_ Domain Testing [Unit -1V] 49 (1) Specified Domain : Specified domains ate Incomplete or inconsistent. Incomplete means there are input vectors for which path Is not specified and inconsistence means over the same segment, there may be two or more. contradictory specifications. (2) Implemented Domain : No domains are incomplete or Inconsistent. If there exists a incomplete or inconsjstent, they are Converted into consiste Differences HEESEEY Comparisons for Specified and Implemented Domains Specified Domains Implemented Domains These domains may be .incomplete, | These domains may not be incomplete, because no path is specified for input | because there is a specified path for input vectors. vectors. Specified domains : give inconsistent | Implemented domairis: give consistent re- results, s sults, EES N ice Domains "ote. Ba Q9) . Explain in detail, about nice domains and illustrate them with examples. Answer : Nice Domains : There are some properties that should be satisfied by the domain boundaries so that they can be called as Nice domains. The “process ‘of f testing could be easy in ‘case of nice domains otherwise it could be tough. The frequency of bugs is also ies in nice domains. es The properties that the domains should possess inorder to become nice domains are, (1) Linear, and Non linear boundaries. (2) Complete Boundaries. (3) Systematic Boundaries. (4) O-thogonal Boundaries. (5) Closure Consistency. (6) Convex. (7) Simply Connected. SOFTWARE TESGING METHODOLO!Domain Testing [Unit 21¥j Linear and Non Linear Boundaries : Nice domains are defined by a property called “Linearity”. Their boundaries are represented In the form of Jinear equations or in boundaries but linear ar boundaries equations. It is not that, there are no_non linea are more frequent. However it is sald that, 99% of the n linear by applying transformations. Example Nice Domain Not Nice Domains [ERUREE vinear and Non Linear Boundaric< | (2) Complete Boundaries : Complete Boundaries are the one such does not have any gaps betw hem. Nice domains have complete boundaries as they cover a span all dimensions. Incomplete boundaries are the one which are not of continuous and which have gaps in it. The problem with incomplete boundaries is that. Complete boundaries can be teste et where as incomplete boundaries — snt must be tested for every boundary. nee sets as every seg D — ° c B Bt A Ay ; oO es Complete Boundaries Incomplete Boundaries PREY Complete Vs incomplete Boundarles __In Fig. 4.6 the first figure shows the complete boundaries and the second figure shows incomplete boundaries where the line CC’ and EE’ are not continua TESGING METHODOLOGIES PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONSDomain Testing [Unit - IV] 4.11 (3) Systematic Boundaries : If the boundary inequalities are related by a simple function and a constant then they are. known as systematic boundaries. es Pr} P2 | P| Py Qi | Ra] Rez] Ris | Rue Qe | Ra | Rez | Ras | Row Qs | Ra | Re | Rss | Rov NERRRE Systematic toundary Domain Ty the above example, all the domain boundaries of P and Q differ by only constant. Sich domain are said to have systematic boundaries. on pyovernatic Consider two kinds of relations such as, a (a) (or) (b) FiO) By f(x) 2 9(1, ¢) £OO 2k, F(x) 2 9(2,.c) FOOEK, OE STS The_case(a) represents the parallel lines and case (b) represents the parallel lines that are spaced systematically. From this, it canbe considered that the-lines which pass through a single point such as spokes of wheel are also equally placed in terms of angles as the systematic boundaries. (4) Orthogonal Boundaries The boundaries are sald ogonal if every Inequality In P Is perpendicular to every inequality in Q as in Fig. 4.8, If the two boundaries are orthogonal, the advantage is that they can be tested Independently. The number of tests Is proportional to the number of boundaries. From above 2 +2.