CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

San Carlos San Luis National High School, located in San Carlos San Luis Pampanga, is

a prominent educational institution with a diverse student population. The school has

consistently aimed for academic excellence and holistic development of its students. However, in

recent years, there has been growing interest in understanding the role of parental involvement in

the academic and personal growth of Grade 12 students within this specific educational context.

The importance of parental involvement in a student's education cannot be overstated.

Numerous studies have shown that active parental engagement positively influences student

achievement, attendance, behavior, and overall well-being. While there is a wealth of research on

this topic globally, there is a need to explore the unique dynamics and challenges of parental

involvement in the context of San Carlos San Luis National High School.

According to Llego (2022), parental involvement is defined as parents' involvement in

their children's education at home and at school. This can include assisting with schoolwork,

attending school events and parent-teacher conferences, engaging in decision-making processes,

and contacting the child's teacher on a regular basis. Parental involvement is crucial to children's

educational achievement. Children are more likely to do well in school and have better social and

emotional development when their parents are active in their education. Student achievement,

self-esteem, and behavior improve when parents are involved. It also aids in the development of

strong relationships between parents and their child's school.

Existing research has established a general link between parental involvement and

improved student outcomes. However, there is limited local research that delves into the specific
nuances of parental involvement at this school. Factors such as the socio-economic background

of parents, cultural influences, and the school's own policies and practices may all play a role in

shaping the nature and impact of parental involvement.

Therefore, this study aims to investigate the extent and nature of parental involvement

among Grade 12 students at San Carlos San Luis National High School and its direct and indirect

effects on their academic performance, attendance, and personal development. It also seeks to

identify any barriers or facilitators to parental involvement unique to this educational setting.

According to Lukman (2021), academic performance is a major worry for students,

parents, teachers, and officials not only in our country but also in many other Latin American

countries and continents. The complexities of academic success begin with its conceptualization.

It is also known as school preparation, academic achievement, and school performance;

however, the distinction between the ideas is only explained by semantics because they are

synonyms. Academic performance should be used in university populations and school

performance in traditional and alternative basic education populations, according to convention.

We will only mention a few examples because definitions vary. Many authors believe that

performance in school is the consequence of learning, which is prompted by the teacher's

teaching activity and created by the student. Academic performance is defined as "the product

provided by students, which is typically expressed through school grades." Academic

performance is a measure of a person's indicative and responsive abilities, which indicate, in an

estimated way, what he or she has learned as a result of an educational or training process.

Academic performance entails meeting the goals, milestones, and objectives established in the

program or course that a student is enrolled in. These are expressed as grades, which are the

result of an evaluation that includes passing or failing specific tests, subjects, or courses.
Academic performance can also be defined as the level of knowledge demonstrated in a certain

field or subject in comparison to the norm, and it is typically measured using the grade point

average.

While the positive impact of parental involvement on academic achievement, attendance,

and behavior has been well-documented in the literature, the specific dynamics of parental

involvement at San Carlos San Luis National High School remain to be explored. This study

aims to contribute to the existing body of research by conducting a quantitative analysis of the

relationship between parental involvement and the academic performance, attendance, and

behavior of Grade 12 students at this institution.

By conducting this research, we hope to provide valuable insights to the school

administration, teachers, parents, and policymakers on how to strengthen parental involvement

programs and ultimately enhance the educational experience and outcomes of Grade 12 students

in this institution. This study is significant not only for San Carlos San Luis National High

School but also for the broader field of education, as it contributes to our understanding of the

complex interplay between parental involvement and student success in a specific cultural and

socio-economic context.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine of the impact of parental involvement on academic

performance of the Grade 12 Students in San Carlos San Luis National High School for the

school year 2023-2024.

Specifically, this study will seek answer to the following questions:

1. How can the parental involvement of the respondents be described?

2. How can the academic performance of the respondents be described?

 3. Does parental involvement have a significant impact on the academic performance of

the respondents?

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of this study is to determine impact of parental involvement on the students’

academic performance. This study will help to gain more knowledge. This study gives more

details about the importance of parental involvement on the study. The primary subjects of this

research study will consist of the grade 12 students enrolled in academic year 2023-2024 in their

1st semester. The respondents will be limited to the grade students in San Carlos San Luis

National High School.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of parental involvement on the

academic performance of Grade 12 Senior High students. The students' overall development is

significantly impacted by parental participation, which also affects their achievement, well-

being, and moral character. This investigation can improve our knowledge of the students'

academic behavior, and it is relevant to the following beneficiaries:

To the Learners. This study is beneficial for students as it encourages them to be more

proactive when it comes to studying. When they realize the significance of their parent’s

involvement it motivates them to put in effort aim for goals and excel academically. This study

emphasizes the importance of both student’s hard work and the support they receive from their

parents in achieving success.

To the Teachers. This study serves as an eye-opener for teachers, helping them better

understand the behavior of students in the school. When educators possess an understanding of

student behavior it equips them to excel in their classroom duties. They can adapt their teaching
methods to cater to the needs of their students thereby enhancing the learning experience, for all

individuals involved.

To the Parents. The findings of this study may help parents better understand how their

relationship with their children can impact their academic performance. Parents have the power

to make decisions when it comes to supporting their children with their academic tasks. By

engaging in conversations demonstrating care and concern and fostering a nurturing environment

for learning within the confines of their home parents can significantly contribute to their

children's success, in school. Facilitate their growth as diligent students.

To School. This study can enhance policymakers' ability to make more informed

decisions about parental involvement in schools. This way, they can make rules and plans that

make schools better for everyone. this can be like a guide for the big decision-makers to make

schools even better.

To the Future Researchers. This research is designed to provide insights for future

researchers who want to explore this topic further. It can give them ideas and help them avoid

making the same mistakes. They can build on what we've learned and go even deeper into this

topic. It's like a helpful tool to make their work easier and better.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides a detailed review of significant related literature and studies. The

conceptual framework also includes the study's structure, as well as the hypothesis and definition

of terms.

Related Literature

Academic Performance. Higher Academic Performance is almost universally regarded

as beneficial. As a result, improved academic achievement has been heralded as a panacea for a

variety of societal evils, including socioeconomic inequity. Inequality, economic growth,

unemployment, and, last but not least, stunted social mobility and a defunct meritocracy (Sandel,

2020).

Parental Involvement. There is a widespread notion in society that parental participation

has a significant positive impact on students' academic performance. Student learning occurs not

just in schools but also in the contexts of families and communities are extremely important (Ma,

Shen, Krenn, Hu & Yuan, 2016). However, Barger and colleagues (2019), emphasize the value

of parents participating in school events, as this form of parental involvement is linked to

students' educational achievement, engagement, and motivation. Moreover, parental engagement

is characterized as being aware of and involved in schoolwork, knowing the relationship between

parental abilities and student academic success, and a dedication to pupils (Nadenge, 2015).

According to Levanda (2017), includes a wide range of activities that parents do in to

help their children achieve academic achievement in school. These activities include parenting

style, parental expectations and ambitions, home rules and parental supervision, attitudes toward
their children's activities, homework assistance, meeting with teachers at school, and ideas about

their child's education.

Furthermore, according to Blondal and Adalbjarnardottir (2014), During these crucial

years, students frequently make their own decisions. It is least advantageous to students when

their parents are heavily involved in their academic lives. On the other hand, according to Crosby

and colleagues (2013), It was underlined that parents' political and social conditions had a

substantial impact on their children's academic achievement.

Relevant Studies

According to Fan and Chen, (2013). Parental involvement and students' academic

achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 26(3), 1-34. This meta-analysis

examined 37 studies on parental involvement and academic achievement. The findings suggest a

positive relationship between parental involvement and student outcomes across various grade

levels and socioeconomic backgrounds.

In addition to that, Duhai and Singh, (2013). Parental involvement and academic

achievement of immigrant students in Canada: A literature review. Canadian Social Science,

9(2), 36-47. This review focuses specifically on the academic achievement of immigrant

students. It highlights the importance of parental involvement in their educational journey and

suggests that it positively influences their academic outcomes.

Sui-Chu and Willms, (2015). Effects of parental involvement on eighth-grade

achievement. Sociology of Education, 74(1), 59-69. This study analyzed survey data from 3,435

students to investigate the effects of parental involvement on eighth-grade achievement. The

results indicate that parental involvement, including monitoring homework and attending school

events, positively influences academic performance.

