:: NOTES : CLASS : X : SUBJECT : SOCIAL SCIENCE :: (2024-2025)

CHAPTER: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Q.1 How did Frederic Sorrieu visualize his dream of a world made up of democratic
and Social Republics?
OR
Who was Frederic Sorrieu? Describe the first print prepared by him.
Name the
French Ans. French artist, Frederic Sorrieu visualized in his first print, his dream of a world
artist who
prepared a
made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’.
series of
four prints 1. It shows the people of Europe and America marching in a long train and offering
visualizing
his dream homage to the statue of liberty as they pass by it.
of a world. 2. Statue of liberty bears the torch of enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of
Rights of Man in the other.
3. The print shows the shattered remains of absolutist institutions.
4. The people of the world are grouped as distinct nations identified through their
flags and national costumes.
5. The picture depicts peoples’ movement all over Europe and US for liberty and
equality.
6. It also shows the Christ, saints and angels gazing upon this scene from the
heavens.

Q.2 How did the concept of nation-state develop in 19th century in Europe?
Ans.
1. During the 19th century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought changes in
the political and mental world of Europe.
2. It resulted into emergence of the nation state in place of the multi-national dynastic
empires of Europe.
3. In a nation state, people living in it develop a sense of common identity and shared
history.
4. This commonness was developed through struggles, actions of leaders and the
struggle of the common people.

Q.3 What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective
identity amongst French people?
OR
‘The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
Examine the statement.
Ans. The French revolutionaries introduced the following measures and practices that
created a sense of collective identity amongst the French people:

1. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the
notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
 3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the
name of the nation.
5. A centralized administrative system was evolved. It formulated uniform laws for all
citizens within its territory.
6. Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights
and measures was adopted.
7. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, became the common language
of the nation.

Q.4 How was France responsible in spreading nationalism to other parts of Europe ?
OR
Describe the events of the French Revolution which had influenced the people
belonging to the other parts of Europe.
Ans.
1. Students and other members of educated middle classes in European Cities began
setting up Jacobin clubs like in France.
2. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for French armies which moved
into Holland, Switzerland, Belgium and much of Italy in the 1790s.
3. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the
idea of nationalism abroad.

What was
Q.5 Napoleon had no doubt destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative
the field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole
Napoleonic system more rational and efficient’. Explain.
code ? Ans.

1. Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about
introducing many of the reforms (changes) that he had already introduced in
France.
2. He had introduced revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more
rational and efficient.
‘Napoleon
brought The civil code of 1804 is known as the Napoleonic code.
about many 3. It did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before law and
changes in
the regions secured right to property.
under 4. In the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany, he –
French
control.’,
(a) simplified administrative divisions
Discuss. (b) abolished the feudal system
(c) freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(d) removed guild restrictions in towns.
5. He also improved the transport and communication system.
6. Every one enjoyed a new found freedom and began to realize that uniform laws,
standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would
 facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to
another.
Which
changes out Q.6 ‘In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to
weighed the
advantages French rule were mixed.’ Discuss.
of the OR
administravi
ve changes
Why was Napoleon’s rule over other regions unpopular with some sections of
brought Europe?
about by Ans.
Noleon ?
1 Initially in many places French armies were welcomed.

2. But soon it became clear to the people that new administrative arrangements did
not go hand in hand with political freedom.
3. Increased taxation, censorship, forced entry into French armies required to
conquer the rest of Europe, all outweighed the advantages of administrative
changes.

Q.7 What is meant by Liberalism? What did it stand for in the early 19 th century?
Ans.
1. The word Liberalism is derived from the Latin word ‘Liber’ meaning free.
2. For the new middle classes, it stood for freedom of the individual and equality of
all before the law.
3. Politically it emphasized the concept of government by consent, it stood for the
end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative govt.
through parliament.
4. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the
abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

Q.8 When and by whom was the customs union known as ‘Zollverein’ formed? What
did it do ?
OR
What was Zollverein? Mention the problems that liberal nationalists wanted to
overcome. How did the Zollverein of 1834 try to overcome these shortcomings?
Ans.
1. In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia.

Problems that the liberal nationalists wanted to overcome:

1. Obstacle of each region having its own system of weights and measures and
currencies which involved time consuming calculation. Eg. Elle, the measure of
cloth, stood for different length in each region.

