│COED

2020-2021

TRIGONOMETRY

For Educational Purpose Only

Not For sale
SHERYL C. BUENAVENTURA, LPT
NEUST

TRIGONOMETRY | SEM 4/SEPH 5

 │COED

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I: Preliminary Concepts of Trigonometry 1

The Rectangular Coordinate System 2
Angles and Angle Measurement 4
Degrees and Radian Measure 6
Arc Length and Area of a Sector 8

Chapter II: The Trigonometric Functions 11

The Six Trigonometric Functions 12
Generating Functions of Special Angles 13
Angles on the Coordinate Axes 15
Functions of Negative Angles 17
Pythagorean Relations in Trigonometric Functions 17
Signs of Trigonometric Functions in Various Quadrant 18

Chapter III: Solutions of Triangles 21

Pythagorean Theorem 22
Solving Right Triangles 22
Solving Oblique Triangles 23
Angles of Elevation and Depression 27

Chapter IV: Graphs and Properties of Trigonometric Functions 29

The Periodic Function 30
The Graph and Properties of Sine Function 30
The Graph and Properties of Cosine Function 31
The Graph and Properties of Tangent Function 32

Chapter V. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 34

The Graph of the inverse Trigonometric Functions 35
The Exact Value of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions 35
The Graph of the Other Inverse Trigonometric Functions 37

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 Chapter IV: Inverse Trigonometrics Functions │Page 11

PREFACE
This module has been made with the aim in providing student with basic
knowledge on the subject-TRIGONOMETRY. It contains comprehensive discussion in
Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics which
studies triangles and the relationships between their sides' lengths and the angles between
those sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions that describe those
relationships and apply to cyclical phenomena, such as waves.
The discussion and exercises in this module are created in a way that the students
can easily understand which can lead them in taking up more challenging and
complicated problems allowing them to practice and assess their skills and learning.

Disclaimer
The information contained in this module is for educational purpose only. The
information provided are from different reliable authors of different books and websites.
The pictures, figures and videos and any other source of information related to the subject
are not owned by the developer of this module.

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 Chapter IV: Inverse Trigonometrics Functions │Page 12

CHAPTER I: Preliminary Concepts of Trigonometry

Trigonometry is one of the branches of mathematics that studies triangle and the
relationships between its sides and angles. It is the branch of mathematics that describes
trigonometric functions and different relationship between those functions.
In this unit, we will study the different concepts of trigonometry that we will use
within the entire course.
At the end of the unit, I am able to:
1. plot points on the rectangular coordinate system;
2. classify angles according to its measurement;
3. convert one angle measure from one unit to another; and
4. solve the arc length and area of a circular sector.
Activating your knowledge
I. Write the coordinate for each point on the given plane.
1. ______________________ 2. _____________________

3. _____________________ 4. ______________________

II. Determine the quadrant in which or axis on which the point is located.
_____5. (10, 16)
a. I b. II c. III d. IV
_____6. (-11, 0)
a. I b. II c. x-axis d. y-axis

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_____7. ( -19, -12)

a. I b. II c. III d. IV
_____8. (0, -11)
a. I b. II c. x-axis d. y-axis
_____9. (7, -7)
a. I b. II c. III d. IV
_____10. (-5, 5)
a. I b. II c. III d. IV

Expanding your knowledge

THE RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

A little history regarding rectangular coordinate system. Each student who study
mathematics may have known who Rene Descartes is. He was regarded as the father of
analytical geometry and the rectangular coordinate system or Cartesian coordinate system
is named to honor him.
Two perpendicular lines of numbers form a rectangular coordinate system which
intersect at the point corresponding to the number 0 on each line. This point of
intersection is called the origin and the symbol O denotes this point. The lines of
horizontal and vertical numbers are called respectively the x-axis and the y-axis. These
two axes divided the plane into four different region, which is called quadrant as shown
in the Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1.

