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Control Statements

What do they do?

Allow different sets of instructions to be executed

depending on the outcome of a logical test.
Whether TRUE or FALSE.
This is called branching.
Some applications may also require that a set of
instructions be executed repeatedly, possibly
again based on some condition.
This is called looping.

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How do we specify the conditions?

Using relational operators.

Four relation operators: <, <=, >, >=
Two equality operators: ==, !=

Using logical operators / connectives.

Two logical connectives: &&, | |
Unary negation operator: !

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Examples

count <= 100

(math+phys+chem)/3 >= 60

(marks>=80) && (marks<90)

(balance>5000) || (no_of_trans>25)

!((x>20) && (y<16))

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Zero
Indicates FALSE.
Non-zero
Indicates TRUE.
Typically the condition TRUE is represented by the

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Branching: The if Statement

Diamond symbol (decision symbol) - indicates

decision is to be made.
Contains an expression that can be TRUE or FALSE.
Test the condition, and follow appropriate path.
Single-entry / single-exit structure.
General syntax:

If there is a single statement in the block, the braces can

be omitted.

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A decision can be
made on any
false expression.
grade >= 60
zero - false
true nonzero - true

if (grade>=60)
{
\
\
}

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Example
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,c;
scanf ( %d %d %d , &a, &b, &c);
if ((a>=b) && (a>=c))
printf ( \n The largest number is: %d , a);
if ((b>=a) && (b>=c))
printf ( \n The largest number is: %d , b);
if ((c>=a) && (c>=b))
printf ( \n The largest number is: %d , c);
}

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Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators

Dangerous error
Does not ordinarily cause syntax errors.
Any expression that produces a value can be used in
control structures.
Nonzero values are true, zero values are false.
Example:
if (payCode = = 4)
printf( You get a bonus!\n );

if (payCode = 4)
printf( You get a bonus!\n );
WRONG

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Some Examples
if (10<20) { a = b + c; printf ( %d , a); }

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Branching: The if-else Statement

Also a single-entry / single-exit structure.

Allows us to specify two alternate blocks of
statements, one of which is executed depending
on the outcome of the condition.
General syntax:

If a block contains a single statement, the braces can be

deleted.

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false true
grade >= 60

if ( grade >= 60 )
printf ("Passed\n");
else
printf ("Failed\n");

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Nesting of if-else Structures

It is possible to nest if-else statements, one

within another.

part.
Confusion??
Rule to be remembered:

Some examples shown next.

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if e1 s1
else if e2 s2

if e1 s1
else if e2 s2

?
else s3

if e1 if e2 s1
else s2
else s3

if e1 if e2 s1
else s2

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if e1 s1 if e1 s1
else if e2 s2 else if e2 s2

if e1 s1 if e1 s1
else if e2 s2 else if e2 s2
else s3 else s3

if e1 if e2 s1 if e1 if e2 s1
else s2 else s2
else s3 else s3

if e1 if e2 s1 if e1 if e2 s1
else s2 else s2
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Example
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,c;
scanf ( %d %d %d , &a, &b, &c);
if (a>=b)
if (a>=c)
printf ( \n The largest is: %d , a);
else printf ( \n The largest is: %d , c);
else
if (b>=c)
printf ( \n The largest is: %d , b);
else printf ( \n The largest is: %d , c);
}

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Example
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,c;
scanf ( %d %d %d , &a, &b, &c);
if ((a>=b) && (a>=c))
printf ( \n Largest number is: %d , a);
else if (b>c)
printf ( \n Largest number is: %d , b);
else
printf ( \n Largest number is: %d , c);
}

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The Conditional Operator ? :

This makes use of an expression that is either true or

false. An appropriate value is selected, depending on
the outcome of the logical expression.
Example:
interest = (balance>5000) ? balance*0.2 : balance*0.1;

Returns a value

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Examples:

x = ((a>10) && (b<5)) ? a+b : 0

(marks>=60) ? printf( Passed \n ) : printf( Failed \n );

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The switch Statement

This causes a particular group of statements to be

chosen from several available groups.

switch (expression) {
case expression-
case expression-

case expression-

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Example
switch (letter)
{
case 'A':
printf ( First letter \n );
break;
case 'Z':
printf ( Last letter \n );
break;
default :
printf ( Middle letter \n );
break;
}

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The break Statement

Used to exit from a switch or terminate from a

loop.
Already illustrated in the previous example.

causes a transfer of control out of the entire

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Example
switch (choice = getchar()) {

printf ( RED \n );
break;

printf ( GREEN \n );
break;

printf ( BLUE \n );
break;
default: printf ( Invalid choice \n );

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Example
switch (choice = toupper(getchar())) {

printf ( RED \n );
break;
printf ( GREEN \n );
break;
printf ( BLUE \n );
break;
default: printf ( Invalid choice \n );
}

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int main () { -
int operand1, operand2; result = operand1 - operand2;
int result = 0; break;
char operation;
/* Get the input values */ result = operand1 * operand2;
printf ( Enter operand1 : ); break;
scanf( %d , &operand1) ;
printf ( Enter operation : ); if (operand2 !=0)
scanf ( \n%c , &operation); result = operand1 / operand2;
else
printf ( Enter operand 2 : );
printf ( Divide by 0 error );
scanf ( %d , &operand2);
break;
default:
switch (operation) { printf ( Invalid operation\n );
}
result = operand1 + operand2; printf ( Result: %d\n ,result);
break; }

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-
entry / single-exit structure.

switch statement

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A Look Back at Arithmetic Operators: the

Increment and Decrement

Increment (++) and Decrement (--)

Both of these are unary operators; they operate on

a single operand.
The increment operator causes its operand to be
increased by 1.
Example: a++, ++count
The decrement operator causes its operand to be
decreased by 1.
Example: i--, --distance

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Operator written before the operand (++i, --i)

Called pre-increment operator.
Operator will be altered in value before it is utilized for
its intended purpose in the program.
Operator written after the operand (i++, i--)
Called post-increment operator.
Operand will be altered in value after it is utilized for its
intended purpose in the program.

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Examples

Initial values :: a = 10; b = 20;

x = 50 + ++a; a = 11, x = 61

x = 50 + a++; x = 60, a = 11

x = a++ + --b; b = 19, x = 29, a = 11

x = a++ ++a; Undefined value (implementation

dependent)

Called side effects:: while calculating some values,

something else get changed.
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