Homework #4

Problem 1.
 PROBLEM 5.52
KNOWN: Long plastic rod of diameter D heated uniformly in an oven to Ti and then
allowed to convectively cool in ambient air (T∞, h) for a 3 minute period. Minimum
temperature of rod should not be less than 200°C and the maximum-minimum temperature
within the rod should not exceed 10°C.
FIND: Initial uniform temperature Ti to which rod should be heated. Whether the 10°C
internal temperature difference is exceeded.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional radial conduction, (2) Constant properties, (3)

Uniform and constant convection coefficients.
3
PROPERTIES: Plastic rod (given): k = 0.3 W/m⋅K, ρcp = 1040 kJ/m ⋅K.
ANALYSIS: For the worst case condition, the rod cools for 3 minutes and its outer surface is
at least 200°C in order that the subsequent pressing operation will be satisfactory. Hence,
hro 8 W/m 2 ⋅ K × 0.015 m
Bi = = = 0.40
k 0.3 W/m ⋅ K
αt k t 0.3 W/m ⋅ K 3 × 60s
Fo = = ⋅ = × = 0.2308.
ro2 ρ c p ro 1040 ×10 J/m ⋅ K ( 0.015 m )2
2 3 3

Using Eq. 5.49a and ζ1 = 0.8516 rad and C1 = 1.0932 from Table 5.1,
T ( ro , t ) − T∞
θ∗ =
Ti − T∞ ( ) (
= C1J 0 ζ1ro∗ exp −ζ12 Fo . )
With ro∗ = 1, from Table B.4, J 0 (ζ1 ×1) = J o ( 0.8516 ) = 0.8263, giving
200 − 25
Ti − 25
= 1.0932 × 0.8263exp −0.85162 × 0.2308 ( Ti = 254D C. )<
At this time (3 minutes) what is the difference between the center and surface temperatures of
the rod? From Eq. 5.49b,
θ ∗ T ( ro , t ) − T∞
= =
200 − 25
θ o T ( 0,t ) − T∞ T ( 0,t ) − 25
= J 0 ζ1ro∗ = 0.8263 ( )
which gives T(0,t) = 237°C. Hence,
D
∆T = T ( 0,180s ) − T ( ro ,180s ) = ( 237 − 200 ) C = 37DC. <
Hence, the desired max-min temperature difference sought (10°C) is not achieved.
COMMENTS: ∆T could be reduced by decreasing the cooling rate; however, h can not be
made much smaller. Two solutions are (a) increase ambient air temperature and (b) non-
uniformly heat rod in oven by controlling its residence time.

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 PROBLEM 5.62
KNOWN: Spheres of 40-mm diameter heated to a uniform temperature of 400°C are suddenly
removed from an oven and placed in a forced-air bath operating at 25°C with a convection coefficient
2
of 300 W/m ⋅K.
FIND: (a) Time the spheres must remain in the bath for 80% of the thermal energy to be removed,
and (b) Uniform temperature the spheres will reach when removed from the bath at this condition and
placed in a carton that prevents further heat loss.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional radial conduction in the spheres, (2) Constant properties, and
(3) No heat loss from sphere after removed from the bath and placed into the packing carton.
3
PROPERTIES: Sphere (given): ρ = 3000 kg/m , c = 850 J/kg⋅K, k = 15 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) From Eq. 5.52, the fraction of thermal energy removed during the time interval ∆t =
to is

= 1 − 3θ o∗ / ζ13 ⎡⎣sin (ζ1 ) − ζ1 cos (ζ 1 ) ⎤⎦

Q
(1)
Qo
where Q/Qo = 0.8. The Biot number is
Bi = hro / k = 300 W / m 2 ⋅ K × 0.020 m /15 W / m ⋅ K = 0.40
and for the one-term series approximation, from Table 5.1,
ζ1 = 1.0528 rad C1 = 1.1164 (2)
The dimensionless temperature θ o∗ , Eq. 5.31, follows from Eq. 5.50.

