DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Semester V PROJECT Proposal

Name of topic:
‘Arduino based automated braking control system to enhance road
safety’.

Student and Guide Details:

Project Group No :
Sr. Enrollment Rol Name of student Sign
no. No. l
No.
1 1900160376 33 Pandit Gaurav Ramkishan.
2 1901180049 62 Giri Dipak Padmakar.
3 1901180081 63 Pethkar Sumit Suresh.

Sr. Name of Teacher Sign

no.
1 Prof. V.B. Shep sir.
A) RATIONALE

An automatic braking system is an important part of safety technology for

automobiles. It is an advanced system, specifically designed to either
prevent possible collision, or reduce speed of the moving vehicle, prior to
a collision with another vehicle, pedestrian or an obstacle of some sort.
These systems combine sensors, such as radar, video, infrared or
ultrasonic to scan for possible objects in front of the vehicle, and then use
brake control to prevent collision if the object is, in fact, detected.

Automatic brakes are one of many car safety features, and are often
integrated with other technology, such as pre-collision systems and
adaptive cruise control. Now a days In India roughly accounts for just
about one percent of the global vehicle population however. It accounted
for about six percent of the total global road accidents. In 2018 there
where around 1st thousand deaths due to road accidents in India. The
scope of this project allowed for no test simulation at the actual
performance of current generation automatic emergency braking system.
The project has aimed to assess systems.

The project has aimed to distinguish between systems currently in

production and those future systems currently in development however
the rapidly developing market for such system has meant that some
system in development at the start at the project had reached production
by the end. Where reference is made to current production system it
should be considered to mean current at the start of the project and not
necessarily at the date of publication.
B) INTRODUCTION:

Countless mishaps today can be faulted for issues identified with the
slowing mechanisms of the vehicles. Once the vehicle is begun, it must
be ceased some place. Brakes are connected on the wheels to stop the
vehicle. Before applying the brakes, speeding up is discharged to stop the
fuel supply framework in this manner the motor builds up no more energy
to run the vehicle, and after that clutch is additionally withdraw which
associates the motor form transmission framework (1). In this manner,
when the vehicle is standing, the motor is as yet running at lingering.
Make enough deceleration to stop the vehicle as fast as the driver wishes,
without surpassing the drivers comfort level as to pedal exertion or pedal
travel.

The stopping mechanism coverts the dynamic vitality into warm

brakes are the most vital segment of a vehicle as they are the essential
source to convey the vehicle to an end. Inability to brake can bring about
a catastrophe and makers are progressively attempting to make braking
on their vehicles productive for better traveler wellbeing. Diverse vehicle
utilize distinctive sorts of brakes; while some utilize drum brake, some
utilize a circle brake and after that obviously there are connected which
quit moving of the wheels out and about and consequently the vehicle is
halted. The current arrangement of mishap avoidance utilizes liquor
finder, neck and head development, casualty investigation; these
advances have their impediments which should be destroyed. Driver
exhaustion is one such issue because of which mischance happen.
 Ultrasonic going and identifying gadgets influence utilization of
high-recurrence to sound waves to recognize the nearness of a question
and its range. These frameworks either measure the resound impression
of the sound waves from objects or distinguish the interference of the
sound shaft as the items go between the transmitter and collector. An
ultrasonic sensor regularly uses a transducer that creates an electrical
yield beat because of the got ultrasonic vitality. In such case, the even
opening edge must be no less than 8 degrees for a between vehicle
separation of 75 meter. The vertical opening is settled to be 1 degree and
is situated in such an approach to maintain a strategic distance from
blame perusing because of the street conditions. The thought is to keep
the mischance by computing the separation. There have been numerous
innovations to maintain a strategic distance from the mischance however
none of it utilized ultrasonic and corridor sensors. The constraints of
different innovations have been decreased to extraordinary degree. A
strategy for keeping a mishap utilizing an innovation is called ultrasonic.
This venture concentrates on building an easy to understand gadget that
spends significant time in distinguishing interruptions other than doing
short proximity hindrance discovery. Vehicle wellbeing can be enhanced
by reckoning a crash before it happens and in this way giving extra time
to convey security advances. Notices can resemble ringer if the driver is
moving toward a pothole or any
Hindrance, driver might be cautioned in cutting edge with respect to what
the street involves. The undertaking's definitive point in this manner
concluded as, one to construct a general, simple to-utilize and adaptable
framework that can counteract lethal mishaps. As found in the previously
mentioned issue with the convectional brakes the issue is emerges
because of the erosion between at least two rubbing parts.
 ● Introduction To Braking
A Brake is a mechanical device used to slowing or stopping a Moving
vehicle i.e. wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most Often
accomplished by means of friction. Stopping distance consists of three
factors:

