Telecom Assignment

2024

1. Write how mobile connected or exchange information in case of

Ethiopian network

In Ethiopia, mobile networks enable the exchange of information through a series of

interconnected processes. Here is a general overview of how mobile connectivity works in
the Ethiopian network:
 Mobile Phone Connection: When a person uses their mobile phone in Ethiopia, it
connects to the nearest cell tower operated by their respective service provider. The phone
communicates with the tower using wireless radio signals.
 Network Infrastructure: The mobile network infrastructure in Ethiopia consists of a
network of cell towers, base stations, and switches. These components work together to
connect mobile devices and facilitate the transmission of information.
 Signal Transmission: The mobile phone converts voice or data into a digital signal, which
is then transmitted to the nearest cell tower. The signal typically travels through wireless
radio waves, following a specific frequency band allocated to the network operator.
 Core Network: Once the signal reaches the cell tower, it is passed to the core network of
the service provider. The core network consists of switches and servers that route the call
or data to its destination.
 Call Routing: If it is a voice call, the core network routes the call to the appropriate switch,
which then directs the call towards the intended recipient's mobile phone number. This
process ensures that the call reaches the correct network destination.
 Data Transfer: For data services such as text messages, internet browsing, or multimedia
content, the core network routes the data packets to the appropriate network servers or
gateways. These servers handle the processing and distribution of the data to the recipient's
device or the internet.
 Receiver Response: Once the signal reaches the recipient's mobile device, it notifies the
user of an incoming call, message, or data. The recipient can then respond to the call, view
the message, or engage with the received data according to the features and capabilities of
their mobile device.

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It is important to note that the specific technical details and processes may vary between
different mobile network operators in Ethiopia. Additionally, advancements in technology,
such as 3G, 4G, and upcoming 5G networks, have enhanced the speed and capabilities of
mobile connectivity and information exchange in the country.
 In Ethiopia, mobile networks enable the exchange of information through a series of
interconnected processes. Here is a general overview of how mobile connectivity works in
the Ethiopian network
 Mobile Phone Connection: When a person uses their mobile phone in Ethiopia, it connects
to the nearest cell tower operated by their respective service provider. The phone
communicates with the tower using wireless radio signals
 Network Infrastructure: The mobile network infrastructure in Ethiopia consists of a
network of cell towers, base stations, and switches. These components work together to
connect mobile devices and facilitate the transmission of information
 Signal Transmission: The mobile phone converts voice or data into a digital signal, which is
then transmitted to the nearest cell tower. The signal typically travels through wireless radio
waves, following a specific frequency band allocated to the network operator
 Core Network: Once the signal reaches the cell tower, it is passed to the core network of the
service provider. The core network consists of switches and servers that route the call or data
to its destination
 Call Routing: If it is a voice call, the core network routes the call to the appropriate switch,
which then directs the call towards the intended recipient's mobile phone number. This
process ensures that the call reaches the correct network destination
 Data Transfer: For data services such as text messages, internet browsing, or multimedia
content, the core network routes the data packets to the appropriate network servers or
gateways. These servers handle the processing and distribution of the data to the recipient's
device or the internet
 Receiver Response: Once the signal reaches the recipient's mobile device, it notifies the user
of an incoming call, message, or data. The recipient can then respond to the call, view the
message, or engage with the received data according to the features and capabilities of their
mobile device.

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 It is important to note that the specific technical details and processes may vary between
different mobile network operators in Ethiopia. Additionally, advancements in technology,
such as 3G, 4G, and upcoming 5G networks, have enhanced the speed and capabilities of
mobile connectivity and information exchange in the country.

 Discuss how caller rich the receiver

When a caller wants to reach a receiver via a mobile phone, several steps are involved to
establish the connection. Here's a breakdown of how the caller can reach the receiver:

1. Dialing the Number: The caller uses their mobile phone to dial the phone number of the
recipient. They typically enter the complete sequence of digits, including the country code and
the recipient's local phone number.

2. Initiating the Call: After dialing, the caller initiates the call by pressing the call button on
their mobile phone. This triggers the mobile phone to send a signal to the nearest cell tower or
base station that belongs to their service provider.

