SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY

RURAL SETTLEMENT AND URBAN SETTLEMENT

TEACHER AND LEARNER CONTENT MANUAL

TERM 2

Topic 1 Topic 2

Study of a settlement Rural settlements

Topic 3 Topic 4

Rural Settlement Issues Urban settlements

Topic 6
Topic 5
Urban structure and Patterns
Urban Hierachies

Topic 7

Urban Settlement Issues

JENN TRAINING: SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY CONTENT MANUAL TERM 2 TEACHER/LEARNERS:

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CONTENTS PAGE

TOPIC 1: Study of a Settlement

➢ Examination guideline and outcomes 6

➢ Study of settlements 7
1.1 Terms used to describe Settlement, Site and Situation
1.2 Differences between a Rural and Urban settlement 8
1.3 Classification of settlements
• Size and complexity
• Patterns and Function
➢ Worked examples 9
10
➢ Activities
TOPIC 2: Rural settlement

➢ Examination guideline and outcomes 9

➢ Rural settlements
10
2.1 How site and situation affect the location of Rural settlement
11
2.2 Classification of a Rural settlement
• Pattern
• Function
2.3 Different shapes of Rural settlements 12
• Round
• Linear
• Crossroad
• T-shape
• Stellar
2.4 Land use in Rural settlements 13
➢ Worked examples
14
➢ Activities 15-17
TOPIC 3: Rural settlement issues

➢ Examination guideline and Outcomes 18

➢ Rural settlement issues
19-22
3.1 Concept: Rural-Urban Migration
3.2 Concept: Rural Depopulation
• Causes and consequences of Rural Depopulation on People
and the economy
• Strategies to address Rural depopulation
• Case studies on effect of Rural depopulation
3.3 Social justice issues
• Access to resources 23
• Land Reform
➢ Worked examples
➢ Activities 24
25

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TOPIC 4: Urban settlements

➢ Examination guideline and Outcomes 26

➢ Urban settlement 27-30
4.1 Origin and development of Urban settlements
4.2 Urbanisation of World population
4.3 Concepts of Urbanisation,
4.4 How Site and Situation affect the location of Urban Settlements
4.5 Classification of settlement according to function
➢ Activities 31
TOPIC 5: Urban Hierarchies

➢ Examination guideline and Outcomes 32

➢ Urban Hierarchies
5.1 Concepts of Urban Hierarchy 33
34
5.2 Low and High order functions /services and centers
➢ Activities 35

TOPIC 6: Urban settlement structure and patterns

➢ Examination guideline and Outcomes 36

➢ Urban structures and patterns
6.1 Internal structure and patterns of urban settlements” 37
39
6.2 Land use zones (Reasons for location and characteristics)
6.3 Factors influencing the morphological structure of a city
6.4 Urban profiles 40
• Concept of urban profile 41
• Reasons for shape of urban profile 42
6.5 Models of urban structure 43
➢ Worked example
45
➢ Activities 46-50

TOPIC 7: Urban settlements Issues

➢ Examination guideline and Outcomes 51

➢ Urban settlement issues
7.1 Urbanisation patterns in South Africa 52-54
7.2 Urban issues related to rapid Urbanisation
7.3 Informal settlements
7.4 Case studies from the world and South Africa
➢ Activities 60
Bibliography
61
ICON DESCRIPTION

MIND MAP EXAMINATION CONTENTS ACTIVITIES

GUIDELINE

BIBLIOGRAPHY WORKED EXAMPLES STEPS

TERMINOLOGY

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MIND MAP (from Mind The Gap Geography DoE)

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TERMINOLOGY (From Geography Mind the Gap)

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TOPIC 1: Study of settlement
Examination guidelines and Outcomes:

At the end of the session learners/ teachers must:

SETTLEMENTS

1.1 Terms used to describe Settlement, Site and Situation

Settlement – A place where a group of people life

Site – An actual piece of land in which a settlement is built
Situation – The study of the relationship between a settlement and its region

1.2 Differences between a Rural and Urban settlement

• Rural settlements are mainly unifunctional (they have one main function) with only primary
economic activities occurring, e.g. farming or forestry

• .Urban settlements are multifunctional (they have many functions), i.e. They have both
secondary activities (factories/manufacturing) and tertiary activities (services).

1.3 Classification of settlements

Size and complexity
Settlements are classified from the smallest to the largest.
• A farmstead, hamlet and village are rural settlements.
• A town, city, metropolis, conurbation and megalopolis are urban settlements.

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 The differences in size and complexity of rural and urban settlements.

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1.4 Patterns and Functions

Rural settlements are mainly unifunctional (they have one main function) with only primary
economic activities occurring, e.g. farming or forestry.

Urban settlements are multifunctional (they have many functions), i.e. they have both secondary
activities (factories/manufacturing) and tertiary activities (services).