= 4 of O(n). Ifitheiboundaries are tilted then the number of cases would be:O(n*). a SOFTWARE TESGING METHODOLOGIES PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONSDomain Testing [Unit - IV] Tilted Boundaries 2 ; Meg From the above examples, it can be concluded that they are two types of * orthogon-ality conditions. (i) The boundaries are orthogonal to one another and orthogonal to coordinate axis. (ii) The boundaries are orthogonal to one other but not orthogonal to coordinate axis. In case (1) intersection testing is simplified and’in case (2) boundaries are function of only one variable. yaxs x=k, x=k, eT g/,4,10, the lines defined a5 x = k, are perpendicular to x-axis. The atl are systematic but not orthogonal to el ither coordinate axis or other :Domain Testing [Unit -1V]_ 4.13 (5) Crates ee Closure consistency Is the property of the nice domains that joundaries of the domains should indicate same direction. In other terms, closure consistency is the use of “same relational operator for all boundaries. ¥ y Closurely Consistent Closurely Inconsistent [GREEN Closure Consistent and Inconsistent Boundaries The above Fig. 4.11 shows clear distinction between closure consistent and inconsistent boundaries. (6) Convex : A figure is said to be convex when for any two boundaries, with two points placed on them are combined by using a single line then all the points on that line are within the range of same figure. Nice domains are convex but dirty domains are not. *" Not Convex Convex TMEILY Demonstration of Convex Property _ The above Fig. 4.12 explains the convex property with demonstration. In convex, PQ lies inside the graph and In néxt case PQis outside’ the geometric figure- SOFTWARE TESGING METHODOLOGIES PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS44 Domain Testing [Unit - IV] (7) Simply Connected : Nice domains are ; are simply. cor connected. are considered as a Sil as dirty domi are considered ‘as many number of pieces. It means that all the domains ins are not connected. They Connected Domains. Not Connected Domains [ERIE Connected Vs Not Connected Domains In first case of Fig. 4.13 all domains are joined and considered as a single piece where as in second case, they are not connected. ' : Z EE228 Ugly. Domains na 2 Q10) Explain different Ugly Domains. [May - 11, Set - 3, Q4(a), mel Answer : Ugly Domains : Ugly domains are the domains which does not follow the properties of. nice domains. Some domains are born ugly and some are made ugly by. the programmers’ byt ad specification. The ugly domains are simplified to get nice solutions. The: Some of the simplifications done to ugly domains are, (1). Non linear boundaries. (2) Ambiguities and contradictions (3) Topology. (4) FIWARE TESGING METHODOLOGIES Boundary Closures. PROFESSIONALSOFTWARE TESGING METHODOLOGIES nain Testing [Unit - IV] Te 41s 1) Non ti a) near Boundaries : Non Linear boundaries are the one which not.linear. The examples may be curves such as sine Graph etc, They are si riednaarieg Ey | Y implified into linear boundaries by simple conversion methods. (2) Ambiguities and Contradietlons : Programs cannot be ambiguous but specifications sare There are several types of ambiguities and contradictions of the domains such as, (i) Holes (i) Missing boundary. (iii) Overlapped domains. (iv) Dual closure, (a) Holes (c) Overlapped Domains REY Domain Ambiguities and Contradictions (d) Dual Closure Sere Boundary () Holes : Holes are domain ambiguities. Holes may occur anywhere In a’ domain. or-in cracks between the domains. 5 1 ate > Ahole in one variable domain Is’ easy to find, > In atwo ble domain, a ‘hole Is difficult to spot. > Ina three or more variables, @ hole Is Impossible to find. (il) Missing Boundary : It Is considered as_ambiquity. There should be boundaries in the domains to call them as nice domains. ‘ilomain Testing [Unit - 1y] (iil) Overlapped Domains : This is a kind of contradiction; contradictions. They are, erm > There are two kinds of Overlapped Domain Specification. > Overlapped Closure Specification. (iv) Dual Closure ; : F z (i) Concavities (il) Holes. (ili) Disconnected Pieces, ugly domains, Holes indicate missing values, Concavity indicates there is_no complete view. have No connection or relation. Boundary Closures : Even If the boundaries are parallel, direction, Such a condition Is known Boundai direction, “they are not in the same ry closures. Closures should be in same