity loading gravity loads Green Certificates grid loss grounding Guidelines for Wind Energy Development Gumbel distribution gust factor gust loading gust models, discrete gust slicing

300

394

427

351

356

401

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622

Index terms H
H controller harmonic currents harmonics helical gears helical vortex helicoidal vortex sheet high speed shaft high-speed shaft brake design historical development hollow shaft hub dishing moment hub dishing moment due to stochastic loading Hutter hydraulic actuator hydraulic cylinder hydrological study 504 581 588 436 52 81 369 447 1 352 296 297 1 506 352 517 358 78 84

Links

81 85 91 92

I
impact factor impact on birds impact on the generation system in-plane fatigue loads individual pitch control induced velocity, axial tangential induction factor axial flow 43 67 83 108 46 68 87 119 59 75 93 121 63 78 95 133 65 80 98 145 214 546 604 404 492 48 47 56 48 97 57 132 222

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623

Index terms
induction factor (Continued) tangential flow induction generators inertia loads infinite life torque inflow angle, or flow angle 47 119 364 236 429 52 78 121 ingress moisture installations integral length scale integrated gearbox integrator desaturation integrator wind-up interface protection interference regions internal rate of return (IRR) International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) International Energy Agency (IEA) islanding isotropic turbulence 389 511 242 366 480 480 596 544 550 190 357 191 197 592 28 204 392 192 594 323 371 508 508 57 80 438 75 438

Links
83 86 95

69 85

72 87

77 90

437

205 397 193

209 404 195

215 443 196

K
Kaimal Kaimal power spectrum Kalman filter Khaya ivorensis Kinner KP1/l performance curve 22 23 486 389 125 177 126 178 143 185 145 186 154 404 303 502 315

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624

Index terms
Kutta condition Kutta-Joukowski theorem 164 41 54

Links
70 80 163

L
LaCour laminate specially orthotropic symmetric land and sea breezes landscape assessment Laplace equation operator transforms variable lattice steel towers lattice towers Legendre polynomial length scales integral life factor lift coefficient 126 479 495 494 523 464 128 23 242 429 71 140 219 71 169 lifting line theory lightning damage frequency flashes protection limit-state design 99 563 566 566 565 212 72 141 239 72 170 100 109 74 167 75 116 169 76 119 170 77 323 129 134 153 506 1 414 414 413 13 519 16 520

lift/drag ratio

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625

Index terms
line-drop compensation (LDC) linear acceleration method linearity assumption linearized model load cases load paths load-duration curves local speed ratio Loewy wake-spacing function logarithmic decrement longitudinal stiffness modulus losses low-speed shaft brake design LQG controller 572 264 240 254 493 214 422 426 49 154 220 385 599 366 450 502 262 392 255

Links

302

316

M
machine rating mass flow rate material safety factors mean strain mean stress level MEASNET measure-correlate-predict (MCP) measurement air pressure air temperature mechanical brake mechanical noise 333 41 100 388 387 404 399 191 514 534 194 196 360 531 589 196 194 204 202 203 205 193 196 43 101 392 48 117 403 83 447 97

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626

Index terms
meteorogical forecast method of bins micrositing Miners rule Mod-0 Mod-5B modal analysis modal damping coefficient mode shape purification modeling moisture content moisture, ingress momentum theory mono-pile foundation Musgrove 34 183 515 388 1 1 223 283 409 224 259 541 389 389 46 116 467 2 392 438 61 228 256 313 411 258 197

Links
199 200

262

276

281

69

65

96

N
nacelle bedplate nacelle Loading narrow range variable speed natural frequency near wake region negative damping negative phase sequence equivalent circuit negative pitch control net present value network loss neural networks 450 298 362 258 36 349 582 355 550 573 504 407 410 442 261

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627

Index terms
neutral stratification New Electricity Trading Arrangements (NETA) Newmark NOABL airflow model noise aerodynamic limits mechanical of wind-farm propagation wind-turbine non-dimensional time non-linear gains normal induced velocity normal shut-down normal turbulence model normalized co-spectrum normalized cross spectrum notch filter nuisance tripping number of blades 18 556 264 513 361 339 537 531 534 536 531 145 500 97 427 395 318 318 484 585 340 499 397 100 146 435 484

Links

439 531

528

151 105

152 132

O
observers on-load tap changers open-access open-loop optimal blade design optimal feedback state optimized chord distribution optimum blade geometry 501 571 599 494 68 502 486 338 379 502 75 77 87

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628

Index terms
optimum gear ratio optimum machine diameter optimum machine size optimum rated wind speed optimum rotational speed optimum tip speed ratio orthogonal mode shapes orthogonality condition out-of-plane bending moment overspeed 433 332 330 335 339 481 259 257 394 213 400 358 261

Links

443

448

473

P
pad rubbing speed parallel shaft arrangement parking brake partial safety factors partial-span pitch control passive pitch control passive stall control payback period peak aerodynamic torque peak factor performance measurement periodic coefficients periodic loading permitted noise levels persistence forecast per-unit system phase advance phase margin photomontage 443 433 360 212 354 355 350 550 448 222 190 279 264 537 33 573 499 497 524 526 253 191 283 267 289 303 193 324 207 398