Worked Example 1

ANSWER

[12]

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Activity 1

Answer:

1.2

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TOPIC 2: RURAL SETTLEMENTS
Examination guidelines and Outcomes:

Outcomes
At the end of the session teacher and learners must be able to:
o Explain how site and situation affect the location of a rural settlement
o Classify rural settlement according to pattern and function
o Explain the different reasons that influence the shape of a rural settlement
o Describe land use in rural settlements

2.1 How site and function affect the location of rural settlements

Early settlers forming villages would often live together for safety, for friendship, and to share
services. These early settlements would take on distinctive patterns based on the shape of the land
around them.

A settlement pattern refers to the shape of the settlement as seen from above. The shapes of
early settlements were influenced by the surrounding landscape. They were also shaped by other
factors such as who owned the land and whether the land was good for building on or not. Some
examples of settlement patterns include, nucleated settlements, linear settlements and dispersed
settlements.

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2.2 Classification of rural settlements
2.2.1 Pattern
A settlement pattern re fers to the shape of the settlement as seen from above. The shapes of
early settlements were influenced by the surrounding landscape. They were also shaped by other
factors such as who owned the land and whether the land was good for building on or not.

o Nucleated pattern
Nucleated settlements are ones where the houses are grouped closely together, often
around a central feature like a church, pub or village green. New settlements that are
planned often have a nucleated pattern.

o Linear pattern
Linear settlements are settlements where the buildings are
constructed in lines, often next to a geographical feature like a lake
shore, a river or following a road.
Where linear settlements follow a road, the road often predates the
settlement.

o Dispersed pattern
Dispersed settlements are ones where the houses are spread out
over a wide area. They are often the homes of farmers and can be
found in rural areas

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2.1.2 Function
Most rural settlements take part in agricultural activities. Most of the land is use for the
commercial and subsistence cultivating of crops. Farming and forestry are the primary
economic contributing factor.

2.3 Reasons for different shape of rural settlements

The follwing picture shows the factors influencing the site and situation of a settlement.

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Factors influencing the location of a rural settlement

Dry point site

Wet point site

Settlement can have one of the following shapes:

o Round
Houses are around a central point like a dam.

o Linear
Buildings are in a line next to a road or railway tracks, rivers coasts

o Crossroads
Buidings are spread next intersection, forming a crossroad grossroad

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 o T Shapes
Buildings are situated at the junction of two roads forming a T-shape.

o Star like
Many roads connect and the settlement spread along all these roads

2.4 Land use in rural settlements

Picture showing the different ways land is used

The largest use of land in South Africa is agriculture. Approximately 12.1% of land is use gor commercial and
subsistence cultivation of crops.

Subsistence farming involves using the land for to grow crops and breed anima;s that are a source of food
for the family living on the farm. The aim is not to sell goods , but to consume them.

Commercial farming is practiced where the land is used to grow crops and breed animals that are then sold
as food sources to other markets. The main aim is to generate income for the farmer. Commercial farming
can either be intensive or extensive.
Commercial farming can be diveded into:
• Stock farming: Animals like cows, chickens, sheeps and pigs
• Crop farming: Cultivation of crops like maize, wheat, fruit and vegetables
• Mixed Farming: A combination of stock and crop farming

Crop farming Cattle farming Sheep farming

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WORKED EXAMPLE
Tabulate the advantages and disadvantages of living in a nucleated and dispersed
rural settlement
ANSWER

Activity 2
March 2015

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2.2 2 Nov 2017

2.3 Nov 2017

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TOPIC 3: RURAL SETTLEMENT ISSUES
Duration: 40 min
Examination guidelines:

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Mindmap

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 3.1 Rural -urban migration

3.2 Rural depopulation

Depopulation is the decrease in numbers of people in a rural area

Push factors -reasons that want to make you leave the rural area. They PUSH people away
Pull factors – reasons that make you want to move to urban areas. They PULL people in

o Causes and consequences of depopulation

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 Remember This Hint
CAJIETS

C Consult population
A Advertise town
J Jobs
I Infra structure
E Education
T Tourism
S Subsidies

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 3.3 Social justice in rural areas
Social justice issues are problems that affect a person’s standard of living.
All people have the right to the satisfaction of their needs.

o Social and Economic inequalities

• Unemployment
• Land ownership issues
• Food insecurities
• Woman that carries homw responsibilities alone
• Lack of services like sanitation and fresh water

o Access to resources and Land reform

Access to resources and land reform is ways to adress social injustise

A waterwheel to make the collection of water easier

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MIND MAP FOR RURAL SETTLEMENT ISSUES

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Worked example

ANSWER

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Activity 3

June 2018 (Free State)

3.2

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TOPIC 4: URBAN SETTLEMENTS
Examination guidelines

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4.1 Origin and development of an urban settlement

4.2 Urbanisation of the Worlds population

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4.3 Important concepts

4.4 Site and Situation influence on the location of an Urban settlement

4.5 Classification of Urban settlements according to function

There are 3 main types

• Cental Places
• Trade and transport town or cities
• Specialised towns or cities

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Activity 4
Gauteng September 2019
4.1

4.2
FS September 2018

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4.3 Nov 2016 DBE

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TOPIC 5: URBAN HIERARCHIES
Examination guidelines and Outcomes:

At the end of the session learners/ teachers must:

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5.1 Concepts of Urban Hierarchy
Urban hierarchy is a system of ranking places according to level of importance
The larger the urban place the less you have of them and the more variety of goods and sevices
you will find.

