MITE

Mangalore

Communication Systems, VIII Semester Mechatronics Engg.

Module 4
Waveform Coding
Techniques
Glenson Toney
Asst. Prof, Dept. of Mechatronics Engg., Mangalore Institute of
Technology & Engg.
 • Pulse• Modulation
SAMPLING
• Sampling
• PAM, PPM & PDM
What’s • PCM THEOREM
in store? • Line Codes
• DPCM • NYQUIST RATE
• TDM
• Delta Modulation
• • ALIASING
Quantization
PULSE MODULATION
Parameters of Pulse train is varied in
accordance with the message signal

ANALOG DIGITAL
TYP
PULSE PULSE
ES
MODULATION MODULATION
ANALOG PULSE
MODULATION
• Characteristics of the Pulse (Amplitude, Duration or
Position) is varied w.r.t to m(t)
• Information is transmitted in Analog form but the
transmission is at discrete times

DIGITAL PULSE
MODULATION
• Message signal is represented in Discrete samples, both
in Time & Amplitude
• Information is transmitted in Analog form but the
transmission is at discrete times
 SAMPLING PROCESS

•SAMPLING •NYQUIST •ALIASI

THEOREM RATE NG
 Process in which an
analog signal is
SAMPLING converted into
corresponding
sequence of samples
that are usually spaced
uniformly in time
 4.1 a. Original 4.1 b. Sampled
Signal Signal

Using Fourier transform pairs, (1) becomes,

SAMPLING
THEOREM
Using Fourier transform, (1) becomes,
 Let us assume that g(t) is strictly bandlimited with no
frequency greater than W Hertz.

Then, G(f) = 0 for |f|≥ W

Fig 4.2 a. Message Fig 4.2 b. Spectrum of

spectrum Sampled Signal

SAMPL
ING
THEOR
EM
 [2] may also be re-written using Fourier Transform as,

Substituting [4] in [6], we get,

SAMPL
ING
THEOR
EM
 Determining g(t) from G(f)

g(t) can be found from G(f) by using Inverse Fourier Transform,

Substituting [7] in [8], we get,

SAMPL
ING On simplification,
THEOR
EM
SAMPLING
THEOREM
• SAMPLING
A bandlimited signal of
finite energy which has
THEOREM
no frequency
components higher than
• Hertz
W NYQUIST
may be RATE
completely recovered
• ALIASING
from the knowledge of its
sample taken at the rate
of 2W samples per
NYQUIST RATE
The sampling rate of 2W samples per second for a signal
bandwidth of W Hertz

NYQUIST
INTERVAL
The reciprocal of Nyquist rate, 1/2W (measured in
seconds)
ALIASING

• Sampling theorem
mandates strict band
limiting of signal to
W hertz
4.3 a. Signal;
• No signal can be spectrum
strictly
bandlimited,
which causes
under sampling
• High frequency
components takes
the identity of low 4.3 b. Spectrum of under sampling version that is
exhibiting
frequency Aliasing Phenomenon
component
 PREVENTING
ALIASING

• Anti-aliasing filter
before Sampling –
Remove High
frequency signals
• Filtered signal has
to be sampled at a
slightly higher rate
than the Nyquist
rate
PULSE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
It is an Analog Pulse Modulation in which
the Amplitude of regularly spaced pulses
are varied in accordance with the
corresponding values of a continuous
message signal.
THE PROCESS
SAMPLE &
HOLD
Let s(t) represent the Flat top pulse generated by PAM as shown in Fig. 4.4.,
then the PAM signal can be represented as

By definition, WKT, the instantaneous sampled version of m(t) is

given by
 Substituting (2)in (3), we
get,

PAM Using Sifting property, we

get,

Comparing (1) & (4), we realize that the RHS of both are
same, therefore,

Taking Fourier Transform on (5), we get,

PAM Signal s(t) Reconstruction Equalizer Message Signal
Filter m(t)

PAM
DEMODULAT
OR
TYPES OF PULSE
MODULATION
Pulse Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Duration Modulation
(PDM)
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

Fig. 4.5 (a) Message Signal

(b) Carrier pulses (c) PDM
signal (d) PPM [1]
 ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONVERSION

Time: Discrete
Amp: Continuous
Analog
Signal Digital
Sampler Quantizer Encoder Signal
Time: Continuous Time: Discrete
Amp: Continuous Amp: Discrete
1. SAMPLING
SAMPLING

m(t) – message
signal

s(t) – Sampled
signal

T
s
SAMPLING

m(t) – message
signal

s(t) – Sampled
signal

T
s
 2. QUANTIZATION
Representing the sampled values of the amplitude by a finite
set of levels
QUANTIZATI
ON

111

110

101

100

011

010

001

000
ENCODING
 ENCODING
111

110

101

100

011

010

001

000

100 110 111

101 111

100 101 110 111 111 111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000 000 000 001 010 011
 • SAMPLING
Applications

• Telephony
PULSE THEOREM
• Satellite transmission

CODE • Encoding Audio data in CD

• NYQUIST RATE
• LPCM used in HDMI connector
MODULA interface for transmitting
• ALIASING
uncompressed digital data
TION
PULSE
CODE
MODULATIO
N
Fig. 4.6 (a) PCM Transmitter (b) PCM Transmission Path (c) PCM Receiver [1]

Fig. 4.7 Block diagram of Regenerativ

Repeaters [1]
 Line Codes for electrical
representations of Binary
data

Unipolar NRZ Signaling

Polar NRZ Signaling

LINE
CODES Unipolar RZ Signaling

Bipolar RZ Signaling

Split-phase or Manchester
Code
6. Differential Encoding

(a) Input 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
(b) Reference I/p 1
(c) Differentially 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
encoded

A Volts

0 Time
TDM System
• Sampling provides Time Conservation.

• Time division multiplexing is a process that exploits this possibility to

transmit multiple messages using a common communication channel
with no interference.

Bandwidth Requirement Synchronization

increases by N times of Commutator &
De-commutator
DELTA MODULATION
 DELTA MODULATION

• Sampled at a rate higher than the Nyquist Rate(Over sampled) to

increase the correlation between adjacent samples of the signal.

• The difference between input message signal and the approximation is

quantized into two levels, ±∆ (based on positive or negative differences).
DELTA MODULATOR/ TRANSMITTER
DELTA DEMODULATOR/ RECEIVER
Quantization noise in Delta Modulator

Slope Granular
Overload Noise
THANK
• SAMPLING
?Got any
Queries
THEOREM
Feel free to contact at
[email protected]
• NYQUIST RATE
YOU. n
• ALIASING