2. There were state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods, people and
capital.
The Zollverein tried to overcome these shortcomings in the following ways:
i) Joined by most of the German states it helped in creation of unified economic
territories.
ii) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over
thirty to two.
iii) The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing,
economic interest to national unification.

Q.9 According to Friedrich List, Zollverein played a significant role in binding the
Germans economically into a nation. Explain.

Ans. According to Friedrich List Zollverein would

1. Strengthen the nation materially as much by protecting its interests externally as

by stimulating its internal productivity.
2. Awaken and raise national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial
interests.
The German people realized that a free economic system is the only means to
engender national feeling.

Q.10 What was the conservatives’ ideology?

Ans.
1. Conservatives believed that the traditional institutions of state and society like the
monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be
preserved.
2. They believed that a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy,
the abolition of feudalism and serfdom together could strengthen the autocratic
monarchies of Europe.
3. Conservative regimes did not tolerate criticism and sought to curb activities that
questioned the autocratic governments.

Q.11 ‘Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic’. Explain.

Ans.
(i) Conservative regimes did not tolerate criticism and dissent.

(ii) They sought to curb the activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic
governments.

(iii) Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers,
books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated
with French Revolution.

Q.12 What was the aim of Treaty of Vienna? What were the main features of the Treaty
of Vienna (1815) ?
Ans. The aim or objective of Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to undo most of the changes
that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.

The main features of the Treaty of Vienna (1815) were

(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution was
restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French
expansion in future. Thus the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which included
Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
(iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontiers while Austria
was given control of Northern Italy.
(iv) But the German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was
left untouched.
(v) In the East, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of
Saxony.
(vi) The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by
Napoleon and to create a new conservative order in Europe.

Q.13 Write a short note on Guiseppe Mazzini.

Ans.
i) He was an Italian Revolutionary who became a member of the secret society of
the Carbonari.
ii) At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in
Liguria.
iii) He founded two more underground societies:
a) Young Italy in Marseilles.
b) Young Europe in Berne.
iv) He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
v) So he wanted Italy to be single, united republic which would form the basis of Italian
liberty.
vi) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic
republic’sfrightened the conservatives.
vii) Metternich described ‘him’ as the most dangerous enemy of our social order.

Q.14 Who remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold” Why?

Ans. Duke Metternich said so because whatever happened in France was followed by
the countries all over the world.

Q.15 What were the effects of the first revolutionary upheaval in France in July 1830?

Ans. The effects of the first revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830 were :
1. The Bourbon dynasty was over thrown by liberal revolutionaries.
 2. A constitutional monarchy was installed headed by Louis Philippe.
3. Belgium also broke away from United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Q.16 Write a short note on ‘The Greek war of independence’.

Ans.
1. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
2. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for
independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
3. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from
How did Lord
Byron many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
contribute to the 4. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and
Greek war of
independence? mobilized public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
5. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the war,
where he died of fever in 1824.
Which treaty
recognized
6. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an
Greece as an independent nation.
independent
nation?
Q.17 How did culture contribute to the growth of nationalism in Europe?
Ans. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.
1. Art and poetry, stories and music
They helped express and shape nationalist feelings.

2. Romantic Artists
a) Romantic artists and poets focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
Their effort was to create a sense of shared collective heritage and a common
cultural past as the basis of a nation.
b) It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the
nation was popularized.

3. Language –
a) Vernacular language was used to carry the modern nationalist message to large
audiences who were mostly illiterate.
b) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments eg.
After Russian occupation of Poland, Russian language was imposed everywhere.
There was an armed rebellion against Russian rule which was crushed. But
people in Poland used polish language for all purposes for which they were
punished. The use of polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against
Russian dominance.

4. Image: Female allegories like Germania and Marianne were created by artists to
represent a nation

Q.18 Explain the ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18 th
and 19th centuries.
Ans.
i) Poland had been partitioned at the end of the 18 th century by the Great Powers-
Russia, Prussia and Austria. It was no longer an independent territory. Under such
circumstances in order to keep alive their nationalist feelings the Polish people
used their culture in a bigway.
ii) They used music to keep their unity and identity Karol Kurpinski kept up the
national struggle by staging his polish operas and music.
iii) The polish people used dances like ‘Polonaise’ and ‘mazurka’ as nationalist
symbols.
iv) In the regions of Russian occupied Poland, the Polish language was replaced by
Russian language in schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. As
a rebellious act, the Polish used their own language to develop nationalist feelings.
v) Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction. As a result, a
large number of priests and bishops were put in Jail or sent to Siberia by the
Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.