Coordinates of a Point
Let P denote a point in the plane for the coordinates. By drawing a vertical line
from P to the x-axis and a horizontal line from P to the y-axis, we associate an ordered
pair of real numbers with P. When the vertical line intersects the x-axis at number a and
the horizontal line intersects the y-axis at number b, the ordered pair of real numbers (a,
b) is associated with the point. In comparison, a point P in the plane corresponds to any
ordered pair (a, b) of real numbers.
This point lies at the vertical line intersection through a on the x-axis, and the
horizontal line on the y-axis going through b. We'll refer to an ordered pair as a point
hereafter and denote it either by P(a, b) or (a, b). In the point P the number a is the x-

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 Chapter IV: Inverse Trigonometrics Functions │Page 14

coordinate, while the number b is the y-coordinate. For instance, the coordinates of the
origin are (0, 0). Take a look in Figure 1.2

Figure 1.2. Figure 1.3

In FIGURE 1.3, you can see the algebraic signs in each of the four quadrants of
the x-coordinates and y-coordinates of any given point (x,y). If the point is in the x-axis it
has the form (x, 0). While if the point lies on the y-axis it has a form (0,y). When we
locate a point corresponding to an ordered pair of numbers in the coordinate plane and
represent it using a solid marker, we state that the point is plotted or graphed.
Plotting Points
Example 1: Plot the points A (1,2), B (-4,3), and E(3.5,0). Specify the quadrant each
point is located in.

Example 2: Sketch the set of points (x, y) in the xy-plane that satisfy both 0 ≤ x ≤ and
│y│=1.

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 Chapter IV: Inverse Trigonometrics Functions │Page 15

ANGLES AND ANGLE MEASURES

In trigonometry, two basic concepts are angle and angle measurement. An angle is
created when a ray rotates around its endpoint. The ray endpoint is the angle vertex. The
initial side of the angle is considered the ray's starting position. The terminal side is
considered ending position. The initial side of an angle in standard position is on the
positive x-axis, so the vertex is at the origin.

Angles in Standard and Non-standard Position

Positive and Negative Angles

An angle measure defines the magnitude and direction of the ray's rotation from
its initial to its terminal position. If the rotation is counterclockwise, a positive measure is
given by the angle. When the rotation is clockwise, there is a negative measure to the
angle. An angle is said to lie in the quadrant where the terminal side lies in standard
position.

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Coterminal Angles

One way of measuring an angle is through degrees. An angle created by a

complete counterclockwise revolution is 360° measure. Another created by a complete
rotation in the clockwise direction is -360 °. An angle may have a 360° multiple degree
measure, or a fractional part thereof.
In standard position two or more angles will share the same terminal side and
have different degree measurements. Those are called coterminal angles.

Larger angles start at initial side and moves

through QIV, QIII and QII, ending in QI.
This angle is negatives and its measure is
-309.09

If θ is the angle degree measure, then all coterminal angles with this angle have an
average θ +360k degree measure where k is an integer. Use this formula for the above
example where = 50.91 °, -309.09 ° = 50.91 ° +(-1)360 °, respectively. (Value of k is -1,
and angle was formed in a negative direction at the first revolution of a ray.)

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 Chapter IV: Inverse Trigonometrics Functions │Page 17

Again using the formula “θ+360k where k is an integer”, we can verify that an
angle with measure -669.09° is coterminal to an angle with measure 50.91°.
Where θ is 50.91°,
-669.09° = 50.91°+(-2)360°.
(Value of k is -2 and the angle on the second revolution of a ray in a
negative direction.)

For all this the thing you need to note is that there are an infinite number for
angles that are coterminal to any given angle. In circles we can go around in either a
negative or a positive direction creating coterminal angles forever. Measurements of all
angles vary by multiples of 360 ° times some integer.

Reference Angles

The reference angle is a useful method for discovering trigonometric function

values from other angles (you'll learn how to do it later). The reference angle is the x-axis
and the acute angle formed by the terminal side of the given angle. A reference angle can
be the same as the given angle, and that angle is always acute.