1. Driver’s reaction time

2. Brake lag
3. Braking distance

“An object remains in its state of rest or in motion until and unless acted
upon by an external force” Newton’s first law of motion, this law by Sir
Isaac Newton gave rise to the development of braking system in an
automobile, developing an automobile vehicle not only requires the
power source but also the efficient braking system as higher the horse
power higher will be the brake force required to stop or de accelerate that
vehicle. This thought gave rise to many researches in the field of braking
and results in its evolution due to which today we have flexibility in
choosing a suitable braking system according to our need
.
In an automobile vehicle, a braking system is an arrangement of various
linkages and components (brake lines or mechanical linkages, brake drum
or brake disc, master cylinder or fulcrums etc.). That are arranged in such
a fashion that it converts the vehicle’s kinetic energy into the heat energy
which in turn stops or de accelerate the vehicle.

The conversion of kinetic energy into heat energy is a function of

frictional force generated by the frictional contact between brake shoes
and moving drum or disc of a braking system. It is the type of braking
system in which the brake force applied by the driver on brake pedal is
first converted into hydraulic pressure by master cylinder (for reference
read article on master cylinder) than this hydraulic pressure from master
cylinder is transferred to the final brake drum or disc rotor through brake
lines. Instead of mechanical linkages, brake fluid is used in hydraulic
brakes for the transmission of brake pedal force in order to stop or de
accelerates the vehicle.Almost all the bikes and cars on the road today are
equipped with the hydraulic braking system due to it high effectiveness
and high brake force generating capability.

The ULTRASONIC BRAKING SYSTEM, if executed in Auto it deflects

heaps of mishaps and can spare human lives and property. Execution of
such a propelled framework can be made mandatory like wearing of
safety belts with the goal that mischance's can be deflected to some
degree. Our Infrared Braking System gives a look into the eventual fate
of car wellbeing and the amount more propelled this individual
framework can be for staying away from mischances and ensuring
vehicle tenants when they are incorporated into one framework. The fate
of car security is more than simply building up another innovation; it is
moving the way to deal with wellbeing. ULTRASONIC BRAKING
SYSTEM approach speaks to a huge movement from the conventional
way to deal with wellbeing, yet it is crucial to accomplishing the
significant advantages.

The brake system takes the kinetic energy of your moving vehicle and
converts it to thermal energy through friction. That energy is used to slow
and stop your four-thousand-pound-plus metal machine. The concept is
the same; the equipment, well that is a bit more complex.
For instance, where a bicycle might use a cable to activate the brakes, a
car relies on hydraulics. A pump located in the engine bay, the master
cylinder, exerts force on the hydraulic oil in your brake lines every time
you step on the brake pedal. That force is felt at each corner of the vehicle
where clamping devices, the calipers, respond by squeezing a pair of
brake pads against spinning metal discs (the rotors) attached to each
wheel. The brake pads grab the rotors like those rubber pads grab a bike
wheel. The friction and heat produced bring the wheels - and your car - to
a stop.