3. Wireless Signal Transmission: The call signal is transmitted from the caller's mobile phone
to the cell tower through wireless radio signals. These signals travel through the air and rely on
the network coverage in the caller's location.

4. Network Routing: Once the call signal reaches the cell tower, it is then routed through the
mobile network infrastructure. This involves a series of switches and network nodes that handle
the call's transmission across the network.

5. Interconnecting Networks: If the call is made between two subscribers of the same mobile
network, the call generally remains within that network's infrastructure. However, if the call is
intended for a recipient on a different network, the call signal is routed through interconnecting
networks to reach the recipient's network.

6. Reaching the Recipient's Network: The call signal eventually reaches the cell tower or base
station belonging to the recipient's mobile network. This tower receives the signal and prepares it
for transmission to the recipient's mobile device.

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7. Alerting the Recipient: The recipient's mobile device is alerted to an incoming call through a
ringtone, vibration, or a notification on the screen. This notifies the recipient that a call is being
received and prompts them to respond.

8. Establishing the Connection: If the recipient chooses to answer the call by accepting it, their
mobile device establishes a connection with the caller's device. This enables a conversation to
take place in real-time, with the audio signals being transmitted back and forth between the two
devices.

It's important to note that the overall process of connecting the caller to the receiver relies on the
functioning and cooperation of the mobile network infrastructure, including base stations,
switches, and interconnecting networks. These elements work together to ensure that the call
signal is successfully transmitted from the caller to the recipient, allowing them to communicate
effectively.

 Discuss how receiver respond to callers

When a receiver receives a call on their mobile phone, they have several options for how to
respond to the caller. Here are some common ways in which receivers typically respond:

1. Accept the Call: The receiver may choose to accept the call by tapping the appropriate button
on their mobile phone. This action establishes a two-way communication channel between the
caller and the receiver, enabling them to engage in a real-time conversation.

2. Decline the Call: If the receiver is unable to answer the call or chooses not to answer, they
can decline the call by pressing the corresponding button on their mobile phone. This sends a
signal back to the caller, indicating that the receiver is unavailable or does not wish to answer the
call at that time.

3. Send a Text Message: In some cases, if the receiver is unable to or does not want to engage in
a voice conversation, they may choose to respond to the caller by sending a text message. This
can be done by selecting an option on their mobile phone that allows them to decline the call and
send an automated or custom message to the caller.

4. Redirect the Call: If the receiver is in a situation where they cannot answer the call but still
want to ensure that it is addressed, they may redirect the call. This can involve forwarding the
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call to another contact, such as a voicemail box, another person's phone, or an automated
answering service.

5. Silence or Ignore the Call: In some cases, the receiver may choose to ignore the call
completely by letting it ring without taking any action. This can happen if the receiver is in a
meeting, busy, or simply prefers not to answer the call.

It is worth noting that the receiver's response options may depend on their mobile phone features,
settings, and the specific network or service provider they are using. Additionally, receivers may
have different preferences and practices when it comes to handling incoming calls, and their
response may vary accordingly

2. List and discuss components of telecommunication incase of

Ethiopian network at least provide five examples

In the context of the Ethiopian network, there are several key components of telecommunication
that enable the functioning of the network and the exchange of information. Here are five
examples:

1. Cell Towers/Base Stations: Cell towers or base stations are essential components of the
Ethiopian network. These structures are equipped with antennas and equipment that transmit and
receive signals to and from mobile devices. They provide coverage areas within which mobile
phones can connect to the network.

2. Switches and Routers: Switches and routers are crucial elements in the network
infrastructure. Switches direct the flow of calls and data within the network, ensuring that the
information is sent to the correct destination. Routers, on the other hand, facilitate the efficient
transfer of data packets between different networks, enabling communication between different
devices and systems.

3. Mobile Phones: Mobile phones, or cellphones, are the end-user devices that enable
individuals to connect to the Ethiopian network. These devices use radio signals to communicate
with the network infrastructure, allowing users to make calls, send messages, and access data
services.

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4. Network Servers: Network servers play a significant role in the Ethiopian network. They
store and manage large amounts of data, handle authentication processes, host applications and
services, and facilitate the exchange of information between different users and devices.