Q.19 ‘The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe.’, Discuss.
Ans.
1. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all
over Europe.
2. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
3. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
4. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of
cheap machine-made goods from England.
5. This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes
or small workshops and was only partly mechanized.
6. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants
struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
7. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in
town and country.

Q.20 Describe the Silesian weavers uprising.

Ans.
i) In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them
with raw materials and got finished goods.
ii) A crowd of weavers marched in pairs upto the mansion of their contractors,
demanding higher wages.
iii) They smashed their windowpanes and also plundered the supply of cloth. As a
result, the contractor fled away from his house with his family.

Q.21 Write a short note on elections held in the ‘Frankfurt Parliament’ in 1848.
Ans.
1. In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members
were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came
together in the city of Frankfurt. They decided to vote for an all German National
Assembly.
Where was 2. On 18th May, 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession
the to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul.
Frankfurt
Parliament 3. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy
convened ? subject to a parliament.
4. When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King
of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected
assembly.
5. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social
basis of parliament eroded.
6. The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands
of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.
7. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.

Q.22 Write a note on the role of women in the nationalist struggles in Europe.
Ans.
(i) In almost all the major European countries such as Britain, France, Germany,
Austria-Hungary and Italy, women had taken an active part in the nationalist
struggle of their respective countries.
(ii) The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the
liberal movement.
(iii) Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and
taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
(iv) Despite this they were denied right to vote that was granted to men.

Q.23 Describe the process of unification of Germany.

Ans.
1. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans. They tried to
unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state
governed by an elected parliament.
Who were
Junkers in 2. The liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined
Prussia ? forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called
Junkers) of Prussia.
Who was
3. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national
proclaimed unification.
the German
Emperor in
4. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process. He carried
a ceremonty out the process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
held at
Versailler in
5. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in
Jan., 1871 ? Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
6. In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor
in a ceremony held at Versailles.
Q.24 Explain the political situation of Italy before its unification.
Ans.
1. As in Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
2. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states and the multinational
Habsburg empire.
 3. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which
only one Sardinia – Piedmont, was ruled by the Italian Princely house.
4. The north was under Austrian Habsburg, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the
southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon Kings of Spain.
5. Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many
regional and local variations.

Q.25 Describe the process of Unification of Italy.

Ans.
Which
state was
1. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which
ruled by an only one, Sardinia Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House.
Italian 2. Giuseppe Mazzini, the Italian revolutionary strongly opposed monarchy. The
Princely
House ? failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 had put pressure on
Sardinia-Piedmont to unify Italian states through war.
3. Its ruler, king Victor Emmanuel II thought that unified Italy would offer the possibility
of economic development and political dominance.
4. Through tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia
Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
5. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the
leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi marched into South Italy and the kingdom of two
Sicilies and drove out the Spanish rulers.
6. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Q.26 How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Ans.
1. In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval
or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
2. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities
of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English,
Welsh, Scot or Irish.
3. As the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able
to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
4. The English parliament, had seized power from the monarchy in 1688. It was the
instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came of be
forged.
5. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the
What was
the result formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England
of the Act was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
of union ?
(1707) 6. Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The
English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over the
Catholics.
7. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. Ireland was forcibly
incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
8. The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag, the national anthem, the English
language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as
subordinate partners in this union.
Q.27 How did artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries personify a nation.
Ans.
i) Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form of a person.
ii) Nations then were portrayed as female figures.
iii) The female figure was chosen to personify the nation. It did not stand for any
particular woman in real life.
iv) It gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
v) Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
vi) During the French Revolution, artists used the female allegory to portray ideas
such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.

Q.28 Who were Marianne and Germania?

Ans. Female allegories were invented by artists in the 19th century to represent the
nation.
I Marianne
1. In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which
underlined the idea of a people’s nation.
2. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red
cap, the tricolour, the cockade.
3. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the
symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
4. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
II Germania
Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations
Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
Q.29 Why did nationalist tensions emerge in Balkans?
Ans.
1. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation.
2. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
3. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the
disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
4. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from Ottoman control
and declared independence.
5. As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and
independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
6. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more
territory at the expense of the others.
7. Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of
big power rivalry.
8. Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on
countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own
control over the area.
9. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War. [AG1]