While most vehicles on the road today feature four-wheel disc brake
systems, some older cars and trucks on the road (and some newer trucks)
have drum brakes. Usually used for the back wheels (although some
vehicles had four-wheel drum brakes years ago), drum brakes feature a
hollow cylinder (the drum) attached to the axle that spins with the wheel.
When you hit the brakes, a pair of brake shoes press against the inside of
the drum, as opposed to the outside of a rotor. Drum brakes can provide
more braking force than disc brakes of proportional size. They also last
longer and are cheaper to manufacture. But drum brakes are trickier to
service. And they are heavy, take a long time to dry off, and can overheat
quickly. Disc brakes have become standard on most modern vehicles.
Anti-Lock Brakes
Working right along with your brakes is the anti-lock brake system, or
ABS. When you brake suddenly in an urgent situation, on loose gravel, or
on a slippery surface, your wheels would tend to lock up, stop spinning. If
that happened, the amount of tire that is in contact with the road would be
reduced to a small patch of rubber. Not enough to stop you very well.
Certainly not enough to allow you to steer. When your front wheels stop
rotating, the ability to steer your vehicle goes away. Therefore, the ABS
is in place to prevent your tires from locking up.

A. LITERATURE SURVEY :

i. Klocke (1979) described the building of two experimental

planters, one using a smooth coulter and the other a ripple
edged coulter. Both types of coulters were followed by hoe
openers. The performance of the drills was satisfactory as
long as the seed was placed into adequate soil moisture.

ii. Bamgboye and Mofolasayo (2006) developed a manually

operated two-row Okra planter. The field efficiency and field
capacity were 71.75% and 0.36 ha/hr while seed rate was
0.36kg/hr with low average seed damage of 3.51%.

iii. Molin and D’ Agostin (1996) developed a rolling planter for

stony conditions, using 12 spades radially arranged with cam
activated doors and a plate seed meter. Performance
evaluation showed important improvement in the planting
operation with reduction in human effort, more accurate
stands and high field capacity.

iv. Ladeinde and Verma (1994) compared the performance of

three different models of Jab planters with the traditional
method of planting. In terms of field capacity and labour
requirement, there was not much difference between the
traditional planting method and the Jab planters.

v. Bamgboye and Mofolasayo tested a manually operated two

row okra planter developed from locally available materials.
The planter had a field capacity of 0.36 ha/h with a field
efficiency close to 72%. In this paper we are designing of an
advanced manual operated multi-crop seed planters, their
utilization methods advantages, disadvantages and the
 process involving to design and fabrication of these planters
for the purpose of utilization of poor farmers.

vi. Mahesh R. Pundkar and A. K. Mahalle is presented review

provides brief information about the various types of
innovations done in seed sowing machine available for
plantation. The seed sowing machine is a key component of
agriculture field. The performance of seed sowing device has
a remarkable influence on the cost and yield of agriculture
products.

vii.Kumar et, at. (1986) developed a manually operated seeding

attachment for an animal drawn cultivator. The seed rate was
43.2 kg/hr while the field capacity was 0.282 ha/hr.Tests
showed minimal seed damage with good performance for
wheat and barley. Adisa and Braide (2012) developed
template row crop planter.

viii. D. Ramesh and H. P. Girish Kumar presented review

provide brief information about the various types of
innovations done in seed sowing equipment. The basic
objective of sowing operation is to put the seed and seed in
rows at desired depth and seed to seed spacing, cover the
seeds with soil and provide proper compaction over the seed.

ix. Pranil V. Sawalakhe and et. al., are investigated the today’s
era is marching towards the rapid growth of all sectors
including the agricultural sector. To meet the future food
demands, the farmers have to implement the new techniques
which will not affect the soil texture but will increase the
overall crop production.

x. Mahesh R. Pundkar stated that the seed sowing machine is a

key component of agriculture field. high precision pneumatic
planters have been developed for many verities of crops, for
 a wide range of seed sizes, resulting to uniform seeds
distribution along the travel path , in seed spacing.

xi. P.P. Shelke concludes that bullock drawn planters are

becoming necessity for sowing as the skilled workers for
sowing are almost diminishing. Planting distance and plant
population are crucial factors in maximizing the yields of
crops.

