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19 viewsModule 1, Notes 1
Shorter essay
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rihenmoradia357951Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Linearly Dependent and
Independent Vectors Vectors
An ordered n— tuple of numbers is called ann — vector. In other words, an ordered set of n
numbers is ann — vector.
Thus, the n numbers x1,X2,...,%n taken in order denote a vector Xi.e.,
xy
x,
Xn) or X=|2
X= (yp,
Xn,
The n numbers x1,2, .-,%n themselves are called components of the vector X.
A vector may be written as a row vector or as a column vector.
Linear Combination of aVectors
If one vector is equal to the sum of scalar multiples of other vectors, it is said to be a linear
combination of the other vectors.
Let X1,X>,...,X; be the n — dimensional vectors and if another n — dimensional vector X can
be expressed as
X=KhiXy + hoXe teeth Xp, — where ky, ke...
Xr.
are scalars
then X is said to be a linear combination of vectors X1,X2 Linear Dependence
A set of rn — dimensional vectors X;,Xp,...,X; is said to be linearly dependent if there
exists r scalars ky, ko, ..,ky not all zero such that
kyXy + kpXo +--+ kpXp = 0
Here, O denotes zero vector whose all components are zero. Such vectors are called linearly
dependent because here at least one vector can be expressed as a linear combination of the
others.
For example, if ki # 0 (where 1 a: We V is called scaler multiplication.
We say that V is a vector space over R, if the following axioms for vector addition and scalar
multiplication are satisfied
Axioms for vector addition
Al. IfweVandv €V,thenu+vevV.
A2.ut+v=v+u,forallu,v eV. {Commutative Property}
A3. ut (v+w) = (u+v)+w, for all u,v,w EV. {Associative Property}
A4, An element 0 in V exists such that v+ 0 =v =0+,foreveryv €V.0€V is called zero
vector inV
AS. For each v € V,an element u € V exists such that u+ v = Oandv +u=0. we Vis called
the negative or additive inverse of v € V. Axioms for scalar multiplication
S1. If v EV, thena-v EV, for alla ER.
$2. a-(v+w) =a-v+a-w, forall v,w €V and all ainR.
$3. (a+b)-v=a-v+b-v,forallv€ Vand alla,beR.
$4. a-(b-v) = (a-b)-v, for allv €V and all a,b ER.
$5. 1-v =v forallv €V. Here 1 is the unity of R.
Note 1. The content of axioms A1 and S1 is described by saying that V is closed under vector
addition and scalar multiplication.
Note 2. A vector space V over Ris denoted by V(R). The elements of V are called vectors and the
elements of Rare called scalars. Throughout vectors will be written a u, v,w,x,y,Zetc.,and
scalars as a,B,y,a,b,c etc. Example 1. Let V = {(uy,u2,U3) # uy, Uz, U3 € R} = IR® be the set of all 3 — tuples of real numbers.
Let u = (uy, U2,U3) € V and v = (v4, v2, v3) € V. We define addition and scalar multiplication in V
as follow =
(uy, Uz, Uz) + (v1, 02,03) = (uy + v1, U2 + ¥2,U3 +03) (A)
+ (Uy, Ue, Us) = (a Wy, Uz, a Us) ~(B)
Then V is a vector space over the field R of real numbers.
Solution. Example 2. Show that the set V = {{* | + a,b,¢,d € R} = My is a vector space over the field R
of real numbers with respect to matrix addition and multiplication by a scalar.
Solution. Example 3. Let V be the set of all real valued continuous functions defined on the closed interval
[0,1] and R be the field of real numbers. For any f,g €V and a € R,define f + g and a: f by
@ (Ff + g)@) = fF) + g@), where x € [0,1]
(ii) (a: f(x) = a: f(x), where x € [0,1]
Show that V is a vector space over the field R of real numbers.
Solution. Example 4. Show that the set V = {up + uy +x + Uz +x? : Up, Uy, Uz € IR} of all polynomials of
degree 2 over the field Ris a vector space over the field R of real numbers with respect to
compositions +
2) = (up + v9) + (uy + 74) +x + (uz + v2) +x? ...(A)
Q+Up +a-uy +x +a-+Uy+x® (BY)
(Ug + uy x + Uz = x?) + (V9 + Oy x + v2
a+ (Up +uy +x + uz +x*)
Then V is a vector space over the field R of real numbers.
