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Chem Assignment Final

Chemistry assignment Jk

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15 views17 pages

Chem Assignment Final

Chemistry assignment Jk

Uploaded by

mahazabinturani8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment

Subject
Code: CHE 101 Course Title: Chemistry

Submitted To:
Dr. Md. Kamal Hossain

Course Teacher
Dept of GED
DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Submitted By:
Name:Meftahul Jannat Erani
ID: 0242310005081050
Section: BN1
 Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium is a state in which the rates
of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
The forward and reverse reactions are both
chemical reactions that occur at the same time
and in the same place.

 There are three types of chemical equilibrium:

1. Chemical equilibrium in a closed system


2. Chemical equilibrium in a reversible reaction
3. Chemical equilibrium in a reaction with a finite
rate

• Chemical equilibrium in a closed system is a


state in which the concentrations of the
reactants and products do not change with
time.
• In a reversible reaction is a state in which the
forward and also the reverse reactions are
both equilibrium reactions.
• Chemical equilibrium in a reaction with a
finite rate is a state in which the forward and
also the reverse reactions are not
equilibrium reactions.

Define Equilibrium
In chemistry, equilibrium is the state of balance
between opposing processes. It is a dynamic
state, meaning that it is not static, but always in
flux. In equilibrium, the rates of the forward and
reverse processes are equal.
 Homogeneous Chemical Equilibrium
In a chemical equilibrium, the rates of the forward
and reverse reactions are equal. Therefore this
means that the concentrations of the reactants
and products do not change with time.

 Heterogeneous Chemical Equilibrium


In heterogeneous chemical equilibrium, the
reactants and products are not all in the same
phase. There are two types of heterogeneous
chemical equilibrium:

• Solid-liquid equilibrium:
In this type of equilibrium,
the reactants and products are in different
phases, but both are in contact with each
other. The most common example is the
equilibrium between a solid and also a liquid,
such as the equilibrium between water and
ice.
• In this type of equilibrium, the
Gas-liquid equilibrium:

reactants and products are in different


phases, and they are not in contact with each
other. The most common example is the
equilibrium between a gas and a liquid, such
as the equilibrium between water vapor and
liquid water.
Conditions for Equilibrium
In order for a system to be in equilibrium, the
following three conditions must be met:
• The net force on the system is zero.
• The net torque on the system is zero.
• The system is in a state of constant velocity.
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
The following are the factors affecting chemical
equilibrium:
• Concentration of the reactants and
products
• Temperature
• Pressure
• And also physical state of the reactants and
products

Examples of Chemical Equilibrium


The following are examples of chemical
equilibrium:
• The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
to form water is in equilibrium.
• Reaction between carbon dioxide and also
water to form carbonic acid is in equilibrium.
• The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen
to form ammonia is in equilibrium.

Importance of Chemical Equilibrium


The importance of chemical equilibrium is that it
allows chemical reactions to take place at a
constant rate. However, without chemical
equilibrium, the rate of reaction would be
constantly changing, making it difficult to produce
products consistently.

The Equilibrium Constant


The equilibrium constant, K, expresses the
relationship between products and reactants of a
reaction at equilibrium with respect to a specific
unit.This article explains how to write equilibrium
constant expressions, and introduces the
calculations involved with both the concentration
and the partial pressure equilibrium constant.

Homogeneous Reactions
A homogeneous reaction is one where the states
of matter of the products and reactions are all the
same (the word “homo” means “same”). In most
cases, the solvent determines the state of matter
for the overall reaction. For example, the
synthesis of methanol from a carbon monoxide-
hydrogen mixture is a gaseous mixture, which
contains two or more substances:

CO(g)+2H2(g)⇌CH3OH(g) - - - - - - (1)
At equilibrium, the rate of the forward and
reverse reaction are equal, which is demonstrated
by the arrows. The equilibrium constant,
however, gives the ratio of the units (pressure or
concentration) of the products to the reactants
when the reaction is at equilibrium.
The synthesis of ammonia is another example of a
gaseous mixture:

N2(g)+3H2(g)⇌2NH3(g) - - - - - - (2)

Heterogeneous Reactions
A heterogeneous reaction is one in which one or
more states within the reaction differ (the Greek
word “heteros” means “different”). For example,
the formation of an aqueous solution of lead(II)
iodide creates a mixture dealing with particles in
both the solid and aqueous states:

PbI2(s)⇌Pb+2(aq)+2I−(aq) - - - - - - (3)
The decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate
(baking soda) at high elevations is another
example of a mixture, this reaction deals with
molecules in both the solid and gaseous states:

2NaHCO3(s)⇌Na2CO3(s)+H2O(g)+CO2(g) - - - - - (4)
C(s)+O2(g)⇌CO2(g) - - - - - - (5)
This difference between homogeneous and
heterogeneous reactions is emphasized so that
students remember that solids, pure liquids, and
solvents are treated differently than gases and
solutes when approximating the activities of the
substances in equilibrium constant expressions.
Equilibrium Constant of Activities
The thermodynamically correct equilibrium
constant expression relates the activities of all of
the species present in the reaction. Although the
concept of activity is too advanced for a typical
General Chemistry course, it is essential that the
explanation of the derivation of the equilibrium
constant expression starts with activities so that
no misconceptions occur. For the hypothetical
reaction:

bB+cC⇌dD+eE - - - - - - (6) the equilibrium


constant expression is written as
*The lower case letters in the balanced equation
represent the number of moles of each substance,
the upper case letters represent the substance
itself.
• If K>1 then equilibrium favors products
• If K<1 then equilibrium favors the reactants

Equilibrium Constant of Concentration


To avoid the use of activities, and to simplify
experimental measurements, the equilibrium
constant of concentration approximates the
activities of solutes and gases in dilute solutions
with their respective molarities. However, the
activities of solids, pure liquids, and solvents are
not approximated with their molarities. Instead
these activities are defined to have a value equal
to 1 (one).The equilibrium constant expression is
written as ,Kc as in the expression for the
reaction:

Here, the letters inside the brackets represent the


concentration (in molarity) of each substance.
Notice the mathematical product of the chemical
products raised to the powers of their respective
coefficients is the numerator of the ratio and the
mathematical product of the reactants raised to
the powers of their respective coefficients is the
denominator. This is the case for every
equilibrium constant. A ratio of molarities of
products over reactants is usually used when
most of the species involved are dissolved in
water. A ratio of concentrations can also be used
for reactions involving gases if the volume of the
container is known.

Equilibrium Constant of Pressure


Gaseous reaction equilibria are often expressed in
terms of partial pressures. The equilibrium
constant of pressure gives the ratio of pressure of
products over reactants for a reaction that is at
equilibrium (again, the pressures of all species are
raised to the powers of their respective
coefficients). The equilibrium constant is written
as Kp , as shown for the reaction:

• Where p Can have units of pressure (e.g., atm


or bar).
Conversion of Kc to Kp
To convert Kc to Kp, the following equation is
used:
Where:
• R=0.0820575 L atm mol-1 K-1 or
8.31447 J mol-1 K-1
• T= Temperature in Kelvin
• Δngas= Moles of gas (product) – Moles of Gas
(Reactant)

Equilibrium law
The principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a
reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the
forward reaction to the rate of the reverse
reaction is a constant for that reaction.
Relations between kp and kc:

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