C) PROBLEM DEFINITION:

1. Wrong amount:-
Overdoing some nutrients will interfere with the
uptake of others. For example, applying too much soluble
nitrogen can wash available calcium out of the soil. Land that
has been depleted of nutrients due to past farming practices and
crop removal can have poor production if too little fertilizer is
applied. Equipment calibration problems also fall into this
category.

2. Wrong place:-
If soluble fertilizer is placed on top of the ground it
can volatize or erode, and those nutrients are lost. Placing too
much soluble fertilizer or a fertilizer with a high salt index next
to the seed can inhibit root growth or dry out the roots. Another
problem I see is bulk spreading a starter fertilizer that would be
better placed down the row where the crop can access it.

3. Time Consuming:-
Another major problem occurring in the sowing seed
and fertilizing by manually is required much time. Which is
waste of time, the conventional method of spreading fertilizer
manually is require too much time.
4. Not following a consistent program:-
Some farmers are hit and miss with their sowing
and fertilizer program. They’ll apply calcium, sulfur and boron
some years but not others, when really those nutrients should be
applied every year. If a farmer has a limited budget, they need to
look at their major constraints and decide where to spend their
dollars to do the most good for the crop and the soils. They
should set up a program and determine the best time to take soil
tests, then make their soil correctives and determine when and
how much crop fertilizer to apply.

The basic objective of the sowing operation is to put the

seed and fertilizer in rows at desired depth and seed to seed
spacing. Cover the seed with soil and provide proper
compaction over the seed. The recommended seed to seed
spacing and depth of seed placement vary from crop to crop and
for different agro-climate conditions to achieve optimum yields.
But many mechanical factors, which affect seed germination
and emergence, are:

a) Uniformity of depth of placement of seed.

b) Uniformity of distribution of seed along rows.
c) Transverse displacement seed from row.
d) Prevention of loose soil getting under the seed.
e) Uniformity of soil covers over the seed.
f) Mixing of fertilizer with seed during placement in the row.
E) PROPOSED METHODOLOGY :

1) Literature Survey & Its Review :

Ladeinde and Verma (1994) compared the
performance of three different models of Jab planters with the
traditional method of planting. In terms of field capacity and
labour requirement, there was not much difference between the
traditional planting method and the Jab planters.
Kumar et, at. (1986) developed a manually operated
seeding attachment for an animal drawn cultivator. The seed rate
was 43.2 kg/hr while the field capacity was 0.282 ha/hr.Tests
showed minimal seed damage with good performance for wheat
and barley. Adisa and Braide (2012) developed template row
crop planter
Pranil V. Sawalakhe and et. al., are investigated the
today’s era is marching towards the rapid growth of all sectors
including the agricultural sector. To meet the future food
demands, the farmers have to implement the new techniques
which will not affect the soil texture but will increase the overall
crop production.

2) Design of ferilizer & seed sowing machine :

It is designed as per farm condition also it is as per the
requirement so that it can dig the required size of rows for seed
& fertilizer sowing. First we fill the hopper with seeds &
fertilizer manually. System that will made, uses the manual push
force to run mechanism. Rotary motion of wheels provided to
the sowing shaft (which will placed in storage tank) by sprocket
or belt drive. With controlled distance interval, seed get sowed
in land vie pipe and digging arrangement and seed is covered
with soil.
i. Digger mechanism :
Digger mechanism is used for digging and seeding. Digger
itself is used as digging tool. Digger is connected to the frame
by nut bolt.A digger has a flapper for opening into the cavity for
seeding. Flapper is connected to the hopper with the help of
hose.
 Digger Mechanism
ii. Seed & fertilizer sowing disc & seed bucket:
Disc which is attached at the bottom of the tank allows one
seed during one rotation of wheel.The buckets are screwed on
the disc. These buckets are very similar to half shape of Pelton
buckets. As these are screwed to disc its size is varied according
to diameter of the seed and required distance between the seeds.

iii. Power transmission mechanism :

Power transmission is done by the belt pulley transmission
system .Here different pulleys are used to speed variation to get
variable distance between the two seed. The belt is shift from
one pulley to other to achieve required distance between two
seeds. Main power of machine is available from wheels of
machine. Once person push machine, wheel rotates according to
speed of machine. Wheels transmit power through power
transmit ion mechanism as shown in figure.

