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Experiment No-8-Familiarization with Oscilloscope, Function

Generator and with Alternating Current (AC)waves
Electric circuit (Bangladesh University of Business and Technology)

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Experiment No : 08
Experiment Name : Familiarization with Oscilloscope, Function Generator and with Alternating
Current (AC)waves.
Objective:
This experiment is designed for the students to introduce themselves and to be familiar with the
oscilloscope and its operation. This experiment will help the students to have basic ideas about key
functions of different knobs of oscilloscope and also to know how to measure voltage/current of a
circuit-using oscilloscope as a measuring instrument.

Introduction:
Oscilloscopes are essential test & measurement equipment in the lab. They are used to display,
record, and analyze voltage waveforms, typically in the time domain. In this guide, we will use
Moku:Lab’s built-in oscilloscope to introduce the basic functions while learning some important
concepts and parameters of oscilloscopes. This will help you gain a better understanding of what an
oscilloscope does, how it is typically used, and the concepts of sampling rate, bandwidth, triggers,
etc.
The main use of an oscilloscope is to obtain the visual display of an electrical voltage signal. If the
signal to be displayed is not in the voltage form, it is first converted to this form. The signal voltage
is then transmitted to the oscilloscope along a cable (usually a coaxial cable) and enters the
oscilloscope where the cable is connected to the scope input terminals. Often the signal at this point
is too small in amplitude to activate the scope display system. Therefore, it needs to be amplified.
Basically, Oscilloscopes are of two types-
 Analog Oscilloscopes
 Digital Oscilloscopes
Most modern oscilloscopes belong to the digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) family.But most of the
concepts introduced in this guide will be specific to Analog Oscilloscopes.

Analog Oscilloscopes:
Analog oscilloscopes are used to measure voltage against time in electrical instruments. They work
by converting the voltage signal into a visual representation on a screen. Incoming voltage is
displayed on the oscilloscope screen as a two-dimensional graph, with time running horizontally on
the x-axis and voltage vertically on the y-axis. This makes it easy to see how the signal changes
over time and helps to troubleshoot problems.
For example, if the input signal to the CRO were a sine wave, the trace produced on the CRT
screen will be a sine wave. It is important to obtain a stable display on the CRT screen. If the input
signal is periodic and the time base circuitry properly synchronizes the horizontal sweep with the
vertical deflection, the spot of light will trace the same path on the screen over and over again.

Figure1:An Oscilloscope

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Introduction to front Panel:

The front panel consists of the following parts:
1. CRT
2. Vertical axis
3. Triggering
4. Time
5. Others

Brief description:
1. CRT:
a) Power :The main power switch.
b) Inten : Controls the brightness of the spot.
c) Focus :For focusing the spot for sharp image.
d) Trace rotation :For aligning the horizontal trace in parallel with graticule lines.
e) Filter :CRT Effect is a text effect Photo-shop mock-up template that gives your text, logo or
shape a unique old TV style
2.Vertical System and Controls:
Vertical controls are used to position and scale the waveform vertically, set the input coupling, and
adjust other signal conditioning. Common vertical controls include:

1. Position
2. Coupling: DC, AC, and GND
3. Bandwidth: Limit and Enhancement
4. Termination: 1M ohm and 50 ohm
5. Invert: On/Off
6. Scale: Fixed Steps and Variable
7. offset

3.Horizontal System and Controls:

An oscilloscope’s horizontal system is most closely associated with its acquisition of an input
signal. Sample rate and record length are among the considerations here. Horizontal controls are
used to position and scale the waveform horizontally. Common horizontal controls include:

1. Acquisition 8. Z Axis
2 . Sample Rate 9. XYZ Mode
3. Position and Seconds per Division 10. Trigger Position
4. Time Base 11. Scale
5. Zoom/Pan 12.Trace Separation
6. Search 13. Record Length
7. XY mode 14.Resolution

4. Triggering:
 EXT TRIG IN input terminal

 SOURCE
1) CH1: When Vert mode switch is at DUAL/ADD position select CH1 for internal triggering.
2) CH2: When Vert mode switch is at DUAL/ADD position select CH2 for internal triggering.
3) TRIG.ALT: It will alternately select CH1 and CH2 for internal triggering.
4) Line and EXT

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SLOPE :
1) ‘+’: Triggering occurs when triggering signal crosses triggering level in +ve going direction.
2) ‘—&#39: Triggering occurs when triggering signal crosses triggering level in –ve going
direction.

 LEVEL :To display synchronized stationary waveform and set a start point of it.

