UNIT 3:

METHODS OF DATA ORGANIZATION

Teacher: Jay-cen T. Amanonce

College of Teacher Education
Cagayan State University
Learning Objectives
At the end of this unit, you are expected to:
1. Arrange data for analysis and choose the appropriate mode
of presenting data
2. Present data through graphs, tables, and texts
3. Construct a write-up of a given table or graph as
result/output of a research
4. Use a digital technology in organizing and presenting data
 INTRODUCTION
Generally, data collected from different sources are usually
unorganized and in a form unsuitable for immediate
interpretation.

In any statistical investigation, once pertinent data are

already gathered, the next step is to present such data in
organized form using appropriate tables and graphs.
 METHODS OF DATA ORGANIZATION
Graphical Method (chart)
➢ visual representation of the frequency distribution

Tabular Method(frequency distribution table or FDT)

➢ shows the groupings of the data into number of classes
(intervals)

Textual Method (paragraph form)

➢ important characteristics of the data are given emphasis
GRAPHICAL METHOD
 GRAPHICAL METHOD (CHART)

A good graph is a visual representation of data in a clear,

accurate, and simple manner.

It provides opportunity to perform data comparisons without

misleading the reader; thus, it does not distort the data.
 GRAPHICAL METHOD (CHART)
Pie charts, Bar graphs, and Pareto charts are appropriate to
use for presenting categorical data sets.

Line graphs, Histograms, Frequency polygons, and Ogives

are best for numerical data sets.

For bivariate data sets, contingency tables, side-by-side bar

graphs, and multiple line graphs are used.
 PIE GRAPH
It is used to show how all the parts of something are related
to the whole.

It is represented by a circle divided into slices or sectors of

various sizes that show each part’s relationship to the whole
and to the parts of the circle.
 PIE GRAPH
Expenses of RCB Entreprises

Materials and
Supplies
Advertising

Salaries

Rent
 BAR GRAPH
It is a graph which uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data.

When a bar graph has bars which extend from left to right, it is called
a horizontal bar graph.

If the bars extend from top to bottom, it is called a vertical bar graph.

A side-by-side bar graph is a special type of bar graph that allows

comparison of two sets of information for each category.
 BAR GRAPH
Favorite Drink at Wayne Bar
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Cola Root Beer Lemon Fruit Iced tea
 LINE GRAPH
It is used to represent changes in data over a period of time.

Data are represented by points and are joined by line

segments.

Multiple line graphs are also used to present bivariate data as

an alternative to side-by-side bar graph.
 LINE GRAPH
Ticket Sales at Jamal Theater
400
350

Number of Ticket Sold

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
 HISTOGRAM
It is consists of a horizontal scale of values of the data being
represented, a vertical scale for frequencies, and bars
representing the frequency for each subdivision of class
values.
18
16
24-34
14
12 35-45
10 46-56
8 57-67
6
68-78
4
2 79-89
0 90-100
Scores
 PARETO CHART
It is a bar graph for categorical data with bars arranged in
descending order of frequencies.
 FREQUENCY POLYGON
It is a line graph constructed by plotting the class marks at a
height equal to the frequency corresponding to that class
mark. The points are connected to form the polygon.
 OGIVE
It is a graph in which a point is plotted above each class
boundary at a height equal to the cumulative frequency
corresponding to that boundary.
 DOT PLOTS
It is consists of a graph in which each data value is plotted as
point or dot along a scale of values.
 SCATTER DIAGRAM
It is a plot of the paired (x, y) data with a horizontal x-axis and
a vertical y-axis. The data are paired in a way that matches
each value from one data set with a corresponding value
from the second data set.
 BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT
It is a graph of a data set that consists of a line extending
from the minimum value to the maximum value, and a box
with lines drawn at the first quartile Q1; the median; and the
third quartile Q3.
 STEM-AND-LEAF PLOTS
It represents data by separating each value into parts; the
stem ( such as the leftmost digit) and the leaf( such as the
rightmost digit).
 PICTOGRAPH
It is a graph that uses pictures to illustrate data.
 Construct a graph to present the data below following the
given conditions using the Excel.
COLLEGE MALE FEMALE
CTED 56 123
CAHS 44 48
CBEA 39 36
CHIM 28 25
TOTAL 167 232

a. Bar graph to show the number of male and female students.

b. Component bar graph to show the number of male and female
students per college.
c. Pie graph to show the distribution of the students in terms of
college.
TEXTUAL METHOD
Textual Presentation of Data
It uses statements with numeral or numbers to describe data.
The main aim of textual presentation is to focus attention to some
important data.
It is used to supplement tabular or graphical presentation.
Two ways of making a textual presentation of a table or graph
1. All the items in the table or graph are textually presented
2. Only the highlights or important parts of data are presented
Basic Principles in making a textual presentation of a table or graph
It should be complete as possible.
It should contain interpretation, inference or implication.
Findings presented should be compared with the findings of other
studies
 TEXTUAL METHOD (PARAGRAPH FORM)
TV Network Votes Percentage