Numaricals / Design of components:

A)Force required to pull the machine:

Considering,
Mass of Machine(m)=20kg
Acceleration due to gravity(g)=9.81m/s2
We have,
F=m x g
=20 x 9.81
F=196N
Force required to move the machine is 196N.
 Considering the mass range of machine.

Mass Range(kg) Force required to move

machine(N)
16-20kg 157-196N
B) Design of Belt-pulley:
The Belt-Pulley are mostly used to transmit motion and power
from one shaft to another. When the center distance between
their shafts is short.

The Speed (velocity) ratio (S.R.) of a Belt-Pulley drive is given

by
S. R.= n/N=D/d
Where, N = Speed of rotation of bigger pulley in rpm,
n = Speed of rotation of smaller pulley in rpm,
d = diameter on the smaller pulley in mm,
D = diameter on the larger pulley in mm
S.R.= n/25=100/40
N=62.5 rpm

The average velocity of the belt is given by

V=πDN/60
Where D = diameter of bigger pulley in mm,
N = Speed of rotation of bigger pulley in rpm,

Velocity ratio = D/d = 100/40 = 2.5

C) Length of Belt and Centre Distance:

Let, d = diameter on the smaller pulley in mm

D = diameter on the larger pulley in mm.
C = Centre distance mm
L = length of the belt mm
The centre distance is given by
L = 2C + (π(D + d))/2 + ((D + d)*2)/(4C)
Considering D = 100, d = 40
We get C = 270.92mm
Centre distance between the two pulley = 270.92mm
The average velocity of belt is given by
V = πDN / 60
V = (π x 0.1 x 25) / 60
V = 0.1 m/s
Calculation for metering rotor for seed sowing
amount:
Diameter of different seeds :
D) Calculation for metering rotor for seed sowing
amount:
1 For Soyabean:

Rotor=T1=10, d1=8cm
1hector=1000sqm
T1 pickup 0.4gm of Soyabean
We have 2 rotors,
0.4×2=0.8gm/rotation
For one hector = no. of rotation for one hector *amount of
Soyabean per rotation
=930×8
=7440gm
=74.4Kg per hector

2 For Chickpei:

Rotor=T2=10, d2=8cm
T2 pickup 0.4gm of Chickpei
We have 2 rotors,
0.4×2=0.8gm/rotation

For one hector = no. of rotation for one hector *amount of

Chickpei per rotation
=930×8
=7440gm
=74.4Kg per hector

3 For Millet:

Rotor=T3=8, d3=8cm
T3 pickup 0.05gm of Millet
We have 2 rotors,
0.05×2=0.1gm / rotation
For one hector = no. of rotation for one hector *amount of
Millet per rotation
=930×0.8
=744gm
=7.4Kg per hector

4 For Toor:

Rotor=T4=8, d4=8cm
T4 pickup 0.05gm of Toor
We have 2 rotors,
0.05×2=0.1gm / rotation
For one hector = no. of rotation for one hector *amount of
TOOR per rotation
=930×0.8
=744 gm
=7.4 Kg per hector

5 For Fertilizer:

Rotor=T5=8, d5=8cm
T5 pickup 0.7gm of Fertilizer
We have 2 rotors,
0.7×2=1.4gm / rotation
For one hector = no. of rotation for one hector *amount of
TOOR per rotation
=930×14
=13020 gm
=130.2 Kg per hector
● Working Principle

When the equipment is pushed forward by using handles, the

front wheel rotates and the gear is mounted on the axle of the
wheel is start to rotate and its rotation is then transferred to the
pinion through the chain drive. The rotary motion of the pinion
is converted into the reciprocating motion by the single slider
crank mechanism, due to this arrangement the connecting rod
moves upward and downward which then reciprocate the piston
of the single acting reciprocating pump mounted at the top of
the storage tank.
Improved seed-cum-seed drills are provided with seed and seed
boxes, metering mechanism, furrow openers, covering devices,
frame, ground drive system and controls for variation of seed
and seed rates.