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629

Index terms
PI controller PID controller piled foundation pitch actuation systems pitch actuators pitch angle 479 479 466 352 505 60 118 185 356 419 351 180 475 351 354 492 355 354 355 397 500 180 398 349 254 300 179 181 133 433 433 517 145 181 351 185 181 484 358 506 65 148 483 484

Links
485 490

70 179

72 180

77 181

schedules pitch bearing pitch change rates pitch control active full-span individual negative partial-span passive system pitch rate limits pitch regulation pitch response pitch-teeter coupling pitch-regulated machine pitch-regulation pitching to feather pitching to stall Pitt and Peters planet carrier planet gears planning application

182

184

188

195

209

395 182 154

400 475

426

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630

Index terms
ply poles poplar power coefficient 384 495 389 6 50 69 92 power curve power factor correction capacitor power flows power fluctuations power measurement power output power quality characteristics power spectra containing periodic components power spectrum Kaimal of blade root bending moment of rotor thrust of tip deflection von Karman power swings power system studies power transducer power versus wind speed curve pre-pregs pre-warping prediction EMI preloaded flanges preloading 303 270 306 269 23 351 579 480 178 385 508 534 541 462 420 421 187 242 315 341 559 573 426 196 6 484 589 291 580 202 416 497 391 44 55 77 98 351

Links

45 64 79 102

46 65 80 106

49 68 81 176

203

204

251

198

199

461

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631

Index terms
pressure drag pressure drop 63 161 42 63 59 129 437 198 549 511 553 384 389 596 461 441 555 200 66 166 46 64 106 131

Links
101 168 50 66 117 144 205 52 67 125 62 68 126 139 157

pressure fed lubrication probability distribution of wind speeds project appraisal project development project finance properties of composites properties of wood laminates protection, interface prying Pulse Width Modulation Public Utilities Requirements to Purchase Act (PURPA)

206

Q
quasi-steady aerodynamics quasistatic bending moments quasistatic response 148 227 316 149 152

R
R ratio radial velocity rainflow method raptors rate of change of frequency rated power rated wind speed optimum 386 58 293 546 597 330 215 335
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59

82

85

333 333

342 396 401 480

632

Index terms
Rayleigh distribution reactive power reactive power charges reduced frequency redundancy reservoir method resilient mountings resonance resonant bending moment resonant frequency resonant response resonant root bending moment resonant size reduction factor resonant tip response return on investment return period reverse loading Reynolds number Reynolds stress Richardson number rock anchors root locus plot root loss factor root vortex rotary transformer rotational sampling rotational speed optimum rotationally sampled cross spectra 247 14 362 600 152 561 293 436 267 228 488 316 320 301 220 550 214 386 72 29 24 466 488 87 52 114 505 284 338 339 341 54 118 496 391 75 365

Links
440

159

168

499 57 94 113

343

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633

Index terms
rotationally sampled (Continued) cross spectrum spectrum rotor blade theory rotor disc rotor hub rotor locking rotor thrust power spectrum rotor torque fluctuations standard deviation rotor whirl modes roughness length Runge-Kutta method 306 308 412 19 147 332 269 241 59 41 421 375 305 306 308 244

Links

345

S
S-N curve safety safety factor safety factors, material partial safety system scarf joints scuffing seasonal variations section modulus self-excitation self-tuning controllers sensitivity sensors 388 429 374 459 388 212 213 389 437 11 405 594 501 552 471 502 471 473 392 403 447 391 432 399 458 403 424

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634

Index terms
shadow flicker shaft brake shaft gravity moment shaft moment standard deviation shaft moments shaft tilt shear webs shell structure short-circuit or fault level shutdown simulations wind single-bladed turbines site investigations site selection size reduction factor skew angle skin thickness slab foundation SLEDGE sleeved joints slip slip rings slip speed slow voltage variations Smith-Putnam sociological aspects soft towers soft-start unit 527 473 297 296 294 232 380 380 572 472 255 249 346 517 512 302 103 333 465 359 460 372 363 364 573 1 527 374 588 439 505 320 112 339 282 271 299

Links

392

400

404 292 401

323 133 381 137

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635

Index terms
solidity 51 139 338 sound power level, LW sound pressure level, LP spatial variation specially orthotropic laminate specific power spectral analysis spectral gap speed exclusion zones speed-up factor spheroidal graphite iron splash lubrication splice plates spoilers spur gears square-cube law stable stable stratification stall 528 528 26 414 337 284 12 485 38 418 437 460 359 436 329 18 18 41 93 168 181 delay regulation 138 179 186 489 stall control, passive stall-regulated machines stall-regulation standard air conditions 350 300 476 195 350 63 94 173 182 139 180 189 421 17 52 174

