1.

1 Definition of Analog System

An analog system is a system that uses continuous signals to represent
information. This means that the signal can take on any value within a certain
range. Analog systems are often used to represent real-world phenomena
such as sound, light, and temperature.

Some examples of analog systems include:

 Audio systems: Analog audio systems use analog signals to represent
sound waves.
 Video systems: Analog video systems use analog signals to represent
images.
 Radio: Analog radios use analog signals to transmit and receive radio
waves.
 Thermometers: Analog thermometers use analog signals to measure
temperature.
 Amplifiers: Analog amplifiers use analog signals to amplify electrical
signals.

1.2 Features of Analog System

Analog systems are characterized by continuous signals that represent data in
a proportional manner. They have several features, including:
A. Continuous Signals: Analog systems use continuous signals that vary
smoothly over time, allowing for an infinite number of possible values
within a range.
B. Infinite Resolution: Analog signals can theoretically have infinite resolution
since they can represent any value within a continuous range.
C. Real-world Representation: Analog systems are well-suited for
representing real-world phenomena like temperature, pressure, and
sound, as these quantities are continuous in nature.
D. Signal Degradation: Analog signals are susceptible to noise and
interference, which can lead to signal degradation and loss of accuracy.
 E. Smooth Transitions: Analog signals allow for smooth transitions between
values, making them suitable for tasks that require gradual changes, such
as audio and video processing.
F. Complex Circuitry: Analog systems often require complex circuitry to
process and transmit signals accurately, which can increase the overall
system complexity.
G. Signal Amplification: Analog signals can be easily amplified, allowing for
boosting weak signals to usable levels.
H. Limited Storage: Storing analog data requires continuous physical media,
making it less efficient compared to digital storage methods.

1.3 Advantage of Analog System

 Continuous representation of signals without quantization or discretization.
 Simplicity in design and implementation.
 Real-time processing with instantaneous response.
 Robustness against noise and interference.
 Wide compatibility with existing infrastructure and equipment.
 Smooth signal processing with infinite resolution.

1.4 Advantage of Analog System

a) They are more complex to design and manufacture.
b) They are more susceptible to noise and interference.
c) Signal conversion cost is high inside the display.
d) Digital interface up gradation is impossible.
e) Hard to remove impulse noise.

1.5 Definition of Digital System

A Digital System is a system defined as the discrete signal and two binary value
which is 0 and 1 that is any programmable electronic system such as a PLC,
DCS, or microcomputer.
1.6 Application of Digital System
 Communication systems (like telephones).
 Digital TV/Cameras/Computers.
 Business transactions.
 Traffic control.
 Weather monitoring.
 Industrial applications.

1.7 Features/ Characteristics of Digital System

a. Uses binary code: Digital systems use binary code, which is a combination
of zeros and ones, to represent information.
b. Accuracy: Digital systems are more accurate than analog systems because
the information is represented in a precise and consistent manner.
c. Processing speed: Digital systems are capable of processing large amounts
of data quickly and accurately.
d. Error Detection and Correction: Digital systems can incorporate error
detection and correction techniques to ensure data integrity, which is
essential for reliable communication and storage
e. Noise immunity: Digital systems are immune to noise and interference,
which means that the transmitted information is less likely to be corrupted.
f. Storage and Memory: Digital systems can store and retrieve large amounts
of data in digital memory devices, such as RAM and ROM.

1.8 Advantages/ Benefits of Digital System

Digital systems offer numerous advantages and benefits over their analog
counterparts, including:
a) Accuracy: Digital systems provide higher accuracy due to discrete signal
values, reducing errors caused by signal degradation.
b) Precision: Digital signals can represent a wide range of values with great
precision, allowing for fine-tuning and control.
c) Ease of Storage: Digital data can be easily stored, copied, and transported
without degradation, making it more convenient for archiving and sharing.
d) Signal Processing: Digital signals can be easily manipulated, filtered, and
processed using digital techniques, enabling advanced signal processing
operations.
e) Noise Immunity: Digital signals are less susceptible to noise interference, as
they can be reconstructed accurately even if the signal is partially
corrupted.
 f) Versatility: Digital systems can handle different types of data (audio, video,
text) through a common format, simplifying data integration and
interoperability.
g) Compression: Digital data can be compressed efficiently, reducing storage
and transmission requirements without significant loss of quality.
h) Error Detection and Correction: Digital systems can implement robust error
detection and correction mechanisms to ensure data integrity.
i) Security: Digital systems offer encryption and authentication features,
enhancing data security and privacy.
j) Flexibility: Digital systems can be easily reconfigured and updated through
software, enabling rapid adaptation to changing requirements.