(
θ o∗ = C1 exp −ζ12 Fo ) (3)

where Fo = α t o / ro2 . Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (1), solve for Fo and to.
Q
Qo ( )
= 1 − 3 C1 exp −ζ12 Fo / ζ13 ⎡⎣sin (ζ1 ) − ζ1 cos (ζ1 ) ⎤⎦ (4)

Fo = 1.45 t o = 98.6 s <

(b) Performing an overall energy balance on the sphere during the interval of time to ≤ t ≤ ∞,
Ein − Eout = ∆E = E f − Ei = 0 (5)
where Ei represents the thermal energy in the sphere at to,
Ei = (1 − 0.8) Qo = (1 − 0.8) ρ cV ( Ti − T∞ ) (6)
and Ef represents the thermal energy in the sphere at t = ∞,
(
E f = ρ cV Tavg − T∞ ) (7)
Combining the relations, find the average temperature
( )
ρ cV ⎡ Tavg − T∞ − (1 − 0.8)( Ti − T∞ ) ⎤ = 0
⎣ ⎦
Tavg = 100°C <
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 PROBLEM 5S.4

KNOWN: Hot dog with prescribed thermophysical properties, initially at 6°C, is immersed in boiling
water.
FIND: Time required to bring centerline temperature to 80°C.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Hot dog can be treated as infinite cylinder, (2) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: The Biot number, based upon Equation 5.10, is

Bi ≡
2
h Lc h ro / 2 100 W/m ⋅ K 10 × 10 m/2
= =
-3
= 0.96
( )
k k 0.52 W/m ⋅ K
Since Bi > 0.1, a lumped capacitance analysis is not appropriate. Using the Heisler chart, Figure 5S.4
with
hr 100W/m 2 ⋅ K × 10 × 10-3m
Bi ≡ o = = 1.92 or Bi-1 = 0.52
k 0.52 W/m ⋅ K
D
∗ θ o T ( 0,t ) − T∞ ( 80 − 100 ) C
and θo = = = = 0.21 (1)
θi Ti − T∞ ( 6-100 )D C
(10 ×10-3m )
2
αt ro2
find Fo = t∗ = = 0.8 t = ⋅ Fo = × 0.8 = 453.5s = 7.6 min <
ro2 α 1.764 ×10−7 m 2 / s
where α = k/ρ c = 0.52 W/m ⋅ K/880 kg/m3 × 3350 J/kg ⋅ K = 1.764 × 10−7 m 2 / s.

COMMENTS: (1) Note that Lc = ro/2 when evaluating the Biot number for the lumped capacitance
analysis; however, in the Heisler charts, Bi ≡ hro/k.
-1
(2) The surface temperature of the hot dog follows from use of Figure 5S.5 with r/ro = 1 and Bi =
0.52; find θ(1,t)/θo ≈ 0.45. From Equation (1), note that θo = 0.21 θi giving

θ (1, t ) = T ( ro , t ) − T∞ = 0.45θ o = 0.45 ( 0.21[ Ti − T∞ ]) = 0.45 × 0.21[ 6 − 100]D C = −8.9DC

D
T ( ro , t ) = T∞ − 8.9D C = (100 − 8.9 ) C = 91.1DC
(3) Since Fo ≥ 0.2, the approximate solution for θ*, Equation 5.49, is valid. From Table 5.1 with Bi =
1.92, find that ζ1 = 1.3245 rad and C1 = 1.2334. Rearranging Equation 5.49 and substituting values,

Fo = −
ζ1
1
2 (
ln θ o∗ / C1 = ) 1 ⎡ 0.213 ⎤
ln ⎢
(1.3245 rad )2 ⎣1.2334 ⎦
⎥ = 1.00

This result leads to a value of t = 9.5 min or 20% higher than that of the graphical method.

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courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.