5. Time Base:
 TIME/DIV Ranges are available from 0.2 μsec/div to 0.5 sec/div in 20 steps. X-Y mode: This
position is used when oscilloscope functions as an X-Y oscilloscope.
 SWP.VAR (30)
 Position (32)
 Control the position of the horizontal trace or spot.
 x 10 MAG (31): When this button is pushed, magnification of 10 occurs.
6. Others:
 a) CAL (1):This terminal gives the calibration voltage of 2 Vp-p, 1 kHz, and positive square
wave.
 b)GND (15):The ground terminal of the oscilloscope mainframe.

Basic operation with oscilloscope:

1. Single channel operation:
a) Set the AC-GND-DC of both channels in the GND position and align the trace with horizontal
central line and then set to AC position.
b) Adjust the FOCUS control so that the trace image appears sharply.
c) Set the VOLTS/DIV switch at 1 V and TIME/DIV switch at 0.5 ms position so that signal
waveform is displayed clearly.
d) Adjust vertical POSITION and horizontal POSITION controls in appropriate position so that the
displayed waveform is aligned with the graticule and voltage (p-p) and period (T) can be read
conveniently.
2. Dual-channel operation: Set the Vert mode switch to DUAL state so that both channels are
displayed
simultaneously.
3. Frequency measurement:
a) The frequency of any waveform can be measured by adjusting the TIME/DIV control knob of
oscilloscope. Adjust the TIME/DIV control knob to position 0.5 ms to observe the waveform.
b) Now measure the frequency of the wave using the following formula: 1 large square or 5 small
squares = t sec,
# of small squares required to represent a full cycle of wave =n sec Where, n may have fraction
value.
Time period, T = (n/5) × t s
Frequency, f = 1/T Hz

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Figure2: Sine wave

Function Generator:
Another major equipment commonly in electronic circuit applications, is a Function Generator
(FG).As the name indicates, a Function Generator generates different voltage signals, such as Sine,
Pulse, and Triangle.
The most commonly required signals in electronic circuits are Sine and Pulse. Sine wave signals
find their use mostly in Analog circuits, such as amplifiers, filters, etc. Pulse signals are useful in
testing the time response of circuits and also as Clock signals in Digital circuits. In a general pulse
signal, the high and low level time periods are different. Square wave is a special case when the
periods are equal.
In a FG by the touch of a button one can choose a variety of signals. This is possible because of the
fact that one can obtain different signals from a starting signal using wave shaping circuits. The
synthesized function generators, the waveforms are generated by digitally stored signals through
digital to analog converters.
In the lab you will be using the Model SFG2110 Synthesized Function Generator (by M/s GW
Instek, Taiwan) which is a 10 MHz function generator.

Basic operation with function generator:

1. Power on the generator and select the desired output signal: square wave, sine wave or triangle
wave.
2. Connect the output leads to an oscilloscope to visualize the output signal and set its parameters
using the amplitude and frequency controls.
3. Attach the output leads of the function generator to the input of the circuit you wish to test.
4. Attach the output of your circuit to a meter or oscilloscope to visualize the resulting change in
signal.

Figure3:Function Generator
Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO):
A DSO samples the input waveform and uses an analog-to-digital converter (or ADC) to convert
the voltage being measured into digital information. It then uses this digital information to
reconstruct the waveform on the screen.
• The ADC in the acquisition system samples the signal at discrete points in time and converts the
signal's voltage at these points to digital values called sample points.
• The horizontal system's sample clock determines how often the ADC takes a sample.
• The rate at which the clock "ticks" is called the sample rate and is measured in
samples per second. The sample points from the ADC are stored in memory as waveform points.
• More than one sample point may make up one waveform point. Together, the waveform points
make up one waveform record.

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• The number of waveform points used to make a waveform record is called the record length.The
trigger system determines the start and stop points of the record.
• The display receives these record points after being stored in memory. Depending on the
capabilities of the oscilloscope, additional processing of the sample points may take place,
enhancing the display. Pre-trigger may be available, allowing you to see events before the trigger
point.
• Fundamentally, with a digital oscilloscope as with an analog oscilloscope, you need to adjust the
vertical, horizontal, and trigger settings to take a measurement.

Brief description:
A schematic diagram of the DSO front panel is shown above. Other than the LCD display, There
are five major sections on the front panel of the DSO: Section 1 – The five function keys located on
the side of the display. Section 2 – the section below the display consisting of Power switch, and
probe compensation output (calibrated source). Section 3 – A variable knob and Ten Menu keys
located on the top side to the left of the display. Section 4 – Knobs and buttons located in three
columns at the center part, indicated as: VERTICAL,HORIZONTAL, and TRIGGER.