1.9 Disadvantage of Digital System

a. It has low speed.
b. It requires more bandwidth for digital communication.
c. There have sampling error in digital system.
d. The detection of digital signal requires the communications system to
be synchronized.
e. It is difficult to install digital system because it required many more
complex el circuits and ICs.
1.10 Similarities between Digital and Analog Systems:
a. Both can be used to process and transmit information.
b. Both can be used in a variety of applications such as audio, video, and
telecommunications.
c. Both can be used in combination with each other to achieve certain goals,
such as using digital signal processing to enhance analog signals.
d. Both require some level of circuitry or hardware to function.
1.11 Difference between Digital and Analog System:
The following table highlights the important differences between a Digital
System and an Analog System-
Digital System Analog System
Digital Systems use discrete signals as Analog Systems use continuous signals
on/off representing binary format. Off is with varying magnitude.
0, On is 1.
Digital Systems use square waves. Analog systems use sine waves.
Hardware is flexible. Hardware is not flexible..
More bandwidth to carry out the same Less bandwidth.
information.
Stored data in the form of binary bit. Stored data in the form of wave signal.
Consumes negligible power. Consumes large power.
Cost is high. Cost is low.
Example: Computers, CDs, DVDs. Example: Human voice in air, analog
electronic devices.

Review Questions
 UNIT-II NUMBER SYSTEM
2.1 What is Number?
A number is a string of one or more digits which is used to count, quantify and
measure something. For example, there are 20 students in a class ; Here 20 is a
number.
2.2 What is Digit?
A digit is a single numerical symbol of a number or the smallest symbols of
numbers. Number consist of digits. All digits are numbers but all numbers are not
digit. For example, 243 is a number with three digits, which is consist of 2, 4 and 3
separate three digits. Each of them is a separate number.
 The value of each digit in a number can be determined using −
 The digit
 The position of the digit in the number
 The base of the number system

2.3 What is Number system?

The technique to represent and work with numbers is called number
system. Decimal number system is the most common number system. The
number system consists of the following elements. As-
Some symbols- For example- 1,2,3 …
Some operators. For example – +, -, ×, ÷ etc.
Some rules. For example, the rules of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
etc.

2.4 Classification of Number System

Number system is classified in two ways based on the position of the digits in a
number. They are-
A. Non-Positional number system: The number system in which the value of a
digit does not depend on the position of the digit used in the number is called the
non-positional number system. It is an ancient system. In this system, various
appliance, animals, birds, trees and flowers were used for expressing specific
measurement. Hieroglyphics number system is an example of non- positional
number system.
B. Positional number system: The number system in which the value of a digit
depends on the position of the digit used in the number is called the positional
number system. In this number system, value of a number is calculated using local
value of the digits, positional value of the digits and base of the number system. In
this system, Each number is divided into integer and fraction with Radix point(.).
For example- (126.34)10.

2.5 Types of Positional Number Systems

Positional number system is four types. They are-
A. Decimal Number System
B. Binary Number System
C. Octal Number System
D. Hexadecimal Number System

2.6 Decimal Number System

The number system which uses 10 digits or symbols for counting and calculations
is known as the decimal number system. Symbols or digits used in that number
system are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Since 10 digits or symbols are used in that
number system, its base is 10. People use the decimal number system in their
daily lives for counting. Suppose 456.25 is a decimal number. We can write this
number as 4×102 + 5×101 + 6×100 + 2×10-1 + 5×10-2
We can also write the number as below-
So, local value of each digit in decimal number system is given below:
MSB ← 102 101 100 . 10-1 10-2 → LSB
↓
Decimal Point

2.7 Binary Number System

Binary Number System is the number system in which we use two digits “0” and
“1” to perform all the necessary operations. The base or radix of this number
system is 2. It is also called as base-2 number system. Binary number system is
also positional number system, where each digit has a value expressed in powers
of 2. The easiest way to vary instructions through electric signals is two-state
system- ON and OFF. ON is represented as 1 and OFF as 0, though 0 is not actually
no signal but signal at a lower voltage.

