7/27/24, 8:19 AM Assignment 3 - Linear Equations: Attempt review | eConcordia

Started on Friday, 19 July 2024, 8:28 AM

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Make sure to understand well where you did mistakes and review the corresponding lecture topics.
Be careful not to fall behind by postponing the review of the topics.

Question 1
Complete
Not graded

By checking the "yes" answer below I confirm

1. that I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid to answer the questions of this assignment.
2. I agree to follow the rules in regard of online assignments as posted in the course outline
3. I used only octave or Matlab to solve the questions (I am allowed to consult all course material and my own notes)
Select one:
a. Yes I agree
b. No I do not agree

Your answer is correct.

The correct answer is: Yes I agree

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Question 2
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Consider the following system :

𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = −5
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑧 = −12
3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4

Naive Gauss elimination will transform the coefficient matrix into

Select one:
a. ⎛⎜ 1.000000 4.0000 −1.0000 ⎞⎟
⎜ 0 −3.0000 −5.0000 ⎟
⎝ 0 0 3.6667 ⎠
b. ⎛ 1.000000 4.0000 −1.0000 ⎞ 
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 −3.0000 −5.0000 ⎟
⎝ 0 0 23.6667 ⎠
c. ⎛ 1.000000 4.0000 −1.0000 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 −3.0000 −5.0000 ⎟
⎝ 0 0 23.0000 ⎠
d. ⎛ 1.000000 4.0000 −1.0000 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 −3.0000 −5.0000 ⎟
⎝ 0 0 −13.4100 ⎠

Your answer is correct.

Reference: lecture on naive Gauss elimination in topic 3 "Systems of linear equations".
⎛ 1.000000 4.0000 −1.0000 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
The correct answer is: ⎜ 0 −3.0000 −5.0000 ⎟
⎝ 0 0 23.6667 ⎠

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Question 3
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Pivoting strategy is introduced in Gauss elimination in order to

Select one or more:
a. no particular reason (it is just another method)
b. reduce danger of loss of significance 
c. avoid problems of division by zero 
d. speed up calculations
e. simplify the solution process

Your answer is correct.

Reference: lecture on Gauss with partial pivoting in topic 3 "Systems of linear equations".
The correct answers are: avoid problems of division by zero, reduce danger of loss of significance

Question 4
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Select the correct statements

Select one or more:
a. Cramer's rule is a very efficient method to solve linear systems of equations
b. Gauss elimination algorithms with partial pivoting are restricted to small systems (typically less than 4-5 equations) as their
computational effort is large
c. Using LU decomposition to solve a system of linear equations having  Correct: the algorithm may fail even if the
exactly one solution can fail system has a solution
d. LU decomposition is significantly more efficient than the naive Gauss elimination algorithm for solving a system 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏
e. The numerical answer of the solution of a linear  Correct: their will always remain round-off errors. They may be
system of equations using the PA=LU contains errors small depending on the system, but they will always be there

Your answer is correct.

The correct answers are: Using LU decomposition to solve a system of linear equations having exactly one solution can fail, The
numerical answer of the solution of a linear system of equations using the PA=LU contains errors

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Question 5
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Select the correct statement(s)

The solution of a linear system 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏 computed by PA=LU method
Select one or more:
a. is in general more accurate than if computed by A=LU  Numerically speaking yes as it minimizes round-off errors. One
method (assuming A=LU can find a solution) can in general expect a more accurate answer
b. can always be found (as long as the solution of the system exists) 
c. is in general less accurate than if computed by A=LU method (assuming A=LU can find a solution)
d. is free of truncation errors 
e. is error free

Your answer is correct.

The correct answers are: is free of truncation errors, can always be found (as long as the solution of the system exists), is in general more
accurate than if computed by A=LU method (assuming A=LU can find a solution)

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Question 6
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Complete the equation:

⎡2 7 −2 ⎤ ⎡7 4 −1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
𝑃 ⎢3 −5 2 ⎥ = ⎢2 7 −2 ⎥
⎣7 4 −1 ⎦ ⎣3 −5 2 ⎦

| 001  |
P = | 100  |
| 010  |

100 010 001

Your answer is correct.