Solution. Example 5. Let V = {(uy,uz) ! u1,U2 € IR} = R? be the set of all 2 - tuples of real numbers.
Let u = (uy,u2) €V and v = (v4,v2) €V and also let a € R. We define addition and scalar
multiplication in V as follow :
(ta, U2) + @1,¥2) = Qa + v1, Ue + 02) (4)
a+ (Uy, Uz) = (a+ Wy, U2) ~(B)
Then show that V is not a vector space over the field R of real numbers.
Solution. Example 6. Let V = {(uy,uz) ! u1,U2 € IR} = R? be the set of all 2 — tuples of real numbers.
Let u = (uy,u2) €V and v = (v,v2) € V and also let a € R. We define addition and scalar
multiplication in V as follow :
(uy, uz) + (v1, v2) = ,u2 + v2) (A)
a+ (uy,U2) = (a+ uy,a U2) w= (B)
Then show that V is not a vector space over the field R of real numbers.
Solution. Subspace Subspace of aVector Space over a Field R {set of real number}
Definition. Let V be a vector space over a field R {set of real number}. A non-empty subset W
of V is called a subspace of V if W,under the composition of V, is a vector space over a field R.
Theorem 1. A non-empty subset W of a vector space V over a field R {set of real number} is a
subspace of V if and only
1. w, €W and w, €W > wy—w2 EW.
2.4 €Randw; €W >a-w, EW, forallaeR.
Theorem 2. A non-empty subset W of a vector space V over a field R {set of real number} is a
subspace of V if and only if a-W, +B -W2 €W for all a,B € Rand wy,w2 € W.
Theorem 3. The intersection of two subspaces of a vector space V over a field Ris a subspace
of a vector space V over a field R.
Remark. The union of two subspaces of a vector space V over a field IR need not be a subspace
of a vector space V over a field R.
Theorem 4. The union of two subspaces of a vector space V over a field Ris a subspace of a
vector space V over a field Rif and only if one of them is contained in the other.
Theorem 5. If Wand W, are two subspaces of a vector space V over a field R, then their sum
W, +W, = {wy + wz? Wy € Wy,w € W2} is a subspace of a vector space V over a field R. Example 1. Show that W = {(x,0):x € IR} is a subspace of vector space V = {(x, y):x,y € IR} = R?
over a field R with respect to co-ordinate wise addition and scalar multiplication.
Solution. Example 2. Show that W = {(0, y):y € IR} is a subspace of vector space V = {(x,y):x,y € R} = R?
over a field R with respect to co-ordinate wise addition and scalar multiplication.
Solution. Example 3. The union of two subspaces of a vector space V over a field R need not be a subspace
of a vector space V over a field R.
Solution. Example 4. Show that $ = {(* PF) 1x € B} is a subspace of the vector space
V={C D:p,4,7,5 € R} = Mp of all 2 x2 matrices over a field R
with respect to matrix wise addition and scalar multiplication.
Solution. Example 5. Show that the set W = {f €V:f(—x) = f(x) for all x € [0,1]} is a subspace of the
vector space V of all real valued continuous functions on [0,1] over a field R with respect to
usual addition and scalar multiplication.
Solution. Example 6. Show that the set W = {(x,y,z):x + y = O.and x,y,z € IR} is not a subspace of the
vector space V = {(x,y,z):x,y,z € R} = R® over a field Rwith respect to co-ordinate wise
addition and scalar multiplication.
Solution. Example 7. Show that the set W = {(x,y,z):y +z = Oand x,y,z € IR} is not a subspace of the
vector space V = {(x,y,z):x,y,z € R} = R® over a field Rwith respect to co-ordinate wise
addition and scalar multiplication.
Solution. Linear Span
Definition. If S is a non-empty subset of a vector space V over a field R {set of real number},
then the linear span of S, denoted by L(5), is defined as the set
L(S) = {ay + $y +z +82 4+-4+Gn + Sy? a ERS; ES,1
