Common Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6 p. 33
7 111 7 7
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
Etc.
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17
Conversion Among Bases
 The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100= 5

2 x 101= 20
1 x 102= 100
125

Base
Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Decimal
 Technique
 Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
 The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on
the right
 Add the results
Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Decimal
 Technique
 Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
 The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on
the right
 Add the results
Example
7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
 Technique
 Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of the
bit
 The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on
the right
 Add the results
Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary
 Technique
 Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
 First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
 Second remainder is bit 1
 Etc.
Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1

2 31 0
15 1
2
7 1
2
2 3 1

2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
Octal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Binary
 Technique
 Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary
representation
Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Binary
 Technique
 Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent
binary representation
Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Decimal to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Octal
 Technique
 Divide by 8
 Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
154 2
8
19 2
8
2 3
8
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Hexadecimal
 Technique
 Divide by 16
 Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
77 2
16
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
Binary to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
 Technique
 Group bits in threes, starting on right
 Convert to octal digits
Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Hexadecimal
 Technique
 Group bits in fours, starting on right
 Convert to hexadecimal digits
Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Hexadecimal
 Technique
 Use binary as an intermediary
Example
10768 = ?16

10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Octal
 Technique
 Use binary as an intermediary
Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1F0C16 = 174148
Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF
Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
Common Powers (1 of 2)
 Base 10 Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro  .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000
Common Powers (2 of 2)
 Base 2 Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally applies
 In the lab…
Example 1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =
Binary Addition (1 of 2)
 Two 1-bit values
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”
Binary Addition (2 of 2)
 Two n-bit values
 Add individual bits
 Propagate carries
 E.g.,
1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46