5. Fiber Optic Cables: Fiber optic cables are a crucial component of the physical network
infrastructure. These cables, made of thin strands of glass or plastic, transmit data in the form of
pulses of light. In Ethiopia, the deployment of fiber optic cables is expanding to improve the
speed and capacity of the network, especially for high-speed internet connections.

These are just a few examples of the components involved in the Ethiopian telecommunication
network. Other elements, such as network switches, multiplexers, transceivers, landline
networks, and data centers, also contribute to the smooth operation of the network and the
efficient exchange of information. It's important to note that specific technologies and
configurations may vary depending on the network operator and the region within Ethiopia.

3. What are the requirements to use Wifi discuss in detail

To use Wi-Fi, certain requirements need to be met. Here is a detailed discussion on the
requirements:

1. Device with Wi-Fi Capability: The primary requirement is a device that has built-in Wi-Fi
capability or can support external Wi-Fi adapters. Most modern devices such as smartphones,
tablets, laptops, and even some desktop computers come with Wi-Fi capabilities. These devices
must have Wi-Fi antennas and the necessary hardware to connect to wireless networks.

2. Wi-Fi Network: A Wi-Fi network is necessary for connectivity. This can be a home Wi-Fi
network, a public Wi-Fi hotspot, or an enterprise Wi-Fi network. The network must have a Wi-Fi
router or access point that transmits the wireless signal for devices to connect. The router or
access point is connected to an internet source, often an internet service provider.

3. Internet Connection: To access the internet using Wi-Fi, an active internet connection is
required. The Wi-Fi network must be connected to a broadband internet service provider, such as
a cable or DSL provider. This ensures that the devices connected to the Wi-Fi network can
communicate with servers and services on the internet.

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4. Wi-Fi Network Credentials: To connect to a Wi-Fi network, the user needs the network's
name, also known as the SSID (Service Set Identifier), and the password or security key. This
information is typically provided by the network administrator or can be found on the router or
access point itself. It ensures that only authorized users can access the Wi-Fi network.

5. Wi-Fi Range: Devices need to be within the range of the Wi-Fi network to establish a
connection. The range of a Wi-Fi network depends on various factors such as the strength of the
signal, the type of Wi-Fi standard used (e.g., 802.11n, 802.11ac), and physical obstructions like
walls or interference from other devices.

6. Wi-Fi Security: While not a mandatory requirement, it is highly recommended to have Wi-Fi
security measures in place. This includes setting up Wi-Fi encryption, such as WPA2 (Wi-Fi
Protected Access II), to protect the wireless transmissions from unauthorized access. Password-
protecting the Wi-Fi network also ensures that only authorized users can connect.

By meeting these requirements, users can connect their Wi-Fi-enabled devices to a compatible
Wi-Fi network and access the internet wirelessly. Wi-Fi provides convenient and flexible
internet connectivity, allowing users to stay connected without the need for physical wired
connections.

4. Discuss transmission media

 wired transmission media
 wireless transmission media
 Transmission media refers to the physical mediums or channels through which data is
transmitted in a telecommunication system. There are two main types of transmission media:
wired and wireless. Let's discuss each type in detail:

1. Wired Transmission Media:

- Twisted Pair Cable: Twisted pair cables consist of pairs of copper wires twisted together.
They are commonly used for Ethernet networks and telephone connections. Twisted pair cables

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are relatively inexpensive, easy to install, and can support data rates up to several Gbps over
short distances.

- Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cables consist of a copper conductor surrounded by insulation, a

shielding layer, and an outer protective covering. They are frequently used for cable TV
distribution and high-speed broadband connections. Coaxial cables provide higher bandwidth
and less susceptibility to external interference compared to twisted pair cables

- Fiber Optic Cable: Fiber optic cables transmit data as pulses of light through thin strands of
glass or plastic. They have immense bandwidth capabilities and are known for their high-speed
data transmission and long-distance capabilities. Fiber optic cables are widely used in high-speed
internet connections, telecommunications networks, and data centers.

2. Wireless Transmission Media:

- Radio Waves: Radio waves transmit data through the air using electromagnetic signals. They
are utilized in wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and cellular
networks. Radio waves allow for wireless connectivity over certain frequency ranges, depending
on the specific wireless standard being used.