Reference: Read about permutation matrices in topic 3 "Linear equations"
The correct answer is: Complete the equation:
⎡2 7 −2 ⎤ ⎡7 4 −1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
𝑃 ⎢3 −5 2 ⎥ = ⎢2 7 −2 ⎥
⎣7 4 −1 ⎦ ⎣3 −5 2 ⎦

| [0 0 1] |
P = | [1 0 0] |
| [0 1 0] |

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Question 7
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Solve the following system of linear equations by Gauss elimination using partial pivoting
𝑥1 −𝑥2 +3𝑥3 = −3
−𝑥1 −2𝑥3 = 1
2𝑥1 +2𝑥2 +4𝑥3 = 0

The coefficient matrix of the system is transformed into an upper diagonal matrix 𝑈
The element 𝑢22 in the resulting upper diagonal matrix 𝑈 is
Select one:
a. -2
b. 1
c. 2
d. -1 

Your answer is incorrect.

Written in tableau form:
⎡ 1 −1 3 | −3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 0 −2 | 1 ⎥
⎣ 2 2 4 | 0 ⎦

Pivoting:
⎡ 2 2 4 | 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 0 −2 | 1 ⎥
⎣ 1 −1 3 | −3 ⎦

Gauss elimination:
⎡2 2 4 | 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0 | 1 ⎥
⎣0 −2 1 | −3 ⎦

Pivoting:
⎡2 2 4 | 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −2 1 | −3 ⎥
⎣0 1 0 | 1 ⎦

Further Gauss elimination will not change the 𝑢22 element.

Consequently the answer is 𝑢22 = −2
The correct answer is: -2

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Question 8
Correct
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Compute the ∞-norm of the following matrix

⎡ −1.0 8.0 8.8 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −6.8 −7.3 5.9 ⎥
⎣ 9.4 9.3 7.4 ⎦

Answer: 26.1 

The ∞-norm of a matrix is the maximum absolute row sum. In our case this is 26.1.
The correct answer is: 26.1

Question 9
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Consider the following system of equations

⎡ 5 −3 2 ⎤⎡𝑥⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −2 4 −1 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑦 ⎥ = ⎢ −2 ⎥
⎣ −4 0 0 ⎦⎣𝑧 ⎦ ⎣ 5 ⎦
and the following approximation of the solution of this system:
⎡ 6.6 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
𝑥𝑟 = ⎢ −9.6 ⎥
⎣ −7.0 ⎦

How much is the relative backward error?

Give your answer with two significant figures and use the ∞-norm.
Answer: 6.3 

The backward error is given by the ∞-norm of

⎡ 43.8 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
𝐴𝑥𝑟 − 𝑏 = ⎢ −42.6 ⎥
⎣ −31.4 ⎦

To obtain the relative backward error we calculate

‖𝐴𝑥𝑟 −𝑏‖∞ = 43.8
‖𝑏‖∞ 5

The correct answer is: 8.8

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Question 10
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We are solving a system of linear equations 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏.

Assume we found an approximation 𝑥𝑟 of the true solution 𝑟 of the system
Choose the correct statement
Select one:
a. The backward error is ‖𝑟 − 𝑥𝑟 ‖∞
b. The backward error is ‖𝐴𝑥𝑟 ‖∞
c. The backward error can be interpreted as an error ‖Δ𝑏‖∞ = ‖𝑏 − 𝐴𝑥𝑟 ‖∞ on the right hand side vector 𝑏 
d. The backward error is ‖𝑥𝑟 ‖∞

Your answer is correct.

