Random Sampling

The population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In research, the population does
not always refer to people. It may mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study, such
as objects, events, organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc. A sample is a subset taken from a
population, either by random sampling or by non-random sampling. A sample is a representation of the
population where it is hoped that valid conclusions will be drawn from the population.

Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population, which is the subject of an
investigation or experiment, where each point of the sample has an equal chance of being selected using
the appropriate sampling technique.

Types of Random Sampling Techniques

1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of the population has an equal chance
of being selected. An instance of this is when members of the population have their names represented
by small pieces of paper that are then randomly mixed together and picked out. In the sample, the
members selected will be included.

2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and
samples are selected at intervals called sample intervals. In this technique, every nth item in the list will
be selected from a randomly selected starting point.

For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample from a population of 6,000, we can select every 3rd person
in the list. In practice, the numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly to act as the starting point.

3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which members of the population are grouped
on the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is used when there are a number of distinct subgroups
in the population within which full representation is required.

The sample is constructed by classifying the population into subpopulations or strata on the basis of
certain characteristics of the population, such as age, gender or socio-economic status. The selection of
elements is then done separately from within each stratum, usually by random or systematic sampling
methods. Example: Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400 students from the population
which are grouped according to the cities they come from.

The table shows the number of students per city.

4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on a geographical

basis. Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels before going down to lower levels.
For example, samples are taken randomly from the provinces first, followed by cities,
municipalities or barangays, and then from households.

5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different sampling techniques. For example, when
selecting respondents for a national election survey, we can use the lottery method first for
 regions and cities. We can then use stratified sampling to determine the number of respondents
from selected areas and clusters.

A. Identify the type of sampling method. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
__________1. The teacher writes all the names of students in a piece of paper and puts it in a
box for the graded recitation.
__________2. The teacher gets the class record and call every 4th name in the list.
__________3. Every five files out of 500 files will be chosen.
Assignment
__________4.There are 20 toddlers, 40 teenagers, 45 middle aged and 55 senior citizens in a
certain area. Samples are taken according to the total number of people in the area.
__________5. All the names of the employees of the company are put in a raffle box.

Parameter and Statistic

A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a measure of the characteristics of the entire

population (a mass of all the units under consideration that share common characteristics) based on all
the elements within that population.

Example:

1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all elements in a shopping cart, and all
students in a classroom.

2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their favorite apparel brand.

Statistic is the number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and observed directly. The statistic
is a characteristic of a population or sample group. You will get the sample statistic when you collect the
sample and calculate the standard deviation and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw certain
conclusions about the entire population.

Example:

1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care proposal. Researchers can’t
ask hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they take samples or part of the population and
calculate the rest.

2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.

 Give 5 examples of parameter and 5 examples of statistic. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.

Decide whether the statement describes a parameter or statistic. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. The average income of 40 out of 100 households in a certain Barangay is P 12, 213.00 a month.

2. Percentage of red cars in the Philippines.

3. Number of senior high schools in Region 3.

4. A recent survey of a sample of 250 high school students reported the average weight of 54.3 kg.

5. Average age of students in East High School

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

A sampling distribution of sample mean is a frequency distribution using the means computed from all
possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population

Ex. A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider samples of size 2 that can be
drawn from this population.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

To answer this, use the formula NCn (the number of N objects taken n at a time), where N is the total
population and n is the sample to be taken out of the population,

In this case N= 5 and n= 2

5C2 = 10

So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn. B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.

Sample Sample mean

2,3 2.5
2,4 3
2,10 4
 Answer the
remaining table

Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based on the sample drawn from a
population is expected to assume different values for samples.
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