- Microwave: Microwave transmission uses high-frequency radio waves in the microwave

range to transmit data. It is commonly used for long-distance communication, such as connecting
remote locations or transmitting signals between towers. Microwave links are directional and
require clear line-of-sight between transmitters and receivers

- Satellite: Satellite communication involves transmitting data to and from satellites orbiting the
Earth. Satellites function as communication relays, receiving signals from one location and
relaying them to another. This allows for global coverage, making satellite communication
essential for telecommunication in remote areas and for certain applications like broadcasting
and GPS

These different transmission media offer unique advantages and are suitable for specific
applications. Wired media provide reliable and secure connections over shorter distances, while
wireless media offer convenience, mobility, and wide coverage. The choice of transmission

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media depends on factors such as data speed requirements, distance, environment, and cost
considerations.

5. Discuss the following concepts in detail

 local network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that connects devices within a relatively
small geographical area, such as a home, office building, or school campus. LANs are designed
to facilitate the sharing of resources and communication between devices in the same local
vicinity. Here are some key aspects of LANs:

1. Topology: LANs can have various topologies, such as bus, star, ring, or mesh. The topology
defines the physical or logical arrangement of devices within the network. The choice of
topology depends on factors like scalability, cost, and ease of administration.

2. Devices: LANs typically connect a variety of devices, including computers, servers, printers,
scanners, and other network-enabled devices. These devices are interconnected through network
switches or hubs, which act as central points for data transmission and distribution.

3. Network Protocols: LANs use network protocols to enable communication between devices.
Ethernet is the predominant protocol used in LANs and defines the standards for hardware and
data transmission. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the most
common network protocol suite used for LAN communication.

4. IP Addressing: Each device on a LAN is assigned a unique IP (Internet Protocol) address,

which is used to identify and route data across the network. IP addressing ensures that
information reaches the intended recipient within the LAN or can be forwarded to other networks
if necessary.

5. File and Resource Sharing: LANs facilitate the sharing of files, data, and resources among
connected devices. Users can access shared folders, printers, and other resources based on
permissions and security settings. This enables efficient collaboration and data exchange within a
LAN.

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6. Security: LANs employ security measures to protect data and ensure network integrity.
Measures such as firewalls, encryption, authentication, and access controls are implemented to
safeguard the network from unauthorized access, malware, and data breaches.

7. LAN Expansion: LANs can be expanded to support more devices or larger areas by adding
switches, routers, or access points. Multiple LANs can also be connected together using
technologies like Virtual LANs (VLANs) or through wide area network (WAN) connections.

8. Network Management: LANs require ongoing administration and management to ensure

optimal performance and security. This includes tasks like monitoring network utilization,
troubleshooting connectivity issues, updating software and firmware, and managing user access
and privileges.

LANs play a vital role in organizations and homes, enabling efficient communication, resource
sharing, and collaboration among connected devices. They provide a foundation for various
applications such as file sharing, printing, internet access, and interconnecting systems within a
limited area.

 long haul network

A long haul network, also known as a Wide Area Network (WAN), is a telecommunications
network that spans a large geographical area to connect multiple Local Area Networks (LANs)
or other wide area networks. Long haul networks are designed to provide communication and
data exchange over long distances, often spanning cities, regions, or even countries. Here are
some key aspects of long haul networks:

1. nologies to achieve fast and efficient data transfer over long distances. Fiber optic cables are
commonly used due to their ability to transmit large amounts of data at high speeds and with
minimal signal degradation.

2. Network Infrastructure: Long haul networks consist of various components such as routers,
switches, repeaters, and multiplexers. These devices ensure data packets are efficiently routed
across the network, optimizing transmission and minimizing latency. Transmission Control
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Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the most common protocol suite used for long haul
network communication.

3. Network Service Providers: Long haul networks are often provided and maintained by
telecommunications service providers. These providers own and manage the infrastructure
required for long haul transmission, including the fiber optic cables, switches, and routers. They
offer connectivity services to businesses, government institutions, and other organizations.