Section 5 – Located at the bottom part to the left of the display are input BNC sockets for CH-1,
CH-2 and External Trigger terminals, and an extra socket for GND.DSO operations require the use
of a combination knobs and buttons. You need to familiarize yourself well with all the basic
operations in order to perform experiments and make measurements using the DSO in the lab.
Basic operations of the DSO:
a) Channels CH-1 and CH-2: The signal display part of the LCD screen is 10cm (X-axis) long
and 8cm (Y-axis) high. For convenience channels are indicated with different colors. Signal
connected to Channel 1 (CH-1) would appear YELLOW on the LCD screen.Numera1-1 is also
indicated on the extreme left side of the display. CH-1 controls are also given yellow color. By
pressing the yellow button (CH 1), this channel (and display) can be turned on or off. The
Volts/Div. knob indicates the Y-scale in volts/full div or volts/cm. Signal to CH-1 should be
connected to the BNC connector seen just below the Volts/div knob. Similarly, the signal to CH-2
should be connected to the socket below the CH-2 Volts/div knob. CH-2 display would appear blue
on the LCD screen. Numeral-2 is also indicated. Note that the DSO can display signals
simultaneously on two channels.

b) CH-1 and CH-2 Coupling Modes:

Press the required channel button (CH-1 or CH-2). Now sub-menu for that channel would appear at
the left side of the screen. Choose the top option, “Coupling” by pressing the first function key. The
current coupling mode would be displayed below the line “Coupling”. The three possible coupling
modes are DC (two lines: solid line and broken line), AC (sine wave), and GROUND (ground
sign). As you press this function key the coupling modes keep changing. The present mode would
be displayed below the “Coupling” function. The most common coupling mode is DC, which
would enable you to measure both dc and ac levels of the signal. In the AC mode, the dc content of
the signal would be removed. GROUND mode is used to choose the reference zero level for the Y-
axis. In this mode DSO disconnects the input signal and connects the channel to ground.

c) Triggering the display:

Proper triggering of the signal is required to get a stable display. When the signal is properly
triggered, a message in green color “Trig’ d” would appear on the top. By pressing the “MENU”
button in the “TRIGGER” column (extreme right column), various options for triggering are
obtained. These are Type: Edge, Pulse, and Video

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Source: CH 1, CH 2, External, Line . Slope/Coupling: Slope (+ve/ –ve), Coupling (DC/AC),

Rejection (Off/LF/HF), Noise Rej(Off/On)
Mode: Auto For normal use choose Type: Edge, Source: CH1 or CH2, Slope (+ve or –ve),
Coupling: DC

d ) Horizontal Functions:
There are three controls under HORIZONTAL (middle column). Top one is the horizontal position
knob used to move the display in the X-direction. Bottom one is the “TIME/DIV” knob used to
select the time base scale (X-scale). This can range from 10sec/div to 1ns/div. The current time
base scale setting will be displayed at the bottom, a little left to the center line. A proper setting of
the channel Volts/div and Time/div are required to get a clear display. The middle button “MENU”
in this column is used to choose the Display mode.

e ) Display Modes: Main and XY Modes:

Press the “MENU” button, located just above the TIME/DIV knob located among the Horizontal
controls (middle column). For normal operations, where you want to display the input signal
continuously, the mode should be “Main”. To get the XY mode, press the XY function key in this
menu. XY mode is occasionally used to get the XY plot of the two signals connected to CH-1 and
CH-2. In the XY mode, CH-1 signal is taken as the X-axis input and CH-2 the Y-axis.

f ) AUTOSET Function:
This button may be thought of as the ‘panic’ button. This button may be pressed when you think
that you are lost and needs help (with regard to displaying the signals on the DSO properly!).Once
the AUTOSET button is pressed (extreme top right button) the DSO measures the amplitudes and
time periods of the input signals connected to CH-1 and CH-2 and automatically chooses the
correct Volts/Div, Time/Div, and Trigger mode settings.

g) Function key:
These key are used to measure various quantity of an electrical signal which is varied by variable
knob.
Note:
1) Don’t put any sort of electrical equipment’s (such as signal generator, dc supply etc.) onthe top
of the oscilloscope.
2) Place the oscilloscope away from any magnetic field (as far as possible)
3) If the GND horizontal line deviates significant amount then adjust it by rotating the position of
oscilloscope.
4) Always check the 10x switch of probe according to your measurement.
5) Always avoid common grounding resulting from improper connection of knobs in the circuit.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Interpret the data /findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful in
complying with the goal that was initially set. Detect the variation between theory and experimental
result if any and propose the ways procedures to overcome the variations. State the particular steps
adopted to overcome the deviations between theory and experiment.Summarize the experiment and
discuss whether the objective were fulfilled or not within a short paragraph.

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