 The study conducted by Valazza and Berrone. (2017). Parental involvement,

academic performance, and students' career aspirations: A moderated mediation model. Current

Psychology, 36(3), 1-9. This research explored the relationship between parental involvement,

academic performance, and students' career aspirations. The findings suggest that parental

involvement indirectly affects career aspirations through its impact on academic performance.

In addition to that, DePlanty and Duchane, (2016). Moderating the link between

parental involvement and academic achievement: The role of student motivation. The Journal of

Educational Research, 109(6), 740-753. This study explored the relationship between parental

involvement, student motivation, and academic achievement. It found that the effect of parental

involvement on academic achievement was stronger for students with higher levels of

motivation.

A similar study, by Jeynes, (2018): The study investigated the relationship between

parental involvement and academic achievement across racial and ethnic groups. The results

indicated that parental involvement positively affected academic performance, regardless of race

or ethnicity.

Hill and Tyson, (2015). This longitudinal study examined how different aspects of

parental involvement (e.g., communication, monitoring homework) influenced students'

educational outcomes. The findings suggested that parental involvement contributed to higher

academic achievement.

Desforges and Abouchaar, (2003): This meta-analysis looked at numerous studies on

parental involvement and academic achievement. The analysis concluded that students whose

parents were involved in their education tended to have better academic outcomes.
Conceptual Framework

The focus of this study is to find out to determine the impact of parental

involvement on academic performance of the Grade 12 Students in San Carlos San Luis National

High School for the school year 2023-2024. The IV-DV model was used presented in Figure 1.

Parental Involvement Academic Performance

Figure 1 Paradigm of the study

Figure 1 Illustrates the Conceptual Framework that labels the flow of Parental

Involvement on Academic Performance. Parental Involvement used is the independent variable

while the academic performance is the research’s dependent variable. These two variables are

directly related based on the research’s empirical evidence.

Hypothesis

This study will be conducted to find out of the impact of parental involvement

on academic performance.

Null: There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of senior high school

students and The Impact of Parental Involvement on Academic Performance of Grade 12

students: A Quantitative Analysis

Alternative: There is a significant difference between the satisfaction level of Senior High

School students and The Impact of Parental Involvement on Academic Performance of Grade 12

students: A Quantitative Analysis

Definition of Terms

This part of the study presents the operational definition of the following terms.

Academic Achievement. Academic outcomes that indicate the extent to which a student

has achieved their learning goals. Accomplishments alludes to the culmination and fulfillment of

a specific level of an understudy can accomplish after a progression of schooling or preparing,

while execution alludes to the consequence of an assessment in a subject or an entire course.

(Lamas, 2015)

Academic Performance. The measurement of student achievement across various

academic subjects. Utilized reciprocally with "understudy achievement," it incorporates

scholastic accomplishment, fulfillment of learning goals, securing of wanted abilities and

capabilities, fulfillment, diligence, and post-school execution. (Kuh, 2015)

Academic Struggle. Trouble with completing homework and test in a timely manner,

difficulties with memory, attention, reading comprehension. The focus on tasks affects how

much time teachers devote to learning in subjects other than literacy and math, such as science,

art, languages and social studies. (Eidelson, 2014).

Lack of Parental Care. A failure to take proper and reasonable care of the premises and

any common areas. It is significant to get it the parental choice of non-parental care and to look

at the influencing components of child care choices. (Kensinger & flicker, 2018).

Parental Involvement. The participation of parents in regular, two ways, and meaningful

communication involving student academic learning and other school activities. Children whose

guardians are more included in their instruction have higher levels of scholastic execution than

children whose guardians are included to a lesser degree. (Richardsin, 2020).

 Parental Support. Parental behavior toward the Child such as praising, encouraging and

giving physical affection, which indicate to the Child that he or she is accepted and love. Family

arrangements can too be utilized as passage focuses for advancing school participation and

learning at all stages of childhood, but these require reinforcing to have an effect on advancing

impartial learning results. (Entwisle, Hayduk, Pedersen, Faucher, & Eaton, 2015).