● Advantages

⮚ Improved efficiency in planting.

⮚ Increased yielding and reliability in crop.
⮚ Increased cropping frequency. 
⮚ Increased speed of seed planting.
⮚ Seed planting accuracy.
⮚ Durable and cheap as low cost materials are used.
⮚ Less maintenance cost.
⮚ Since seed can be poured at any required depth, the plant
germination is improved.
● Disadvantages

⮚ Suitable for small Farms Only.

⮚ Difficult to operate in moist condition.
⮚ It will use man power to drive the machine.

● Application
⮚ It use in agriculture for seeds sowing with fixed distance and
with more accuracy. 
⮚ Also it is used for gardening purpose.

f) TENTATIVE DESIGN AND PROCEDURE :

G) PROJECT EXPENDITURE

SR. NAME OF QTY. APPROX. COST

No. EQUIPMENT (INR)
1 M.S. Shaft 2 800=00
2 Chain 1(12 800=00
foot)
3 Gear 3 1400=00
4 Rotor 8 1600=00
5 Bevel Gear 2 800=00
6 Plastic Pipe 4(10 200=00
foot
each)
7 C.I. Rod 1(6 foot) 400=00
8 Rubber Bush 2 300=00
9 C.I. Strip 1(12 1000=00
foot)
10 C.I. Pipe 1(3 foot) 500=00
11 Other 600=00
Total cost Rs.9000=00
H) ACTION PLAN (sequential list of activities with
probable dates of complition)

PROJECT PLAN:

Project plan given below shows the progress of project work and
detailed activity done throughout the year for the complition of
project work.

Activity/ months of Oct. Nov. Dec Feb. March April

2021-22 .
Discussion

Selecting project
title
Literature review
and synopsis
Theory /
mathematical
modeling
Project report
writing
Project stage-1
submission /
Presentation
Setup / model
manufacturing
Project stage-2
submission
⮚ REFERANCES:

JOURNAL / CONFERANCE PAPER:

1) Mahesh R. Pundkar”:-“A seed sowing machine: A review”

IJESS volume 3, Issue 3. ISSN: 2249-9482, International
journal of engineering and social science

2) shivaraja kumar. a1, parames waramurthy ,Design and

development of wheel and pedal operated sprayer‟ by,
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2014.

3) PrasannaRaut, PradipShirwale, AbhijeetShitole “A Survey

On Smart Famer Friendly Robot Using Zigbee”,
International Journal of Emerging technology and Computer
Science ,Volume: 01, Issue: 01, February 2016.

4) Mahesh. R. Pundkar and A. K. Mahalle, “A Seed-Sowing

Machine: A Review” International Journal of Engineering
and Social Science, Volume3, Issue3, Pp-68-74

5) Mahesh. R. Pundkar and A. K. Mahalle, “A Seed-Sowing

Machine: A Review” International Journal of Engineering
and Social Science, Volume3, Issue3, Pp-68-74.

BOOKS:

1)Design Of Structural Steel by Prof. A. S. Arya and J. L.

Ajmani.
2)Analysis Of Structures by V. N. Vazirani and M. M. Ratwani.

HANDBOOKS:

1) Design of Machine Elements by V. B. Bhandari.

2) Strength ofMaterials by R. S. Khurmi.
INTERNATE:
1) https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i6/IRJET-V6I6755.
2) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
322629603_Design_and_Fabrication_of_Seed_Sowing_Machine
3) https://www.iitg.ac.in/aimtdr2014/PROCEEDINGS/papers/
590.
4) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzONSl94NEE
5) http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/
Design_and_Fabrication_of_Seed_Sowing_Machine_ijariie11933.

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