Each binary digit is also called a bit (binary digit). In any binary number, the
rightmost digit is called Least Significant Bit (LSB) and leftmost digit is called Most
Significant Bit (MSB).
The binary number system is mainly used in digital systems because digitals
systems use two state switching devices like diodes, transistors, etc.
Suppose 111.01 is a binary number whose structure is given below.
1×22 + 1×21 + 1×20 + 0×2-1 + 1×2-2
We can also write the number as below:

So, local value of each digit in binary system is given below:

MSB ← 22 21 20 . 2-1 2-2 → LSB
↓
 Binary Point
Format of a Binary Number

• A single digit in the binary number is called bit.

• The following figure shows the format of binary number. Four binary digits form
a nibble, eight binary digits form a byte, sixteen binary digits form a word and
thirty-two binary digits form a double-word.

Nibble: 4-bits can represent 24 = 16 distinct values

Byte: 8-bits can represent 28 = 256 distinct values

Word: 16-bits can represent 216 = 65536 distinct values

Double word: 32-bits can represent 232 = 4294967296 distinct values

2.8 Octal Number System

The octal number system is the base-8 number system which uses digits 0 to 7.
This means that each digit in an octal number has a place value that is a power of
8. The digits of the octal number system are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
The octal number system was widely used in early minicomputers.
The octal form of the number 352.14 is given below.
3×82 + 5×81 + 2×80 + 1×8-1 + 8-2
We can also write the number as below
So, local value of each digit in local system is given below:
MSB ← 82 81 80 . 8-1 8-2 → LSB
↓
Octal Point

2.9 Hexadecimal Number System

A hexadecimal number system is a number system in which the base value is 16.
This means that there are 16 symbols used in the hexadecimal system. The
hexadecimal symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F. The alphabets
used in the hexadecimal system are the single bit depiction of the decimal
numbers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. The hexadecimal system requires 4 bits to
depict any digit. It can be used to represent large numbers with fewer digits.
In the hexadecimal system of numbers, each digit has a weightage equivalent to
the power of 16. Thus in a hexadecimal system of numbers, each digit is 16 times
more valuable than the previous digit. The numerical value of each digit in the
hexadecimal sequence is obtained by multiplying the number with the power of
16, which depends on the position of the number and then adding the number to
the sum.
Software developers use the hexadecimal number system extensively because it
conveniently represents the binary-coded values.
Structure of the hexadecimal number 352.A4 will be-
3×162 +5×161 + 2×160 + A×16-1 + 4×16-2
So, local value of each digit in local system is given below:
MSB ← 162 161 160 . 16-1 16-2 → LSB
↓
Hexadecimal Point

Knowledge Based Questions:

What is number?
What is digit?
What is bit/byte?
What is number system?
What is positional number system?
What is Radix point?
What is positional value?
What is non-positional number system?

What is binary number system?

What is decimal number system?
What is octal number system?
What is hexadecimal number system?
What is the base of number system?
UNIT-III: Conversation of Number system
The process of converting a number from one numeral system to another is
known as numeral system conversion.
In our everyday calculations, we commonly use the decimal numeral system.
However, computers and other digital electronic devices use the binary numeral
system. Therefore, when performing internal computations in computers, decimal
numbers need to be converted into binary format. Programs written in binary can
also be represented in octal and hexadecimal numeral systems for compact
representation, as binary numbers can become quite lengthy. This is why octal and
hexadecimal numeral systems are used for concise representation in computer
programming.
 Group-01: Decimal to Others Number System Conversion
The following shows how to convert from decimal to the following three number
systems:
1. Decimal to Binary
2. Decimal to Octal
3. Decimal to Hexadecimal
Binary Number System

Octal Number System

Decimal Number System

Hexadecimal Number System

The rules for converting decimal numbers to any other number system are as
follows:
For Integer Part:
To convert a decimal integer to another base integer, follow these steps:
 Step 1: Divide the decimal number by the desired base and keep the
quotient.
 Step 2: Write down the remainder beside the quotient obtained in the first
step.
 Step 3: Divide the quotient from the second step again by the base.
 Step 4: Repeat the process of steps two and three until the quotient
becomes zero.
 Step 5: Arrange the remainders obtained from step two to the last step in
reverse order to get the converted number.

For Fraction Part:

To convert a decimal fraction number to another base fraction number, you need
to follow the following steps:
 Step 1: Multiply the decimal fraction number by the desired base.
 Step 2: Save the whole number part of the product.
 Step 3: Multiply the fractional part of the product by the same base.
 Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the fractional part becomes zero.
 Step 5: Arrange all the whole number parts obtained in step 2 in reverse
order. This will be the converted base fraction number.

Group-01.1 Decimal to Binary Conversion: