Laboratory Report

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Submitted By
Student Name Faizan Hassan
Student Id 2023486998
Section/Group CS-P
Programme B.Tech (CS&P)
Department Computer Science and Engineering
Session/Semester 2023-24/2303
Submitted To
Faculty Name Mr. Kanderp Narayan Mishra

SHARDA UNIVERSITY
Plot No. 32-34, Knowledge Park III,
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Sl No. Date Aim of the Experiment Signature Grade

/date
1. Write programs using the following system calls of LINUX
operating system: fork, exec, getpid, exit, wait, close, stat,
opendir, readdir.
2. Write programs using the I/O system calls of LINUX
operating system (open, read, write, etc)
3. Write C programs to simulate LINUX commands like ls, grep,
etc.
4. Write a program to create processes and threads.
5. Write a program solving the Producer-Consumer problem
using semaphores.
6. Write a program to implement the solution for the dining
philosopher’s problem.
7. Write a program to develop an application using Inter
process communication using shared Memory.
8. Write a program to implement process scheduling
mechanisms using FCFS & SJF.
9. Write a program to implement process scheduling
mechanisms using Priority & round-robin scheduling.
10. Write a program to implement the banker's algorithm.
11. Write a program to implement memory allocation using first
fit algorithm.
12. Write a program to implement memory allocation using best
fit algorithm.

Sl No. Date Value added Experiments Signature Grade

/date
1. Implement any file allocation technique (Linked, Indexed or
Contiguous)
2. Simulate Paging Technique of Memory Management

Name - Faizan Hassan

Sys ID - 2023486998
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
DATE:9/01/24
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Write programs using the following system calls of LINUX operating system: fork, exec, getpid,
exit, wait, close, stat, opendir, readdir.

Theory :

In computing, a system call (commonly abbreviated to syscall) is the programmatic way in

which a computer program requests a service from the operating system[a] on which it is
executed.

I. fork(): The use of the fork() system call is to create a new process by duplicating the
calling process. The fork() system call is made by the parent process, and if it is
successful, a child process is created.

PROGRAM FOR “FORK()” SYSTEM CALL:

1. #include <stdio.h>
2. #include <unistd.h>
3.
4. int main() {
5. pid_t child_pid;
6. child_pid = fork();// Create a child process
7. if (child_pid == 0) {
8. printf("Child process\n");
9. } else if (child_pid > 0) {
10. printf("Parent process\n");
11. } else {
12. perror("Fork failed");
13. }
14. return 0;
15. }

OUTPUT:

II. exec(): The exec system call in Linux is used to replace the current running process with
a new process. It is often used in conjunction with process creation functions like fork,
where a child process is created.

PROGRAM FOR “EXEC()” SYSTEM CALL:

1. #include <stdio.h>
2. #include <unistd.h>
3.
4. int main() {
5. pid_t process_id = getpid();// Get the process ID
6. printf("The process ID is %d\n", process_id);// Print the process ID
7. return 0;
8. }
Name - Faizan Hassan
Sys ID - 2023486998
OUTPUT FOR “EXEC()” SYSTEM CALL:

III. getpid(): The getpid() function returns the process ID of the calling process.

PROGRAM FOR “GETPID()” SYSTEM CALL:

1. #include <stdio.h>
2. #include <unistd.h>
3.
4. int main() {
5. pid_t process_id = getpid();// Get the process ID
6. printf("The process ID is %d\n", process_id);// Print the process ID
7. return 0;
8. }

OUTPUT FOR “GETPID()” SYSTEM CALL:

IV. exit():The exit command in Linux terminates the current shell session and logs the user
out of their current session.

OUTPUT FOR “EXIT()” SYSTEM CALL:

Name - Faizan Hassan

Sys ID - 2023486998
 V. wait(): The wait() command pauses execution until one or more child processes finish.

PROGRAM FOR “FORK()” SYSTEM CALL:

1. #include <stdio.h>
2. #include <stdlib.h>
3. #include <unistd.h>
4. #include <sys/wait.h>
5.
6. int main() {
7. pid_t pid = fork();
8.
9. if (pid < 0) {
10. // Fork failed
11. perror("Fork failed");
12. exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
13. } else if (pid == 0) {
14. // Child process
15. printf("Child process: My PID is %d\n", getpid());
16. printf("Child process: Sleeping for 2 seconds...\n");
17. sleep(2); // Simulate some work with sleep
18. printf("Child process: Exiting...\n");
19. exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
20. } else {
21. // Parent process
22. printf("Parent process: My PID is %d\n", getpid());
23. printf("Parent process: Waiting for child to finish...\n");
24.
25. int status;
26. wait(&status); // Wait for the child process to complete
27.
28. if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
29. printf("Parent process: Child exited with status %d\n",
WEXITSTATUS(status));
30. } else {
31. printf("Parent process: Child did not exit normally\n");
32. }
33.
34. printf("Parent process: Exiting...\n");
35. }
36.
37. return 0;
38. }

OUTPUT:

VI. close(): The close system call closes a file descriptor that was previously obtained by the
open system call.
Name - Faizan Hassan
Sys ID - 2023486998
PROGRAM FOR “CLOSE()” SYSTEM CALL:
1. ##include <stdio.h>
2. #include <stdlib.h>
3. #include <unistd.h>
4. #include <fcntl.h>
5.
6. int main() {
7. // Open a file for writing (create it if it doesn't exist)
8. int file_descriptor = open("example.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
9. if (file_descriptor < 0) {
10. perror("Error opening file");
11. exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
12. }
13. // Write some data to the file
14. const char *data = "Hello, World!\n";
15. ssize_t bytes_written = write(file_descriptor, data, 14); // 14 is the length of
the data
16.
17. if (bytes_written < 0) {
18. perror("Error writing to file");
19. close(file_descriptor); // Close the file before exiting
20. exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
21. }
22. printf("Data written successfully.\n");
23. // Close the file
24. if (close(file_descriptor) < 0) {
25. perror("Error closing file");
26. exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
27. }
28. printf("File closed successfully.\n");
29. return 0;
30. }

OUTPUT:

VII. stat():The stat system call in Linux is used to obtain information about a file, such as its
size, permissions, last access time, and more.
PROGRAM FOR “STAT()” SYSTEM CALL:
Name - Faizan Hassan
Sys ID - 2023486998
 1. #include <stdio.h>
2. #include <stdlib.h>
3. #include <sys/stat.h>
4. #include <time.h>
5.
6. int main() {
7. struct stat fileStat;
8. // Specify the file to get the information
9. const char *filename = "example.txt";
10. // Call stat() to get file information
11. if (stat(filename, &fileStat) < 0) {
12. perror("stat");
13. return 1;
14. }
15. // Print file information
16. printf("File: %s\n", filename);
17. printf("File size: %lld bytes\n", (long long)fileStat.st_size);
18. printf("Number of links: %hu\n", fileStat.st_nlink);
19. printf("File inode: %llu\n", (unsigned long long)fileStat.st_ino);
20. printf("File permissions: ");
21. printf((S_ISDIR(fileStat.st_mode)) ? "d" : "-");
22. printf((fileStat.st_mode & S_IRUSR) ? "r" : "-");
23. printf((fileStat.st_mode & S_IWUSR) ? "w" : "-");
24. printf((fileStat.st_mode & S_IXUSR) ? "x" : "-");
25. printf((fileStat.st_mode & S_IRGRP) ? "r" : "-");
26. printf((fileStat.st_mode & S_IWGRP) ? "w" : "-");
27. printf((fileStat.st_mode & S_IXGRP) ? "x" : "-");
28. printf((fileStat.st_mode & S_IROTH) ? "r" : "-");
29. printf((fileStat.st_mode & S_IWOTH) ? "w" : "-");
30. printf((fileStat.st_mode & S_IXOTH) ? "x" : "-");
31. printf("\n");
32. // Print the last access time
33. printf("Last access time: %s", ctime(&fileStat.st_atime));
34. // Print the last modification time
35. printf("Last modification time: %s", ctime(&fileStat.st_mtime));
36. // Print the last status change time
37. printf("Last status change time: %s", ctime(&fileStat.st_ctime));
38. return 0;
39. }

OUTPUT:

VIII. opendir(): The opendir system call in Linux is used to open a directory for reading. It
returns a pointer to a DIR structure, which represents the directory stream.

PROGRAM FOR “OPENDIR()” SYSTEM CALL:

1. #include <stdio.h>
2. #include <stdlib.h>
3. #include <dirent.h>

Name - Faizan Hassan

Sys ID - 2023486998
 4.
5. int main() {
6. // Specify the directory to open
7. const char *dirname = "OS"; // Replace "OS" with the directory you want to list
8. // Open the directory
9. DIR *dir = opendir(dirname);
10. if (dir == NULL) {
11. perror("opendir");
12. return EXIT_FAILURE;
13. }
14. // Read and print the directory contents
15. struct dirent *entry;
16. printf("Contents of directory %s:\n", dirname);
17. while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
18. printf("%s\n", entry->d_name);
19. }
20. // Close the directory
21. if (closedir(dir) < 0) {
22. perror("closedir");
23. return EXIT_FAILURE;
24. }
25. return EXIT_SUCCESS;
26. }

OUTPUT:

IX. readdir():The readdir system call in Linux is used to read directory entries from an open
directory stream.

PROGRAM FOR “READDIR()” SYSTEM CALL:

1. #include <stdio.h>
2. #include <stdlib.h>
3. #include <dirent.h>
4.
5. int main() {
6. // Specify the directory to open
7. const char *dirname = "."; // "." means the current directory
8. // Open the directory
9. DIR *dir = opendir(dirname);
10. if (dir == NULL) {
11. perror("opendir");
12. return EXIT_FAILURE;
13. }
14. // Read and print the directory contents
15. struct dirent *entry;
Name - Faizan Hassan
Sys ID - 2023486998
 16. printf("Contents of directory %s:\n", dirname);
17. while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
18. printf("%s\n", entry->d_name);
19. }
20. // Close the directory
21. if (closedir(dir) < 0) {
22. perror("closedir");
23. return EXIT_FAILURE;
24. }
25. return EXIT_SUCCESS;
26. }

OUTPUT:

Name - Faizan Hassan

Sys ID - 2023486998