4. Data Packet Routing: Long haul networks employ routing techniques to direct data packets
across the network to their intended destinations. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is commonly
used to exchange routing information between multiple networks and autonomous systems,
ensuring efficient packet delivery.

5. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS): MPLS is a traffic engineering technique often used in
long haul networks. It assigns labels to data packets, allowing for efficient packet routing based
on priorities, minimizing network congestion, and increasing overall network performance.

6. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Long haul networks frequently implement VPN
technologies to secure and encrypt data transmissions over the network. VPNs establish secure
tunnels between remote locations, ensuring data privacy and protection against unauthorized
access.

7. Quality of Service (QoS): Long haul networks often incorporate QoS mechanisms to prioritize
network traffic and ensure that critical applications or services receive the necessary bandwidth
and latency requirements. This enables organizations to maintain high-performance levels for
time-sensitive applications like voice and video conferencing.

8. Redundancy and Failover: To enhance network reliability, long haul networks often
employ redundancy measures. Redundant links, alternate routes, and failover mechanisms
ensure that if a link or node fails, data can be rerouted through alternative paths, minimizing
downtime and ensuring continuous connectivity.

Long haul networks are critical for interconnecting geographically dispersed locations, enabling
organizations to share data, communicate, and access resources seamlessly. They support a wide

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range of applications, including email, video conferencing, cloud computing, and access to
centralized databases. The reliability, scalability, and performance of long haul networks are
crucial for the efficient operation of businesses, government institutions, and other organizations
with dispersed operation

 Exchange area network

An Exchange Area Network (XAN) is a specialized type of computer network designed

specifically for the efficient and reliable exchange of data between multiple organizations or
entities. XANs are commonly used in financial markets, stock exchanges, and other settings
where rapid and secure data exchange is crucial. Here are some key aspects of Exchange Area
Networks:

1. Purpose: The primary purpose of an XAN is to facilitate the exchange of financial

information, orders, and trades in real-time, often in high-volume environments. It enables
participants, such as financial institutions, brokers, and traders, to connect and communicate
seamlessly to execute transactions and access market data.

2. High-Speed Connectivity: XANs require high-speed connectivity to ensure fast and real-time
data transmission. Fiber optic cables and dedicated leased lines are often used to provide the
necessary bandwidth and low latency for high-frequency trading and other time-sensitive
applications.

3. Data Centers and Colocation: XANs often rely on data centers and colocation facilities.
These facilities house the necessary network infrastructure, servers, and other equipment
required to process and distributes the massive amounts of data generated in financial markets.
Proximity to major exchanges is crucial in minimizing latency and ensuring rapid data exchange.

4. Market Data Distribution: XANs play a vital role in distributing market data to participants.
Real-time quotes, order book updates, trade execution reports, and other critical market
information are disseminated efficiently to users, enabling them to make informed trading
decisions.

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5. Order Execution and Matching: XANs provide the infrastructure and protocols necessary
for order execution and matching. Orders submitted by participants are processed, matched, and
executed based on predefined rules and algorithms. The speed and reliability of the XAN
infrastructure are crucial to ensure accurate and timely execution of trades.

6. Security and Data Privacy: Strong security measures are essential in XANs to protect
sensitive financial data and transactions. Encryption, authentication protocols, and firewalls are
implemented to safeguard data from unauthorized access and potential cyber threats. Compliance
with regulatory requirements, such as GDPR and financial industry regulations, is of utmost
importance.

7. Redundancy and Resiliency: XANs often incorporate redundancy and failover mechanisms
to ensure high availability and reliability. Multiple data centers, redundant network links, and
automated failover systems are implemented to minimize downtime and ensure continuous
operation in the event of hardware failures, natural disasters, or other disruptions.

8. Network Monitoring and Surveillance: XANs employ advanced network monitoring and
surveillance systems to detect anomalies, suspicious activities, and potential market
manipulation. Compliance and regulatory authorities closely monitor XANs to ensure fair and
transparent trading practices.

Exchange Area Networks are critical components of financial markets and other domains where
real-time data exchange and order execution are necessary. They provide the infrastructure,
speed, and security required to enable participants to connect and operate efficiently in dynamic
and highly competitive market environments.

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