Links
63 175 71 176 125 177

445

65 138 176 183 140 181 195

72 139 178 185 231 183 201

74 141 179 200 185 209

381

392

400

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636

Index terms
star connection start-up state estimator stationary blade loading stationary blade loads Statistical Energy Analysis statistical prediction step response step-by-step dynamic analysis step-by-step solution stiff towers stochastic loading stochastic loads stochastic rotor thrust fluctuations stochastic tower bending moments Stodola method strain gauges strain-life regression Lines stream-tube strength-to-stiffness ratio strength-to-weight ratio structural damping structural loads structural properties sun gear supervisory control support mechanisms surface roughness swept area switch-fuse 571 472 486 219 398 436 33 497 264 277 374 289 228 306 305 258 492 386 41 67 407 381 221 478 381 433 472 555 18 336 593 35 262 42 80 260 239 271 502

Links

279

292

255

268

296

43 119

44

45

309

407

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637

Index terms
symmetric laminate synchronous generators synchronous speed synoptic variations 413 364 438 11 16

Links

T
tangential flow induction factor tangential induced velocity Tarifa Taylors hypothesis teeter angle extreme value power spectrum teeter end stops teeter excursions teeter hinge load relief teeter loads teeter natural frequency teeter response to deterministic loads to stochastic loads teeter stability television relay links Theodorsens function three-bladed machine thrust coefficient thrust, or axial force, coefficient thyristor soft-start unit tilting moment coefficient 273 274 349 540 115 341 35 46 130 559 136 146 66 133 95 146 96 147 101 173 152 153 154 275 274 349 271 344 347 239 271 347 47 119 47 546 27 75 48 83 57 86 95

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638

Index terms
time domain methods time histories tip blade deflection optimum loss power spectrum relief speed speed ratio vortex tip-loss factor tooth bending stress torque coefficient control demand oscillations torque-endurance curves torsional vibration tower base, critical load case for tower base fore-aft bending moment tower coupling doorways height loading natural frequency resonant excitation 276 463 455 300 454 301 460 64 476 484 372 429 488 300 309 431 491 491 176 355 405 481 341 269 435 339 7 79 79 87 429 49 110 80 89 347 358 249 282 252 292

Links

84 92

85 117

86 154

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639

Index terms
tower (Continued) shadow shadow loading stiffness tie-down tubular vibration weight towers, lattice steel stiff trade winds transfer function transformer tubular towers tuned absorbers tuned mass damper tuning turbine wake turbulence 120 280 374 463 455 478 334 523 374 13 494 560 455 437 412 460 35 12 161 199 400 17 404 395 22 539 539 450 341 361 211 541 397 17 162 200 452 21 486 233

Links
266 373

42 179 213 492 209

66 192 241

141 198 395

intensity models normal spectra TV rebroadcast links (RBL) TV reception two level braking two-bladed machine two-speed operation ultimate loads

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640

Index terms U
unstable unstable stratification unsteady flow upwind configuration use-of-system charges 18 18 141 149 373 602 142 150

Links

145 152

147 154

148

V
vacuum bagging variable slip induction generator variable speed broad range variable speed operation narrow range variable-speed wind turbines vector-shift relays Veers velocity deficit vibration sensor vibrations in stall visual visual appearance voltage control flicker level source converter unbalance voltage variations, slow 600 586 560 589 582 573 362 25 362 362 588 597 250 35 471 407 519 346 474 283 441 68 441 442 184 477 189 481 196 488 385 363 477 490

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641

Index terms
von Karman constant power spectrum vortex cylinder 22 19 23 51 117 242 53 404

Links

251 58 103 104

W
Wagner function wake 151 42 51 59 79 85 235 35 65 47 83 117 turbulence intensity wake, or flow, expansion 36 51 103 110 121 watchdog timer Weibull distribution Weibull function Weibull scale factor Weibull shape factor welding imperfections wind atlas wind direction measurement wind farms 474 14 185 185 185 456 512 194 511
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153 43 52 62 80 87 46 53 63 81 97 47 56 65 82 100 50 57 66 84 142

effects losses mixing rotation

92 51 85 56 111 59 113 62 115

52 104 111 122 30

55 107 112

58 108 113

59 109 119

642

Index terms
wind shear 19 207 295 wind simulation wind speed measurement wind vane wind-power capacity wind-turbine noise windmill brake state wire frames WISPER wood laminates, fatigue properties wood veneer wound rotor induction generators 249 193 471 6 531 68 524 388 391 389 483 526 34 215 299 271 194

Links
120 233 332 292 196 193 267 348 401 206 202 274

Y
Yaw fixed free friction damped soft yaw angle 453 453 453 453 97 106 133 145 yaw brake yaw control yaw drive yaw error yaw misalignment yaw moments yaw offset 453 356 451 204 299 348 401
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98 120 135 146 477 392 452

99 124 136 396

101 125 137 400

103 132 138

395

452

643

Index terms
yawed flow yawing moment coefficient 231 134 135

Links
146

Z
zero-upcrossing frequency zeros zones of visual impact (ZVI) 222 495 524 324

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