ABS-CBN 2 15 200 30.4

GMA 7 17 000 34.0
TV 5 14 500 29.0
Other Networks 3 300 6.6
TOTAL 50 000 100

Table 1 shows that 34% of the respondents or 17 000 of the 50 000

respondents voted for GMA 7 as their favorite TV Network. ABS-CBN 2 and TV 5 got
30.4% and 29% of the votes, respectively. Three thousand three hundred respondents or
6.6% of the votes goes to other networks.
This implies that GMA 7 is still the number one TV Station in the Philippines.
Given the following table, use a textual method to present
the data. Respondents are CTEd students.
Gender Frequency Percentage

MALE 1 020 20
FEMALE 4 070 80
TOTAL 5 090 100
Given the following table, use a textual method to present
the data. Respondents are CTEd students.
Course Frequency Percentage

BSED 2 300 45
BEED 2 000 39
BTTE 790 16
TOTAL 5090 100
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
It is a tabular arrangement of data into appropriate
categories showing the number of observations in each
category or group.

Advantages
1. It encompasses the size of the table.
2. It makes the data more interpretive.
 EXAMPLE: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Table 1. The Frequency Distribution of the Examination Results of
Sixty Students in a Statistics Class.
Exam Scores Frequency
11-22 3
23-34 5
35-46 11
47-58 19
59-70 14
71-82 6
83-94 2
 PARTS OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
LOWER CLASS LIMIT
These are the smallest numbers that can actually belong to
different classes.
Exam Scores Frequency
11-22 3
23-34 5
35-46 11
47-58 19
59-70 14
71-82 6
83-94 2
 PARTS OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
UPPER CLASS LIMIT
These are the largest numbers that can actually belong to
different classes.
Exam Scores Frequency
11-22 3
23-34 5
35-46 11
47-58 19
59-70 14
71-82 6
83-94 2
 PARTS OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
CLASS BOUNDARIES
These are the numbers used to separate classes, but without the gaps created by
the class limits. Add 0.5 to the upper limit to get the upper class boundary and
subtract 0.5 to the lower limit to get the lower class boundary in each group or
category. Exam Scores Frequency
10.5-22.5 11-22 3
22.5-34.5 23-34 5
34.5-46.5 35-46 11
46.5-58.5 47-58 19
58.5-70.5 59-70 14
70.5-82.5 71-82 6
82.5-94.5 83-94 2
 PARTS OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
CLASS MARK/CLASS MIDPOINT
These can be found by adding the lower class limit to the
upper class limit and dividing the sum by two.
Exam Scores Frequency
16.5 11-22 3
28.5 23-34 5
40.5 35-46 11
52.5 47-58 19
64.5 59-70 14
76.5 71-82 6
88.5 83-94 2
 PARTS OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
CLASS WIDTH/CLASS SIZE
The difference between any two consecutive lower class
limits or two consecutive lower class boundaries.
Exam Scores Frequency
12 11-22 3
12 23-34 5
12 35-46 11
12 47-58 19
12 59-70 14
12 71-82 6
12 83-94 2
 Steps in Constructing
Frequency Distribution Table
1. Find the range.
𝑅 = 𝐻– 𝐿
2. Decide on the number of classes or class interval(k). (5-15)
3. Compute for the class width/class size.
𝑅
(𝑖 = )
𝑘
4. Set up the classes starting from the lowest class limit.
5. Construct column for the frequencies.
In the determination of the number classes, it should
be noted that there is no standard method to follow.
Generally, the number of classes must not be less than
5 and should not be more than 15.
The number of classes can be approximated by
using the relation
𝑘 = 1 + 3.3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
𝑘 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

In the determination of the number classes, use

2𝑘 where 2𝑘 >n.
𝑘 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
A statistics class with 60 students were given an examination and the
results are shown in Table A below. Construct a frequency distribution
with 7 classes. Use 11 as the lowest lower class limit.

Raw data: Test scores obtained by sixty students in a statistics class

48 73 57 57 69 88 11 80 82 47
46 70 49 45 75 81 33 65 38 59
94 59 62 36 58 69 45 55 58 65
30 49 73 29 41 53 37 35 61 48
22 51 56 55 60 37 56 59 57 36
12 36 50 63 68 30 56 70 53 28
 Steps in Constructing
Frequency Distribution Table
1. Find the range.
𝑅 = 94 – 11
𝑅 = 83
2. Decide on the number of classes or class interval. (5-15)
𝑘 = 7(given)
3. Compute for the class width/class size.
𝑅
𝑖=
𝑘
83
𝑖=
7
𝑖 = 11.87 𝑜𝑟 12
4. Set up the classes starting from the lowest class limit.
5. Construct column for the frequencies.
Exam Scores Frequency
11-22 3
23-34 5
35-46 11
47-58 19
59-70 14
71-82 6
83-94 2
N=60
1. Find the range.
𝑅 = 134 – 100
𝑅 = 34
2. Decide on the number of classes or class interval. (5-15)
𝑘 = 7(given)
3. Compute for the class width/class size.
𝑅
𝑖=
𝑘
34
𝑖=
7
𝑖 = 4.86 = 5
4. Set up the classes starting from the lowest class limit.
5. Construct column for the frequencies.
CONSTRUCTING FDT IN MICROSOFT EXCEL
Thank you for listening my dear students!