DEGRESS AND RADIANS MEASURES

In fact, there are three types of angular measurement: radians (rad), degrees (deg),
and grades. They 're like the difference between feet, inches, and meters. All they are are
different units.
Angles can be measured either in degrees or in radians. The degree symbol ˚ . No
symbol is normally used to denote the radians.
The measurement of a complete revolution is 360˚ or 2π radians. π is equivalent
to 3.14159 and if you prefer you can work with it. You will find, however, in many
calculations that you need to work directly with multiples of π.

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 Chapter IV: Inverse Trigonometrics Functions │Page 18

It is easy to use the fact that 360◦ = 2π radians to convert between the two measures. We
have
360◦ = 2π radians
2𝜋 𝜋
1◦ = 360 = 180 radians

180°
1 radian = 𝜋 degrees ≈ 57.3◦
180 degrees = 𝜋 radians .

Example 3:
Convert 60◦ into radians

Solution:
60◦ = x radians
𝜋
60° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180°

𝜋
= ( 60°) 180° 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

188.496°
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180°
= 1.0472 radians
Therefore, 60◦ is approximately 1.05 radians

Example 4:
Convert 2.75 radians to degrees.

Solution:
2.75 radians = y (degrees)
180°
1 radian = 𝜋 degrees
180°
2.75 radians= 2.75 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋

495
= 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋

= 157. 56°

Therefore, 2.75 radians is approximately 157. 56°

Take a look to the figure at right,

it has different angle measures in degrees
and radians with their respective point.

TRIGONOMETRY | SEM 4/SEPH 5

 Chapter IV: Inverse Trigonometrics Functions │Page 19

ARC LENGTH AND AREA OF A SECTOR

If at one end we fix a line of length r and rotate it around this point, we sweep a
curve out. This curve will have a length, called the arc length (circular), s. The central
angle is a measure of how far we rotated the line or the angle between the initial straight
line and the final straight line.

arc length

We are sweeping out a circle if we rotate enough. The radius, r, is the length of
the line we used to sweep out the circle.
We knew that if a central angle 𝜃, measured in radians, cuts off an arc of length s
𝑠
in a circle of radius r, then the relationship between s, r, and 𝜃 can be written as 𝜃 = 𝑟

Look at the figure below, if we multiply both sides of this equation by r, we'll get
the equation that gives arc length s in terms of both r and 𝜃.

Arc Length
Given that 𝜃 (in terms of radian) is a central angle in a circle with radius with
radius r, then the arc length is cut off by 𝜃 is given by
s = r𝜽 , where 𝜃 is in term of radian.
Note: if θ is given in degrees, it must be
converted into radians first
Example:
Find the length of the arc cut off in a 4.3 inch radius circle by a central angle of 2
radians.
Solution:
We have 𝜃 = 2 and r = 4.3 inches. Applying the formula s = r 𝜃 gives us
s=r𝜃
s = (4.3) (2)
s = 8.6 inches

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 Chapter IV: Inverse Trigonometrics Functions │Page 20

Area of a Sector
Area of a sector, A , with radius. r, and subtended angle, θ, in radians is given by:
𝟏 𝟐
𝑨= 𝒓 𝜽
𝟐
Note: If θ is given in degrees, it must be
converted into radians first

Example: Find the area of the sector formed by a central angle of 1.4 radians in radius 2.1
meters circle. (To the nearest tenths)
Solution: We have r = 2.1 meters and θ = 1.4. Applying the formula for A gives us
1
𝐴= 𝑟 2𝜃
2
1
𝐴= (2.1𝑚)2 (1.4)
2
1
𝐴= (4.41𝑚2 )(1.4)
2
1
𝐴= (6.174𝑚2 )
2

𝐴 = 3.087𝑚2
𝐴 = 3.1𝑚2

References
http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMAT6680/Adcock/Adcock6690/RLAInstructUnit1/R
LATrigLesson1.htm
http://cda.mrs.umn.edu/~mcquarrb/teachingarchive/Precalculus/Lectures/Angles
Measure.pdf
https://www.georgebrown.ca/sites/default/files/uploadedfiles/tlc/_documents/area
_and_arc_length_of_a_sector.pdf

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Chapter IV: Inverse Trigonometrics Functions │Page 21

TRIGONOMETRY | SEM 4/SEPH 5