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5.2 Low and High order functions/ services and centers

Examples of higher and lower order goods

Activity 5
5.1 DBE NOV 2017

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5.2 DBE MARCH 2015

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TOPIC 6: URBAN STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Examination guidelines and Outcomes:

At the end of the session learners/ teachers must:

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6.1 Internal structure and patterns
The following diagram shows the different zones in a city.

CBD – Central business district

Inner City area
Inner suburb
Outer suburbs
Greenbelt

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6.2 Land use zones
The structure of an Urban area can be devided into different land use zones in the city. Aland use zone is
an area which has features that defines its function. A residential area is made up of houses and flats,
recreational areas , schools and shops.These features tells us people live in this area. An industrial area,
which is made of many large buildings for a producing products.

An Orthophoto is an
arial photograph
that is geometrical
correct.

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6.3 Factors influencing the Morphological structure of a city
Urban settlements have different shapes when viewed from above. The morphological structure of the city
is its shape, including its form and dtructure
Factors influencing the Morphological structure of the city are:
• Coast
• Rivers
• Mountain ranges
• Roads

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6.4 Urban Profiles
Urban Profile – a sideview of a city
Below is some pictures of a city profile

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Street patterns are also influenced by physical factors eg. Coast, rivers, mountain range and
roads

6.5 Models of Urban Structure

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I Burgess/ Concentric model
o This model divides a city into rings
o The CBD is the core and oldest part of the city, and the newest parts are in the Outer
rings
o The inner city is poor and the outer Suburbs are wealthy
o The principle is that the rich can afford to live further away from the city centre
o

I Hoyt/ sector model

o The sector model divides the city into slices
o The principle is that Inner city zones expand outwards along thansport routes
o Both the Sector model and Concentric model predate the era of the motor can as a commen
form of private transport

III Multiple nuclei

o In the multiple nuclei model the city has many centres or clusters of activity
o The CBD is not necesarily in the geographical centre of the city
o For example shopping centres are developed to cater for those who live in the city outskirts or
suburbs
o Different type of activities cluster together and some activities are incompatible with other.

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IV Modern America -Western city

Changing Urban patterns and land use in South Africa

o Problems caused by changing urban patterns

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To many homeless and jobless people lead to uncontrolled settlements

To types of forces centripetal forces and centrifugal forces changes urban settlement patterns

o Centripetal forces
• These are associated with the movement of people into the urban area
• Each of the following forces encourages moving into the city
▪ Site attraction – attactive landscape or city
▪ Functionl convenience and accessibility
▪ Functional magnetism – banks and retail chain stores
▪ Prestige – advantage of locating in the city and having a prestigious address
o Centrifugal forces
• These forces are associated by pushing people and bussinesses away from the CBD
• Each of the following forces encourage moving out of thee CBD
▪ Congestion -lack of space
▪ Site force – need for a special site that cannot be foun in the city
▪ Situational force – noice, pollution, squalor(poor living conditions)
▪ Economic force – higher reates and taxes
▪ Staus force – city centre old and regulated/ seen as young and vibrant

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Gentrification/ Chelseafication

Can be defined as Urban renewal or the process of renovating and

improvig an area of town so that it conforms to the middle class- taste
(inprovement of run down parts of a city)

WORKED EXAMPLE
From Mind the Gap DBE 2014

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ANSWER

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Activity 6
6.1 Western Cape Sept 2019 (3.3)

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6.2 DBE March 2018 (3.1)

6.3 KZN Sept 2019 (3.4)

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TOPIC 7: URBAN SETTLEMENT ISSUE
Examination guidelines and Outcomes:

At the end of the session learners/ teachers must:

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Urban structures and patterns
7.1 Recent Urbanisation patterns in South Africa

Graph showing increase in Urban populations and decrease in Rural populations

7.2 Urban issues related to rapid urbanisation
Issues that can cause raid urbanisation are

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7.3 Informal settlements

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7.4 Case studies on how selected urban areas in SA manage urban
challenges
Some urban challenges include:

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WORKED EXAMPLE
From Mind the Gap DBE 2014

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ANSWERS

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Activity 7

7.1 North West Sept 2018 (3.4)

Study photos A and B in Figure 7.1

7.1.1 Define the term informal settlement (1)

7.1.2 What is the cause of informal settlements (1)
7.1.3 Give ONE infrastructural problem that people in informal settlements face. (2)
7.1.4 Give possible reasons for the removal of informal dwellers as seen in Fig 7.1B (4)
7.1.5 Refer to Fig 7.1.A. In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines discuss
sustainable strategies that can be implemented in order to improve the peoples
livings’s conditions (8)
[16]
Fig 7.1 A 7.1.B

7.2 March 2017 DBE (4.4)

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7.3 Nov DBE 2018 (3.4)

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Bibliography

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