The correct answer is: The backward error can be interpreted as an error ‖Δ𝑏‖∞ = ‖𝑏 − 𝐴𝑥𝑟 ‖∞ on the right hand side vector 𝑏

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Question 11
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Consider the following system of equations

⎡ 3 2 7 ⎤⎡𝑥⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −2 4 −5 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑦 ⎥ = ⎢ 21 ⎥
⎣ 1 0 4 ⎦ ⎣ 𝑧 ⎦ ⎣ −4 ⎦

and the following approximation of the solution of this system:

⎡ 1.7 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
𝑥𝑟 = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ −0.5 ⎦

How much is the relative forward error?

Give your answer with two significant figures and use the ∞-norm.
Answer: 1.1 

Start by finding the true solution 𝑟 of the system. Solving the system leads to
⎡ −0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 4 ⎥
⎣ −1 ⎦

The relative forward error is then

‖𝑟−𝑥𝑟 ‖∞ 4
‖𝑟‖∞ = 4

The correct answer is: 1.0

Question 12
Correct
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What is the ∞-norm of the following vector?

⎡ 5.2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −6.9 ⎥
⎢ 9.2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −0.5 ⎦

Answer: 9.2 

The ∞-norm is given by the maximal entry, in absolute value, of the vector. In our case this is 9.2
The correct answer is: 9.2

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Question 13
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Consider the following matrix

⎛3 5 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
𝐴=⎜9 22 10 ⎟
⎝ 21 49 31 ⎠

The naive Gauss elimination algorithm will transform this matrix into the matrix
⎛3 5 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 𝑢22 𝑢23 ⎟
⎝0 0 𝑢33 ⎠

The coefficient 𝑢22 is equal to

Answer: 7 

The correct answer is: 7

Question 14
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The coefficient 𝑢23 is equal to

Answer: 4 

The correct answer is: 4

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Question 15
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The coefficient 𝑢33 is equal to

Answer: 9 

The correct answer is: 9

Question 16
Correct
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Consider the following matrix

⎛2 1 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
𝐴 = ⎜ 14 11 22 ⎟
⎝ 18 21 32 ⎠
Decompose the matrix A into LU where L has the form
⎛ 1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
𝐿 = ⎜ 𝑙 21 1 0⎟
⎝ 𝑙 31 𝑙 32 1⎠
The coefficient 𝑙 21 is equal to

Answer: 7 

The correct answer is: 7

Question 17
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The coefficient 𝑙 31 is
Answer: 9 

The correct answer is: 9

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Question 18
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The coefficient 𝑙 32 is
Answer: 3 

The correct answer is: 3

Question 19
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For the following system of linear equations, find the number of digits required to use in the calculations to achieve a precision of 10
significant figures in the numerical solution
𝑥1 −6𝑥2 +7𝑥3 −9𝑥4 = −44.1
𝑥1 −5𝑥2 = −6.8
𝑥2 −5𝑥3 = 12.9
𝑥3 −5𝑥4 = −13.3
Use the conditioning number (based on the infinity norm) of the coefficient matrix for your analysis.
Answer: 13288 

For this system we have 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑(𝐴) = ‖𝐴‖∞ ⋅ ‖𝐴−1 ‖∞ ≃ 13892 ≃ 104.1 .

Consequently we will lose about 4 digits when solving the system 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏.
As 10 correct digits are required for the final answer we need to use 10 + 4 = 14 digits.

The correct answer is: 14

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Question 20
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For the following system of linear equations, find the number of digits required to use in the calculations to achieve a precision of 12
significant figures in the numerical solution
3𝑥1 +2𝑥2 −𝑥3 = 2
𝑥1 +4𝑥2 +5𝑥3 = 1
−3𝑥1 −2𝑥2 +7𝑥3 = −7
Use the conditioning number (based on the infinity norm) of the coefficient matrix for your analysis.
Answer: 12 

For this system we have 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑(𝐴) = ‖𝐴‖∞ ⋅ ‖𝐴−1 ‖∞ ≃ 12.8 ≃ 101.1 .

Consequently we will lose about 1 digits when solving the system 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏.
As 12 correct digits are required for the final answer we need to use 12 + 1 = 13 digits.

The correct answer is: 13

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